α-环糊精糖基转移酶活性区域突变提高选择形成γ-环糊精能力

探讨α-环糊精糖基转移酶(CGT酶)活性区域-3亚位点(47位赖氨酸残基),-7亚位点(146~152位氨基酸残基)以及环化中心位点(195位酪氨酸残基)对其催化底物形成γ-环糊精(CD)能力的影响。将α-CGT酶相应位点分别进行如下突变:K47T,Y195I,以及146~152位氨基酸残基替换为异亮氨酸(命名为△6),并在大肠杆菌BL21中实现异源活性表达。以可溶性淀粉作为底物进行转化,利用HPLC分析各种突变酶的催化产物中3种环糊精产量和比例。结果表明,和野生酶相比,所有突变酶的淀粉水解活性和环糊精总生成量都有不同程度的下降。在产物的组成方面,突变酶Y195I的催化产物中,α-CD的含量由68%降为30%,β-CD由22.2%提高为33.3%;而γ-CD由8.9%提高为36.7%,含量提高了4倍,取代α-CD成为产物中的主要成分;γ-CD的实际产量为1.1 g/L,是野生酶(0.4 g/L)的3倍。突变酶K47T和△6的转化产物中α-CD比例有不同程度下降,但仍然是产物中的主要组分,β-和γ-CD的比例都有所增加。由此可见,活性区域中195位氨基酸对于α-CGT酶的活力和催化选择性具有重要的影响,Y195I突变体酶最有利于选择性形成γ-CD。纯化后突变酶Y195I的酶学性质试验表明,其最适反应温度和野生酶相同,但最适反应pH有所提高,且比野生酶具有更好的pH稳定性。因此,突变酶Y195I具有生产制备γ-CD的潜力。     

亚热带山区土壤未培养微生物L-赖氨酸脱羧酶Ldc1E中关键氨基酸残基的功能鉴定

本研究旨在探讨L-赖氨酸脱羧酶Ldc1E关键氨基酸在底物识别和催化过程中的作用;通过生物信息学方法选择突变位点,并利用直接定点突变技术,完成了6个关键氨基酸残基突变和功能鉴定研究。突变酶D692N最适温度和pH值分别为40℃和6.5。突变酶D692N比野生型Ldc1E对高温具有更强的耐受性,在40℃～55℃温浴1 h后剩余酶活力达到35%以上,在60℃温浴1 h后仍然保留20%的酶活力;而野生型酶Ldc1E在50℃以上温浴1 h后几乎失活。此外,50 mmol/L DMSO、5 mmol/L Al~(3+)和Ca~(2+)对突变酶的酶活力有激活作用,而Al3+对野生型酶Ldc1E具有明显抑制作用。突变酶D692N的分子动力学常数K_m升高了1.78倍,k_(cat)下降了20.2倍。突变酶S221A、H245A、D330A、H366A、F607Y经检测酶催化活性丧失。研究结果表明氨基酸残基位点D692对酶与底物的结合具有重要影响;而S221、H245、D330、H366、F607是Ldc1E酶活性能够体现的关键氨基酸位点,不可替换。本研究为探究L-赖氨酸脱羧酶的结构与功能关系提供理论参考。     

通过体外分子进化技术提高淀粉液化芽胞杆菌BS5582 β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶热稳定性

