新生儿血培养病原菌分布及与超敏C-反应蛋白的关系

目的分析新生儿血培养阳性标本中各病原菌分布情况及与hs-CRP的相关性。方法统计分析2015年1月至2016年1月大连市妇幼保健院新生儿ICU血培养临床资料并采用CRP检测试剂盒对血培养阳性的患者进行hs-CRP的检测。结果血培养阳性结果中,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌46株,占65.7%,肺炎克雷伯菌8株,占11.4%,大肠埃希菌5株,占7.1%,肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、洛非不动杆菌各2株,分别占2.9%,摩根摩根菌、B群链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、微球菌各1株,分别占1.4%;hs-CRP的检出量,革兰阴性菌感染组为(20.60±3.40)mg/L,革兰阳性菌感染组为(15.80±2.30)mg/L,正常对照组为(4.10±0.95)mg/L。结论新生儿血培养阳性的主要致病菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;有细菌感染的新生儿血中hs-CRP值升高,革兰阴性菌感染hs-CRP值高于革兰阳性菌。     

940株血培养分离菌的临床分布及抗菌药物敏感性分析

目的定期对医院血流感染分离菌的分布和抗菌药物敏感性进行分析,为菌血症的治疗提供可靠的药敏结果,提高治愈率。方法对大连市中心医院2010年1月至2013年12月8 277份血标本采用全自动血培养仪Bac T/Alert3D和Micro Scan Walk Away-40全自动细菌鉴定仪进行细菌培养、鉴定和抗生素敏感性试验。结果 8 277份血标本中检出病原菌940株,阳性率为11.4%。940株病原菌中革兰阳性菌441株,占46.9%;以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌和肺炎链球菌为主;革兰阴性杆菌486株,占51.7%,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主;真菌13株,占1.4%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南高度敏感;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素高度敏感;粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、葡萄球菌对达托霉素、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普汀高度敏感。结论血液培养意义重大,病原菌分布呈多样化趋势,且表现为多重耐药。     

2009至2012年血培养阳性结果分析及耐药性监测

了解解放军202医院2009至2012年血培养阳性病原菌分布及耐药性监测,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。使用全自动血培养仪进行血液培养,用VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定系统进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验。从453例血培养阳性标本中共分离出462株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌274株,占59.30%;革兰阳性球菌167株,占36.14%;革兰阳性杆菌1株,占0.22%;真菌20株,占4.32%。最常见的感染菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。89株金黄色葡萄球菌中检出MRSA 9株,46株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中检出MRCoN 6株,对青霉素耐药率分别达81.35%和85.00%,革兰阳性球菌中未发现对利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的菌株。鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南耐药率高达51.7%。解放军202医院血液感染以葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌为主,且耐药率高,应对血液细菌进行长期的耐药性监测,为临床合理使用抗生素提供理论依据。     

379株血培养病原菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解血培养病原菌种类、临床分布及耐药情况。方法对2008年6月至2009年6月的379株血培养病原菌及其药敏情况用WHONET5.4软件进行统计分析。结果 379株病原菌中,分离率从高到低依次是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(133/35.1%)、大肠埃希菌(44/11.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(32/8.4%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(30/7.9%)、铜绿假单胞菌(25/6.6%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(18/4.7%)、肠球菌(13/3.4%)和其他(75/22.2%)。这些菌株主要分布在ICU和普外科。药敏结果分析显示:革兰阳性球菌中,未发现利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药株。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率分别为61.1%和89.5%;屎肠球菌对多数抗生素耐药率超过80%,粪肠球菌对青霉素类抗生素敏感性较高。革兰阴性杆菌中,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株比例分别为36.4%和31.3%,且发现2株耐亚胺培南的肺炎克雷伯菌;鲍曼不动杆菌除对卡那霉素保持敏感外,对其他抗生素的耐药率为50%~100%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松的耐药率为100%,对其他β-内酰胺类抗生素、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率相对较低。结论临床上应规范血培养标本留取方法以减少污染,加强细菌耐药监测、严格抗生素使用,以延缓细菌耐药情况的发生和发展。     

重症监护病房革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院重症监护病房(ICU)革兰阴性杆菌的分布及其耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法收集来自重症监护病房各类标本分离的革兰阴性杆菌540株,用VITEK AMS-60或VITEK-Ⅱ全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定,用K-B法进行药敏试验。结果ICU检出的革兰阴性杆菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,ESBLs阳性的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌比例为61.6%和51.8%,各类细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为严重耐药和多重耐药。结论该院ICU检出的革兰阴性杆菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,且呈现多重耐药性。     

677例新生儿咽拭子细菌培养及病原菌的耐药性分析

为观察首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院新生儿重症监护室(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)患儿主要定植细菌及其抗生素耐药情况,以便采取相应措施及时控制医院内感染,本研究选择2014年8月1日-2015年5月31日住院患儿的咽试子标本进行细菌培养,同时进行耐药性分析。677例新生儿咽拭子培养结果显示,230例阳性(34.0%),其中革兰阳性球菌159例(69.1%),革兰阴性杆菌71例(30.9%)。定植细菌中,革兰阳性球菌主要为草绿色链球菌、克氏库克菌及表皮葡萄球菌,革兰阴性杆菌主要为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌及肺炎克雷伯菌。各细菌对常用抗生素的耐药率不同,同时进行药敏试验有助于指导临床用药。     

