基于体外分子进化技术提高弯曲芽孢杆菌CCTCC 2015368 β-淀粉酶的热稳定性

运用体外分子进化技术易错PCR方法,高通量筛选热稳定性提高的弯曲芽孢杆菌Bacillus flexus CCTCC2015368β-淀粉酶突变体。利用LB琼脂淀粉板显色、96-孔板DNS法测酶活和酶标仪检测等,最终筛选到了一株热稳定性显著提高的突变体D476N。野生型和突变体D476N分别纯化后,酶学性质测定表明:突变体D476N的最适pH为6.5,与野生型相比降低了0.5。突变体D476N和野生型的最适温度均为55℃,突变体D476N在55℃下的半衰期为35 min,比野生型提高了95%。突变体D476N的T_(50)值比野生型提高4℃。突变体D476N的K_m值为97.98μmol/L,是野生型(85.86μmol/L)1.14倍;突变体稳定性提高的同时,催化活力相对于野生型有略微下降。通过SWISS-MODEL同源模拟野生型和突变体D476N的三维结构,并通过PyMol软件分析,发现突变后的氨基酸残基Asn476位于蛋白质表面的loop环上,通过MOE软件计算,D476N的分子自由能(ΔG)为106.01kcal/mol,比野生酶降低10.3%,这一结果与蛋白质分子自由能和热稳定性呈负相关的理论相符。     

定向引入N-糖基化位点改进黑曲霉β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶热稳定性

【背景】木聚糖是生物圈中仅次于纤维素的第二大多糖,其结构复杂,完全降解需要多种木聚糖酶协同作用。β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶是木聚糖主链水解过程中最关键的酶,已广泛应用于饲料、造纸、能源、食品和医药等行业。但在实际应用中,由于真菌木聚糖酶的热稳定性较差,限制了其在工业中的应用。【目的】提高来源于黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)的β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶(xynB)热稳定性。【方法】采用氨基酸虚拟突变技术对xynB定向引入一个N-糖基化位点,将虚拟突变后筛选获得的候选突变体和野生型在毕赤酵母SMD1168中表达,并对纯化后的野生型和突变体酶进行酶学性质和稳定性分析。【结果】经虚拟突变和筛选获得5个候选突变体,在毕赤酵母SMD1168中成功表达了4个突变体,其中3个突变体发生了糖基化。突变体和野生型酶均表现出宽范围的酸碱耐受性,且突变体xynB~(A92N/D94T)在pH4.0–11.0条件下的稳定性明显优于野生型;糖基化突变体xynB~(A92N/D94T)、xynB~(G66N/A68T)和xynB~(G66F/D67N/G69T)在温度为60–80°C时热稳定性明显高于野生型,xynB~(G66N/A68T)在80°C保温30 min后的残留酶活比野生型提高了约30%。【结论】本研究方法可为其他来源木聚糖酶和其他工业酶的热稳定分子改造提供参考。     

删除Loop区域表面不稳定氨基酸提高 (R)-ω-转氨酶热稳定性

手性胺是一类具有重要价值的医药及精细化工中间体,如何实现手性胺类化合物的不对称合成是目前人们普遍关注的一个焦点问题。ω-转氨酶(ω-Transaminase,ω-TA)是一类能直接合成对映体手性胺的天然生物催化剂。相比于(S)-ω-TA,(R)-ω-TA的研究较少,但其需求量随着手性胺类药物的发展日趋增大。提高具有潜在应用价值的(R)-ω-TA的热稳定性,将有利于手性胺的制备。本文利用Py MOL软件和YASARA软件预测来源于土曲霉Aspergillus terreus的(R)-ω-TA中具有高温度因子(B-factor)的Loop区域,通过定点突变对Loop区域表面不稳定氨基酸逐步进行删除获得突变酶。结果表明,突变酶R131del和突变酶P132-E133del半失活温度分别为41.1℃和39.4℃,比野生酶提高了2.6℃和0.9℃;在40℃下的半衰期分别为15.0 min和10.0 min,为野生酶的2.2倍和1.5倍。此外,在400 K和10 ns的分子模拟条件下,突变酶R131del在Loop区域的均方根涨落(Root mean square fluctuation,RMSF)比野生型低,突变酶P132-E133del在Loop区域增加了4个氢键。本研究通过删除(R)-ω-转氨酶Loop区域表面不稳定氨基酸提高了该蛋白的热稳定性,同时也为其他酶热稳定性的理性设计提供了方法学指导。     