应用基于易错PCR随机突变的体外分子进化技术,来提高淀粉液化芽胞杆菌β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的热稳定性。利用建立的基于96微孔板高通量筛选模型,经过两轮定向进化与高通量筛选,共筛选得到3株热稳定性明显提高的突变体2-JF-01、2-JF-02和2-JF-03。将野生型β-葡聚糖酶基因和热稳定性提高的突变基因的高效表达产物经镍亲和层析柱纯化后,酶学性质测定表明突变酶2-JF-01、2-JF-02和2-JF-03的T50值分别比野生酶(53℃)提高2.2℃、5.5℃和3.5℃。突变酶2-JF-01、2-JF-02和2-JF-03在60℃下的半衰期t1/2,60℃(min)分别比野生酶(18min)提高4min、13min和17min。突变酶2-JF-01、2-JF-02和2-JF-03的Vmax值为286μmol/(mg·min)、304μmol/(mg·min)和279μmol/(mg·min),分别比野生型下降8.3%、2.6%和10.6%。突变酶2-JF-01、2-JF-02和2-JF-03的Km值分别为6.76mg/mL、6.19μmg/mL和6.84mg/mL,与野生型(6.29mg/mL)基本相同。序列分析表明,3个突变体共发生7个氨基酸替代:2-JF-01(N36S,G213R)、2-JF-02(C86R,S115I,N150G)和2-JF-03(E156V,K105R)。同源建模表明,7个氨基酸替代中5个位于蛋白质表面或表面洞穴中,42.8%的替代氨基酸是精氨酸,也表明精氨酸在提高β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶热稳定性中起重要的作用。     

嗜热革节孢GH1 BGL1进口端位点对酶活性及葡萄糖耐受性的影响

糖苷水解酶第一家族(GH1)β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL1)有葡萄糖耐受性,进口端位点对酶活性及葡萄糖耐受性有很大影响,但具体作用机制尚不清楚。对嗜热革节孢GH1 BGL1进口端的W168、L173、F348、W349、C169、F180、D237、Y179、A260、H307、N335和E437这12个氨基酸残基进行定点突变,将突变酶与野生酶(WT)在毕赤酵母中表达,表达产物纯化后进行酶活性和葡萄糖耐受性测定。与WT相比,所有突变酶活性均有所降低,其中W168H、N335F和W349G几乎丧失活性。突变F180H、D237S、A260N和H307Y的Km低于WT,所有突变的kcat都降低。除L173Q外,其余突变都保持葡萄糖耐受性,在高浓度(400 mmol/L)葡萄糖时,Y179F和D237S酶活受到显著抑制。本研究表明,进口端位点对酶活性及葡萄糖耐受性均具有一定影响,催化活性通道的结构特异性可能是葡萄糖耐受机制。     

枯草芽孢杆菌SC2-4-1葡聚糖酶基因gluB的克隆及序列分析

β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性检测结果表明,从辣椒根际筛选的拮抗菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)SC2-4-1能产生β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶.以菌株SC2-4-1的基因组DNA为模板,用PCR方法克隆了该菌的葡聚糖酶基因gluB,其开放阅读框为711bp,编码237个氨基酸.Blast分析,该序列与已报道的多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)ATCC 842的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因gluB相似性为85%.所得基因序列的系统发育分析显示,该基因属于β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因.DNAMAN软件比对,所得葡聚糖酶氨基酸序列具有催化裂解β-1,3-和β-1,4-糖苷键的葡聚糖酶活性位点.     

定向引入N-糖基化位点改进黑曲霉β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶热稳定性

【背景】木聚糖是生物圈中仅次于纤维素的第二大多糖,其结构复杂,完全降解需要多种木聚糖酶协同作用。β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶是木聚糖主链水解过程中最关键的酶,已广泛应用于饲料、造纸、能源、食品和医药等行业。但在实际应用中,由于真菌木聚糖酶的热稳定性较差,限制了其在工业中的应用。【目的】提高来源于黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)的β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶(xynB)热稳定性。【方法】采用氨基酸虚拟突变技术对xynB定向引入一个N-糖基化位点,将虚拟突变后筛选获得的候选突变体和野生型在毕赤酵母SMD1168中表达,并对纯化后的野生型和突变体酶进行酶学性质和稳定性分析。【结果】经虚拟突变和筛选获得5个候选突变体,在毕赤酵母SMD1168中成功表达了4个突变体,其中3个突变体发生了糖基化。突变体和野生型酶均表现出宽范围的酸碱耐受性,且突变体xynB~(A92N/D94T)在pH4.0–11.0条件下的稳定性明显优于野生型;糖基化突变体xynB~(A92N/D94T)、xynB~(G66N/A68T)和xynB~(G66F/D67N/G69T)在温度为60–80°C时热稳定性明显高于野生型,xynB~(G66N/A68T)在80°C保温30 min后的残留酶活比野生型提高了约30%。【结论】本研究方法可为其他来源木聚糖酶和其他工业酶的热稳定分子改造提供参考。     