232例血培养病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的了解血培养病原菌分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法使用Bac T/Alert 3D全自动血培养仪对6 067份临床采集的血液进行培养,血培养阳性株采用VITEK 2 Compact全自动微生物分析系统进行鉴定,用纸片扩散法进行体外药敏试验。结果送检血培养样本6 067份,血培养阳性菌株为232份(3.82%),其中革兰阳性菌(G+)155株(66.81%),革兰阴性菌(G-)67株(28.88%),真菌10株(4.31%)。从检出的情况看,排在前3位的G+菌为人葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;G-菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼复合醋酸不动杆菌。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素、喹奴普汀/达福普汀敏感性较高,耐甲氧西林人葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率分别为58.82%、81.82%、50.00%。革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出率均为100.00%,厄他培南和亚胺培南依然保持高度抗菌活性,敏感率达100.00%,但鲍曼复合醋酸不动杆菌存在严重的多药耐药现象。结论我院血培养的阳性率及细菌耐药率均较高,且耐药性有上升趋势,临床应合理选择抗菌药物,采用联合用药、交替用药方式,警惕多重耐药菌株。     

血液培养病原菌分布和耐药性变迁

目的了解血培养分离病原菌的分布及耐药性变迁。方法用WHONET5.4软件对血培养结果进行回顾性统计分析。结果2006~2008年血培养标本中分离阳性率分别为9.4%、10.3%和11.6%;革兰阳性球菌3年分离率在逐年增加:分别为40.9%、48.7%和53.2%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌;革兰阴性杆菌分离率分别为55.4%、50.7%和41.2%,主要为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和布氏杆菌的分离率也呈逐年增高趋势。葡萄球菌中MRSA3年的检出率是57.9%、61.5%和76.2%;MRSE的检出率是76.9%、78.6%和78.70%;大肠埃希菌ESBL的检出率分别是47.2%、61.3%和52.8%,肺炎克雷伯菌ESBL的检出率是46.2%、45.5%和41.2%;耐药性分析显示糖肽类或口恶唑脘酮抗菌药物对革兰阳性球菌敏感率最高,碳氢霉烯类及阿米卡星对肠杆菌科细菌有较好的抗菌活性;多重耐药和泛耐药的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对多粘菌素、美罗培南敏感性较好。结论2006~2008年血培养标本中革兰阳性球菌的分离率和葡萄球菌中MRSA的检出率有逐年增加趋势:应加强监测,指导临床抗菌药物合理使用。     

血培养中病原菌的分布及其耐药状况分析

目的:了解血培养中病原菌的菌群分布及其耐药状况.方法:血培养标本用Bact/Alert-120自动血液分析系统和Vitek60鉴定仪进行血培养及鉴定,药敏用K-B法,用Whonet 5软件进行分析.结果:在3 680份血培养标本中分离出细菌348株,阳性检出率为9.4%,病原菌中以革兰阴性杆菌为主共分离出189株,占54.3%,其中主要为大肠埃希菌占15.5%,肺炎克雷伯菌占12.4%;革兰阳性菌138株,占39.7%,主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占14.9%,金黄色葡萄球菌占12.1%;链球菌占6.6%.血培养中的革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗较为敏感:革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁较为敏感.结论:肠杆菌科细菌和葡萄球菌是血培养中的主要病原菌,而产ESBLs菌株、MRSA、MRCNS耐药严重,提示应高度重视合理使用抗生素,减少细菌耐药性产生,以提高临床治疗效果.     

近12年下呼吸道感染病原菌变迁及耐药性分析

目的:了解1996-2007年湘雅医院呼吸科下呼吸道感染住院患者病原茵变迁及耐药性情况.方法:对呼吸病房下呼吸道感染住院患者痰菌(或支纤镜吸取分泌物)培养阳性标本结果进行回顾性统计分析.结果:分离出细菌2966株,其中革兰阴性杆菌占86.9%,病原菌主要为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、副流感嗜血杆菌、大肠埃希菌和流感嗜血杆菌;革兰阳性球菌占13.1%,主要病原菌为金葡菌和肺炎链球菌.近四年革兰阴性杆菌有所增加,而革兰阳性球菌有所减少.革兰阴性杆菌中,副流感嗜血杆菌和流感嗜血杆菌的比例明显升高;革兰阳性球菌中,金黄色葡萄球茵比例降低、肺炎链球菌比例升高.药敏试验结果提示主要革兰阴性杆菌对美洛培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星均较敏感.铜绿假单胞菌还对头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨曲南敏感性高,对头孢曲松、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢噻肟耐药率增高.鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦敏感性较好,但耐药率有增高趋势,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、环丙沙星耐药率明显增高.肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率增高;但二者对头孢他啶仍然保持相对敏感,耐药率为25.3%和27.6%.嗜血杆菌属中,流感嗜血杆菌与副流感嗜血杆菌的敏感抗生素谱相似,均对强力霉素、壮观霉素、头孢类抗生素耐药性低,而对喹诺酮类和青霉素敏感性差.主要革兰阳性球菌对阿奇霉素、克林霉素、红霉素及青霉素耐药率均较高;二者对红霉素耐药率明显增高.其中金葡菌对万古霉素均敏感,对左氟沙星、苯唑青霉素、头孢唑啉、美洛培南、强力霉素耐药率均明显增高.肺炎链球菌还对美洛培南、左氟沙星耐药率低,耐药率无明显增高.结论:近年下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主;主要病原菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率有逐渐增高的趋势,临床应合理应用抗菌药,以延缓细菌耐药性的产生.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.