芽孢杆菌WS-3L淀粉酶的纯化和特性的研究

芽孢杆菌WS-3L产生的α-淀粉酶AmyL经过多步纯化,酶的回收率为15.5%,比活提高了345倍.该淀粉酶能够有效水解淀粉生成麦芽寡糖.酶的最适反应温度为45℃,最适反应pH为6.5,在pH 7.0～8.0,40℃以下酶活较稳定;离子Cu2 、NH4 、Ag 、Hg 和EDTA、SDS对酶活力有显著抑制作用,而其他一些常见金属离子如Na 、K 则对酶活影响不大.AmyL对可溶性淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉的Km值和Vmax分别为2.81 mg/mL、8.37 mg/mL、1.80 mg/mL和11.67 μmol/(min·mL)、10.00μmol/(min·mL)、13.33 μmol/(min·mL),表明支链淀粉是该酶的理想水解底物.玉米淀粉对AmyL有很高的吸附率,预示这可以作为酶快速固定的一个简易方法应用到实际生产中.     

应用拉氏图信息提高短乳杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶催化性能

谷氨酸脱羧酶(Glutamate decarboxylase,GAD)是用于催化L-谷氨酸脱羧合成γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyrate,GABA)的唯一酶,提高GAD的催化活力或热稳定性,有利于GABA的高效制备和生产。以热稳定性和活性为筛选目标,通过研究短乳杆菌GAD1407三维模拟结构的拉氏图,确定不稳定氨基酸残基位点K413,采用定点突变的方法构建该位点的突变体,并测定野生型酶和突变酶的热稳定性和活力。结果表明突变酶K413A和突变酶K413I分别在热稳定性和酶活力上获得了提高,突变酶K413A在50℃的半衰期为105 min,是野生酶的2.1倍;突变酶K413I热稳定性没有明显的提高,但其酶活力却得到了有效提高,约为野生型的1.6倍。因此,通过拉氏图提供的结构信息可为利用理性设计提高GAD活性和热稳定性提供指导。     

绿色木霉MJ1产内切β-葡聚糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

利用KTAUPC-900快速蛋白液相色谱系统(FPLC)从绿色木霉MJ1固体发酵产物中分离纯化出内切β-葡聚糖苷酶。分离纯化后酶的比活力提高了28·6倍,回收率为19·7%。SDS-PAGE后经BIO-RAD凝胶成像系统分析该内切酶的分子量为64·7kD。酶学试验研究表明:该酶的最适反应温度53℃,最适pH为4·2,Lineweaver-Burk法求得动力学参数,Km和Vmax分别为1·230×10-2g/mL、2·396×10-2mg/(mL·min)。并确定了FPLC层析缓冲液的离子强度为2·2mmol/L时分离效果达到最佳。     

扩展青霉脂肪酶K56R叠加突变对热稳定性的影响

目的:扩展青霉脂肪酶随机突变体ep8是一株热稳定性比野生型有所提高的突变体.获得热稳定性提高的优良菌株.方法:在ep8的基础上利用重叠延伸PCR构建叠加突变重组质粒pPIC3.5K-ep8一K56R,将该质粒电转毕赤酵母(Pichia paaoris)GS115进行异源表达.结果:该叠加突变脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中获得了活性表达.15%SDS-PACE结果分析表明突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-K56R-GS分子量与野生型PEL-GS一致,约为28kDa.叠加突变脂肪酶在37℃时酶活为852U/mL、野生型为760u/mL、随机突变体为824u/mL,叠加突变体酶活相比野生型提高了21.1%,相比随机突变体提高了3.4%.热稳定性分析数据表明叠加突变脂肪酶Tm值为40.1℃、野生型为38.7℃、随机突变体为39.9℃,Tm值相比野生型提高了1.4℃,相比随机突变体提高了0.2℃.     

基于易错PCR的假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47β-甘露聚糖酶耐高温定向进化

本研究利用易错PCR技术突变假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47β-甘露聚糖酶野生型基因,PCR产物与大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭表达载体pYCα上连接,在大肠杆菌DH5α中扩增后电转入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae,构建了库容为10_4的初级突变体库,筛选得到耐高温最佳突变株M262.DNS法测得80℃处理30 min后最大酶活力为25 U/mL,较之野生型最适条件酶活力提高了4.3倍.序列分析表明,突变体有3个碱基发生了突变:T343A/C827T/T1139C,相应的氨基酸改变为Ser115Thr/Thr276Met/Val380Ala,利用SWISS-MODEL数据库同源建模显示,这3个突变氨基酸分别位于第4个13折叠的第6个氨基酸、第6个α螺旋的第1个氨基酸、第10个α螺旋和第11个β折叠之间的转角.     