β-葡萄糖苷酶产生菌的筛选及其所产纤维素酶酶系组成分析

从木霉属、曲霉属、担子菌等17种试验菌株中筛选出一株产β-葡萄糖苷酶活性较高的黑曲霉A.niger-nl-1。该菌株在适宜的培养条件下,β-葡萄糖苷酶的最高活力达到4.7U/mL,适宜的产酶周期为4d。制备的β-葡萄糖苷酶最适反应温度为55℃、最适反应pH为5.0。该菌株除能产生β-葡萄糖苷酶外,还能产生内切葡聚糖酶和外切葡聚糖酶,滤纸酶活达到0.62IU/mL。     

水牛瘤胃宏基因组的一个新的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因umcel3G 的克隆、表达及其表达产物的酶学特性

以木质纤维素为原料、应用同步糖化共发酵工艺发酵生产酒精时需要酸性中低温高活力纤维素酶包括β-葡萄糖苷酶.本工作分 6 次构建了水牛瘤胃未培养微生物宏基因组文库,获得 1.26×105个克隆,文库含外源 DNA 的总长度约为 4.8×106kb.从文库中筛选到118个表达β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的独立克隆.发现其中 8 个克隆表达的β-葡萄糖苷酶在pH5.0、37℃条件下活性较强.对其中一个克隆进行了亚克隆,序列分析发现一个 2223 bp 的潜在的编码β-葡萄糖苷酶基因(umcel3G)的开放阅读框(ORF),其编码产物的氨基酸序列与来自于 Bacillus sp.的一个β-葡萄糖苷酶同源性最高,具有 60%的一致性和73%的相似性.该ORF在 E.coli中的表达产物Umcel3G的分子量与预测大小相似,酶谱分析表明该表达产物具有β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,证实该基因为一个β-葡萄糖苷酶基因.测定了用Ni-NTA纯化的Umcel3G 的酶学特性,其最适 pH 和最适温度分别为 6.0～6.5 和 45℃.一些金属离子如 Ca2+、Zn2+能显著提高该酶的酶活,而另外一些金属离子如 Fe3+、Cu2+能抑制 Umcel3G 的活性.在 pH4.5、35℃和 5 mmol/L 的 Ca2+存在的条件下,用 Ni-NTA 纯化的重组酶的比活为 22.8 IU/mg,说明该酶在用SSCF工艺发酵生产酒精中有潜在的应用价值.     

7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶LXYL-P1-1和LXYL-P1-2活性中心预测及初步的功能分析

7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶LXYL-P1-1和LXYL-P1-2是克隆自真菌香菇的两个双功能酶(序列一致性97%),具有β-木糖苷酶/β-葡萄糖苷酶双重活性,能特异性地水解移除7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇等紫杉烷上的木糖基。采用生物信息学方法对两个酶蛋白进行酶活性中心预测,初步确定Asp300和Glu529分别为亲核试剂和一般酸/碱催化剂,而Asn172-Gly173-Arg174和Lys207-His208为底物结合结构域。以LXYL-P1-2为研究对象,以毕赤酵母细胞为表达宿主,应用定点突变技术获得了N172A、G173A、R174A、K207A、H208A、D300N和E529Q突变体,并进行了酶活性分析。结果显示:在分别以PNP-Xyl、PNP-Glc和7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇为底物时,N172A、G173A、R174A、K207A、D300N和E529Q的β-木糖苷酶与β-葡萄糖苷酶活性大幅度下降甚至完全消失;H208A的β-木糖苷酶活性也显著下降,但仍保持98%的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性。其结果初步验证了对上述两个酶蛋白的活性中心的预测,为进一步揭示7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶结构与功能的关系提供了实验依据。     

家白蚁中肠具有内切葡聚糖酶活性菌株的分离和鉴定

从家白蚁中肠分离得到了一株具有内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性的细菌Streptomyces sp.Cf1,并经过16S rRNA和形态分析确定为属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)一种.该菌具有内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性但不具有糖苷酶活性.该菌所分泌的内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性最大可达8.25 U/mg.菌株分泌酶活性的最适pH值为6～7,最适温度为60℃.从家白蚁中肠分离得到这一具内切葡聚糖酶活性的菌株表明,家白蚁中肠细菌可以通过分泌内切葡聚糖酶与白蚁内源性内切葡聚糖酶一道参与食物中纤维素的降解.     

Engineering a thermostable β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Paecilomyces thermophila to improve catalytic efficiency at acidic pH

To fulfill the need for acid-tolerant and thermostable β-1,3-1,4-glucanases, an error-prone PCR and DNA-shuffling approach was employed to enhance the activity of thermostable β-1,3-1,4-glucanases from Paecilomyces thermophila (PtLic16A) at acidic pH. Mutant PtLic16AM2 was selected and characterized, and showed optimal activity at pH 5.0, corresponding to an acidic shift of 2.0 pH units relative to the wild-type enzyme. Other properties of PtLic16A such as temperature optimum and substrate specificity that are beneficial for industrial applications did not change. Based on the substituted residues of PtLic16AM2, three site-directed mutations, D56G, D221G and C263S, were designed to study these residues' roles. The amino acid residues at positions 56 and 263 were found to be important in determining optimal pH activity. Activity of the D221G variant showed no significant difference from the wild-type. Thus, it appears that the change in optimal pH for PtLic16AM2 was mainly caused by the combination of substitutions D56G and C263S. This study provides a β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (PtLic16AM2) with high potential for industrial applications.     

High-level expression of a specific β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from the thermophilic fungus Paecilomyces thermophila in Pichia pastoris

In this study, a novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene (designated as PtLic16A) from Paecilomyces thermophila was cloned and sequenced. PtLic16A has an open reading frame of 945 bp, encoding 314 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shares the highest identity (61%) with the putative endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase from Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181. PtLic16A was cloned into a vector pPIC9K and was expressed successfully in Pichia pastoris as active extracellular β-1,3-1,4-glucanase. The recombinant β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (PtLic16A) was secreted predominantly into the medium which comprised up to 85% of the total extracellular proteins and reached a protein concentration of 9.1 g l⁻¹ with an activity of 55,300 U ml⁻¹ in 5-l fermentor culture. The enzyme was then purified using two steps, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 38.5 kDa on SDS–PAGE. It was optimally active at pH 7.0 and a temperature of 70°C. Furthermore, the enzyme exhibited strict specificity for β-1,3-1,4-d-glucans. This is the first report on the cloning and expression of a β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene from Paecilomyces sp.     

Structural and mutagenetic analyses of a 1,3–1,4-β-glucanase from Paecilomyces thermophila

The thermostable 1,3–1,4-β-glucanase PtLic16A from the fungus Paecilomyces thermophila catalyzes stringent hydrolysis of barley β-glucan and lichenan with an outstanding efficiency and has great potential for broad industrial applications. Here, we report the crystal structures of PtLic16A and an inactive mutant E113A in ligand-free form and in complex with the ligands cellobiose, cellotetraose and glucotriose at 1.80 Å to 2.25 Å resolution. PtLic16A adopts a typical β-jellyroll fold with a curved surface and the concave face forms an extended ligand binding cleft. These structures suggest that PtLic16A might carry out the hydrolysis via retaining mechanism with E113 and E118 serving as the nucleophile and general acid/base, respectively. Interestingly, in the structure of E113A/1,3–1,4-β-glucotriose complex, the sugar bound to the − 1 subsite adopts an intermediate-like (α-anomeric) configuration. By combining all crystal structures solved here, a comprehensive binding mode for a substrate is proposed. These findings not only help understand the 1,3–1,4-β-glucanase catalytic mechanism but also provide a basis for further enzymatic engineering.     