半理性设计进化土曲霉来源的ω-转氨酶AtTA热稳定性

转氨酶(ω-transaminase,ω-TA)作为一种天然的生物催化剂,在手性胺类化合物的合成中具有较好的应用前景。但ω-TA在催化非天然底物的反应过程中存在稳定性差、活性低的缺陷,大大限制了ω-TA的应用。为改善此缺陷,针对来源于土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)的(R)-ω-TA(At TA),采用基于分子动力学模拟的计算机辅助设计与随机突变、组合突变相结合的策略进行酶的热稳定性改造,获得了热稳定性与活性同步提高的最佳突变酶At TA-E104D/A246V/R266Q (M3)。与At TA野生酶(wild-type, WT)相比,M3的半衰期t_1/2 (35℃)由17.8 min提升至102.7 min,提升了4.8倍,半失活温度T₅₀¹⁰比WT (38.1℃)提高2.2℃。最佳突变酶M3对丙酮酸和1-(R)-苯乙胺的催化效率分别是野生酶的1.59倍和1.56倍。分子动力学模拟与分子对接结果表明,分子内氢键与疏水相互作用的增加所导致α-螺旋的加固稳定是酶热稳定性提升的主要原因;底物分子与结合口袋氨...     

具蛋白酶抗性的Armillariella tabescens β-甘露聚糖酶MAN47的分子定向改造

利用定点突变的方法提高Armillariella tabescens β-甘露聚糖酶MAN47的胰蛋白酶抗性。首先根据其氨基酸序列,找到胰蛋白酶的水解位点—赖氨酸(Lys, K)和精氨酸(Arg, R),再利用生物信息学软件获得酶分子结构中K和R与周围溶剂的接触程度,选定暴露程度最大的K280为候选突变位点,进行模拟突变,并分析突变前后的氢键键长和整体结构的变化。根据氢键键长的变化,确定突变体为K280N。对K280N设计突变引物,用重叠延伸PCR技术对MAN47野生型man基因进行突变,PCR产物与大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭表达载体PYCα连接,在大肠杆菌DH5α中扩增后转入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae,经人工肠液(pH 6.8 10mg/ml胰蛋白酶溶液)筛选,得到抗胰蛋白酶的最佳突变株。结果表明突变酶在用人工肠液处理180min后,其半衰期为173min,而野生型酶为99min,其他酶学性质与野生型酶基本一致。     

定向进化提高嗜热拟青霉J18耐热β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶在酸性条件下的催化能力

应用定向进化技术提高了嗜热拟青霉Paecilomyces thermophila J18耐热β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶(PtLic16A)在酸性条件下的催化能力.结合易错PCR和DNA改组的方法,构建了β-葡聚糖酶的突变体文库;利用刚果红染色法建立了阳性克隆的高通量筛选体系.筛选得到的突变酶PtLic 16AM1的反应最适pH由7.0变化至5.5,且保持了原有的耐热性和比酶活.突变酶的DNA序列中有4个点位发生突变,引发了4处氨基酸替换,分别是T58S、Y110N、G195E和D221G.结构模拟结果显示,发生突变的4个氨基酸位点中,Y110N位置靠近酶活性中心,而T58S、G195E和D221G则离酶活性中心较远,其中T58S、G195E可能对酶最适pH的变化起到了关键作用.     

Molecular cloning, purification and characterization of thermostable beta-1,3-1,4 glucanase from Bacillus subtilis A8-8

A gene encoding a beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase (CelA) belonging to family 5 of glycoside hydrolases was cloned and sequenced from the Bacillus subtilis A8-8. The open-reading-frame of celA comprised 1499 base pairs and the enzyme was composed of 500 amino acids with a molecular mass of 55 kDa. The recombinant beta-1,3-1,4 glucanase was purified by GST-fusion purification system. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 8.0 and 60 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was stable within pH 6.0-9.0. It was stable up to 60 degrees C and retained 30% of its original activity at 70 degrees C for 60 min. It hydrolyzed lichenan, CMC, xylan, laminarin, avicel and pNPC, but was inactive towards cellobiose. The enzyme activity was markedly activated by Co2+ and Mn2+, but was strongly inactivated by Fe3+. The truncated gene, devoid of cellulose-binding domain (CBD) showed 60% of activity and bound to avicel.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of an endo-1,3-beta-D-glucanase from the mollusk Spisula sachalinensis

cDNA encoding the endo-1,3-beta-d-glucanase from Spisula sachalinensis (LIV) was amplified by PCR using oligonucleotides deduced from the N-terminal end peptide sequence. Predicted enzyme structure consists of 444 amino acids with a signal sequence. The mature enzyme has 316 amino acids and its deduced amino acid sequence coincides completely with the N-terminal end (38 amino acids) of the beta-1,3-glucanase (LIV) isolated from the mollusk. The enzyme sequence from Val 121 to Met 441 reveals closest homology with Pacifastacus leniusculus lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein and with coelomic cytolytic factors from Lumbricus terrestris. The mollusk glucanase also shows 36% identity and 56% similarity with beta-1,3-glucanase of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. It is generally considered that invertebrate glucanase-like proteins containing the bacterial glucanase motif have evolved from an ancient beta-1,3-glucanase gene, but most of them lost their glucanase activity in the course of evolution and retained only the glucan-binding activity. A more detailed evaluation of the protein folding elicited very interesting relationships between the active site of LIV and other enzymes, which hydrolyze native glucans.     

Isolation and overexpression of a gene encoding an extracellular beta-(1,3-1,4)-glucanase from Streptococcus bovis JB1.

Streptococcus bovis JB1 was found to produce a 25-kDa extracellular enzyme active against beta-(1,3-1,4)-glucans. A gene was isolated encoding a specific beta-(1,3-1,4)-glucanase that corresponds to this size and belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 16. A 4- to 10-fold increase in supernatant beta-glucanase activity was obtained when the cloned beta-glucanase gene was reintroduced into S. bovis JB1 by use of constructs based on the plasmid vector pTRW10 or pIL253. The beta-(1,3-1,4)-glucanase gene was also expressed upon introduction of the pTRW10 construct pTRWL1R into Lactococcus lactis IL2661 and Enterococcus faecalis JH2-SS, although extracellular activity was 8- to 50-fold lower than that in S. bovis JB1. The beta-(1,3-1,4)-glucanase purified from the culture supernatant of S. bovis JB1 carrying pTRWL1R showed a K(m) of 2.8 mg per ml and a Vmax of 338 mumol of glucose equivalents per min per mg of protein with barley beta-glucan as the substrate. The S. bovis beta-(1,3-1,4)-glucanase may contribute to the ability of this bacterium to utilize starch by degrading structural polysaccharides present in endosperm cell walls.     

Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism of mycelial fungi from marine environments. beta-1,3-glucanase of the marine fungus Chaetomium indicum

Thirty samples of fungi belonging to 17 species living in marine environments were studied for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes. In the culture fluids, a variety of glycosidases (beta-glucosidases, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidases, and alpha-mannosidases) and glucanases (amylases and beta-1,3-glucanases) were found. Several cultures were found that could be used as efficient producers of either individual enzymes or a whole complement of enzymes degrading carbohydrate-containing compounds. Optimal growth conditions for the fungus Chaetomium indicum and beta-1,3-glucanase biosynthesis were developed. beta-1,3-Glucanase was isolated by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration, and gel chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme determined by gel-filtration was 54 kD. The enzyme was stable at temperatures below 50 degrees C, had a temperature optimum for activity at 60 degrees C, and retained activity between pH 4.5 and 7.5. The pH dependence of the beta-1, 3-glucanase activity showed two maxima, at pH 4.4 and 5.6; this suggested the existence of two forms of the enzyme. Analysis of the products of enzymatic hydrolysis of laminaran, transglycosylating ability, and the effect of a specific natural inhibitor indicates that both forms are exo-beta-1,3-glucanases.     

Molecular characterization and expression in Escherichia coli of three beta-1,3-glucanase genes from Lysobacter enzymogenes strain N4-7

Lysobacter enzymogenes strain N4-7 produces multiple biochemically distinct extracellular beta-1,3-glucanase activities. The gluA, gluB, and gluC genes, encoding enzymes with beta-1,3-glucanase activity, were identified by a reverse-genetics approach following internal amino acid sequence determination of beta-1,3-glucanase-active proteins partially purified from culture filtrates of strain N4-7. Analysis of gluA and gluC gene products indicates that they are members of family 16 glycoside hydrolases that have significant sequence identity to each other throughout the catalytic domain but that differ structurally by the presence of a family 6 carbohydrate-binding domain within the gluC product. Analysis of the gluB gene product indicates that it is a member of family 64 glycoside hydrolases. Expression of each gene in Escherichia coli resulted in the production of proteins with beta-1,3-glucanase activity. Biochemical analyses of the recombinant enzymes indicate that GluA and GluC exhibit maximal activity at pH 4.5 and 45 degrees C and that GluB is most active between pH 4.5 and 5.0 at 41 degrees C. Activity of recombinant proteins against various beta-1,3 glucan substrates indicates that GluA and GluC are most active against linear beta-1,3 glucans, while GluB is most active against the insoluble beta-1,3 glucan substrate zymosan A. These data suggest that the contribution of beta-1,3-glucanases to the biocontrol activity of L. enzymogenes may be due to complementary activities of these enzymes in the hydrolysis of beta-1,3 glucans from fungal cell walls.     

Characterization of a chitinase and an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T24 involved in control of the phytopathogen Sclerotium rolfsii

Of 24 Trichoderma isolates, T harzianum Rifai (T24) showed a potential for control of the phytopathogenic basidiomycete Sclerotium rolfsii. When T24 was grown on different carbon sources, growth inhibition of S. rolfsii by the T24 culture filtrate correlated with the activity of extracellular chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase. The 43-kilodalton (kDa) chitinase and the 74-kDa beta-1,3-glucanase were purified from the T24 culture filtrate in two and three steps, respectively, using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (phenyl-Sepharose) and gel filtration (beta-1,3-glucanase). Km and Kcat were 3.8 g l(-1) and 0.71 s(-1) for the chitinase (chitin) and 1.1 g(-1) and 52 s(-1) for the beta-1,3-glucanase (laminarin). The chitinase showed higher activity on chitin than on less-acetylated substrate analogues (chitosan), while the beta-1,3-glucanase was specific for beta-1,3-linkages in polysaccharides. Both enzymes were stable at 30 degrees C, while at 60 degrees C the chitinase and the beta-1,3-glucanase were rapidly inactivated, showing half-lives of 15 and 20 min, respectively. The enzymes inhibited growth of S. rolfsii in an additive manner showing a promising ED50 (50% effective dose) value of 2.7 microg/ml.     

Isolation and partial characterization of an 87-kilodalton beta-1,3-glucanase from Bacillus circulans IAM1165.

Bacillus circulans IAM1165 produces at least two extracellular beta-1,3-glucanases that lyse fungal cell walls. One of these extracellular enzymes was purified to homogeneity. The molecular mass was 87 kDa, and the pI was 4.3. The optimum temperature of the enzyme reaction was 70 degrees C when laminarin (a soluble beta-1,3-glucan) was used as the substrate. The pH range of the enzyme was broad (pH 4.5 to 9.0), and the optimum pH was 6.5. The enzyme is an endo beta-1,3-glucanase and has a random cleavage pattern.     

Isolation and partial characterization of an 87-kilodalton beta-1,3-glucanase from Bacillus circulans IAM1165.

Bacillus circulans IAM1165 produces at least two extracellular beta-1,3-glucanases that lyse fungal cell walls. One of these extracellular enzymes was purified to homogeneity. The molecular mass was 87 kDa, and the pI was 4.3. The optimum temperature of the enzyme reaction was 70 degrees C when laminarin (a soluble beta-1,3-glucan) was used as the substrate. The pH range of the enzyme was broad (pH 4.5 to 9.0), and the optimum pH was 6.5. The enzyme is an endo beta-1,3-glucanase and has a random cleavage pattern.     

Production of fungal cell wall degrading enzymes by a biocontrol strain of Bacillus subtilis AF 1

Fungal cell wall degrading chitinases and glucanases attained significance in agriculture, medicine, and environment management. The present study was conducted to describe the optimum conditions required for the production of beta-1,4-N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAGase) and beta-1,3-glucanase by a biocontrol strain of Bacillus subtilis AF 1. B. subtilis AF 1 was grown in minimal medium with colloidal chitin (3.0%) and yeast extract (0.3% YE ) and incubated at pH 7.0 and 30 degrees C on constant shaker at 180 rpm for 6 days produced highest amounts of NAGase. Presence of 0.5 mM of phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 0.04% of Tween 20 further improved the enzyme production. B. subtilis AF 1 grown in minimal medium with laminarin (1%) and yeast extract (0.3%) for 3 days produced maximum amount of beta-1,3-glucanase. These conditions can be further scaled-up for large-scale production of NAGase and beta-1,3-glucanase by B. subtilis AF 1.