Effect of process parameters on 3-hydroxypropionic acid production from glycerol using a recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

The stability and specific activity of endo-β-1,4-glucanase III from Trichoderma reesei QM9414 was enhanced, and the expression efficiency of its encoding gene, egl3, was optimized by directed evolution using error-prone PCR and activity screening in Escherichia coli RosettaBlue (DE3) pLacI as a host. Relationship between increase in yield of active enzyme in the clones and improvement in its stability was observed among the mutants obtained in the present study. The clone harboring the best mutant 2R4 (G41E/T110P/K173M/Y195F/P201S/N218I) selected in via second-round mutagenesis after optimal recombinating of first-round mutations produced 130-fold higher amount of mutant enzyme than the transformant with wild-type EG III. Mutant 2R4 produced by the clone showed broad pH stability (4.4–8.8) and thermotolerance (entirely active at 55°C for 30 min) compared with those of the wild-type EG III (pH stability, 4.4–5.2; thermostability, inactive at 55°C for 30 min). k _cat of 2R4 against carboxymethyl-cellulose was about 1.4-fold higher than that of the wild type, though the K _m became twice of that of the wild type.     

Characterisation of a novel Bacillus sp. SJ-10 β-1,3–1,4-glucanase isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented fish

A novel β-1,3–1,4-glucanase gene was identified in Bacillus sp. SJ-10 (KCCM 90078) isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented fish. We analysed the β-1,3–1,4-glucanase gene sequence and examined the recombinant enzyme. The open reading frame of the gene encoded 244 amino acids. The sequence was not identical to any β-glucanases deposited in GenBank. The gene was cloned into pET22b(+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Purification of recombinant β-1,3–1,4-glucanase was conducted by affinity chromatography using a Ni-NTA column. Enzyme specificity of β-1,3–1,4-glucanase was confirmed based on substrate specificity. The optimal temperature and pH of the purified enzyme towards barley β-glucan were 50 °C and pH 6, respectively. More than 80 % of activity was retained at temperatures of 30–70 °C and pH values of 4–9, which differed from all other bacterial β-1,3–1,4-glucanases. The degradation products of barley β-glucan by β-1,3–1,4-glucanase were analysed using thin-layer chromatography, and ultimately glucose was produced by treatment with cellobiase.     

Codon optimization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus licheniformis</Emphasis> β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene and its expression in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis>

β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (EC3.2.1.73) as an important industrial enzyme has been widely used in the brewing and animal feed additive industry. To improve expression efficiency of recombinant β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus licheniformis EGW039(CGMCC 0635) in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris GS115, the DNA sequence encoding β-1,3-1,4-glucanase was designed and synthesized based on the codon bias of P. pastoris, the codons encoding 96 amino acids were optimized, in which a total of 102 nucleotides were changed, the G+C ratio was simultaneously increased from 43.6 to 45.5%. At shaking flask level, β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity is 67.9 and 52.3 U ml⁻¹ with barley β-glucan and lichenan as substrate, respectively. At laboratory fermentor level, the secreted protein concentration is approximately 250 mg l⁻¹. The β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity is 333.7 and 256.7 U ml⁻¹ with barley β-glucan and lichenan as substrate, respectively; however, no activity of this enzyme on cellulose is observed. Compared to the nonoptimized control, expression level of the optimized β-1,3-1,4-glucanase based on preferred codons in P. pastoris shown a 10-fold higher level. The codon-optimized enzyme was approximately 53.8% of the total secreted protein. The optimal acidity and temperature of this recombinant enzyme were pH 6.0 and 45°C, respectively.     

Rational design of thermostability in bacterial 1,3-1,4-β-glucanases through spatial compartmentalization of mutational hotspots

Higher thermostability is required for 1,3-1,4-β-glucanase to maintain high activity under harsh conditions in the brewing and animal feed industries. In this study, a comprehensive and comparative analysis of thermostability in bacterial β-glucanases was conducted through a method named spatial compartmentalization of mutational hotspots (SCMH), which combined alignment of homologous protein sequences, spatial compartmentalization, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The overall/local flexibility of six homologous β-glucanases was calculated by MD simulation and linearly fitted with enzyme optimal enzymatic temperatures. The calcium region was predicted to be the crucial region for thermostability of bacterial 1,3-1,4-β-glucanases, and optimization of four residue sites in this region by iterative saturation mutagenesis greatly increased the thermostability of a mesophilic β-glucanase (BglT) from Bacillus terquilensis. The E46P/S43E/H205P/S40E mutant showed a 20 °C increase in optimal enzymatic temperature and a 13.8 °C rise in protein melting temperature (T _m) compared to wild-type BglT. Its half-life values at 60 and 70 °C were 3.86-fold and 7.13-fold higher than those of wild-type BglT. The specific activity of E46P/S43E/H205P/S40E mutant was increased by 64.4 %, while its stability under acidic environment was improved. The rational design strategy used in this study might be applied to improve the thermostability of other industrial enzymes.

     

Heterologous overexpression of a mutant termite cellulase gene in Escherichia coli by DNA shuffling of four orthologous parental cDNAs

Among cellulase genes, those of animals are known for their difficulty in overexpression. We constructed a chimeric library by family shuffling of endo-beta-1,4-glucanase genes from four different termite species (Reticulitermes speratus, Nasutitermes takasagoensis, Coptotermes formosanus, and Coptotermes acinaciformis) sharing 78.5-96% homology in amino acid sequence. The constructed library was screened by Congo red plate assay combined with 96-well micro-enzyme assay, and clones showing enhanced CMCase activities were obtained. The mutated genes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli intracellularly as an active form. The endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (CMCase) activity in soluble fractions of E. coli harboring the mutant genes was 20-30 fold higher than that of wild-type genes. The mutant enzyme showed high activity against CMC and properties similar to those of the native enzymes.     

Directed mutagenesis of apecific active site residues on Fibrobacter succinogenes 1,3-1,4-beta -D-glucanase significantly affects catalysis and enzyme structural stability

The functional and structural significance of amino acid residues Met(39), Glu(56), Asp(58), Glu(60), and Gly(63) of Fibrobacter succinogenes 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucanase was explored by the approach of site-directed mutagenesis, initial rate kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy, and CD spectrometry. Glu(56), Asp(58), Glu(60), and Gly(63) residues are conserved among known primary sequences of the bacterial and fungal enzymes. Kinetic analyses revealed that 240-, 540-, 570-, and 880-fold decreases in k(cat) were observed for the E56D, E60D, D58N, and D58E mutant enzymes, respectively, with a similar substrate affinity relative to the wild type enzyme. In contrast, no detectable enzymatic activity was observed for the E56A, E56Q, D58A, E60A, and E60Q mutants. These results indicated that the carboxyl side chain at positions 56 and 60 is mandatory for enzyme catalysis. M39F, unlike the other mutants, exhibited a 5-fold increase in K(m) value. Lower thermostability was found with the G63A mutant when compared with wild type or other mutant forms of F. succinogenes 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucanase. Denatured wild type and mutant enzymes were, however, recoverable as active enzymes when 8 m urea was employed as the denaturant. Structural modeling and kinetic studies suggest that Glu(56), Asp(58), and Glu(60) residues apparently play important role(s) in the catalysis of F. succinogenes 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucanase.