“精准医疗”之手:基因组学将如何改变医学模式?

<正>2015年初,美国总统奥巴马在国情咨文演讲中宣布推出新的大规模研发项目"精准医疗计划",旨在通过数年的时间,完成一百万人的基因组测序,并将这些数据进行整合,打通从基因组数据到临床应用的道路。"精准医疗"(Precision Medicine,PM)是一种基于病人"定制"的医疗模式。在这种模式下,医疗的决策、实施等都是针对每一个病人个体特征而制定的,疾病的诊断和治疗是在合理选择病人自己的遗     

精细化视角下医院一体化日间手术的实践与思考

精细化管理是医院管理发展的必然方向，日间手术作为一种提高医疗资源利用效率、降低病人负担的医疗模式受到越来越广泛的推崇。医院以精益管理为抓手，建立日间手术临床路径化、环节无缝化、结算联动化、服务便捷化、质控常态化、绩效激励化，取得一定效果。最后提出日间手术的推行要转变理念、因科而宜、发挥社区联动效应、病历文书应更简捷化。     

医用机器人正改变人类生活:可实现转基因注射

生病时,不用忍受打针、手术之苦,只要服下一粒小药丸,里面的微型医疗机器人就会在体内四处游走,消灭病菌;外科手术,不用轻易切肉换骨,医疗机器人会为你"微创"治疗,大大减轻传统手术痛苦;突发疾病,不怕身边没有名医,远程手术机器人会在医生的数字虚拟指挥下为病人治疗……这些从前仅存在于科幻世界的梦想,如今正被日新月异的人工智能技术推向现实:医疗领域中的医用机器人,已经在运送物品、移动病人、临床诊疗和手术、康复护理和医用教学等方面一显身手,改变     

基于数学优化的手术室调度研究

手术室是医院的重要医疗资源,通过有效流程优化及使用麻醉恢复室,其运转效率不断提高,但是仍然不能满足患者和临床科室日益增长的医疗服务需求,仍然存在手术室过度利用和利用不足的情况。人工手术资源调度一定程度提高手术资源利用效率,而借助计算机系统的数学协同优化的手术资源调度,能弥补人工调度的不足,实现系统资源匹配与动态实时优化,有效减少手术患者住院等待时间、提高手术资源利用效率。     

大型医院专科医疗服务半径的探讨

目的:掌握大型医院神经内科医疗服务半径基本情况及变化趋势,为科室健康发展、合理配置医疗资源提供科学依据,以此为基础建立一个临床科室服务半径的分析模型。方法:对神经内科2007年1月1日-2010年12月31日住院病人的基本信息分类统计分析。结果:在2007-2010年收治的26528例地方患者中,男性患者多于女性;60岁以上老年人居多;本市住院病人数量呈逐年下降的趋势,而距离西安市较远的地区和外省病人数量呈逐年上升趋势。结论:分析住院患者人群分布特点,合理有效的配置卫生资源,为制定科室未来发展决策提供科学依据。     

大型医院专科医疗服务半径的探讨

目的：掌握大型医院神经内科医疗服务半径基本情况及变化趋势,为科室健康发展、合理配置医疗资源提供科学依据,以此为基础建立一个临床科室服务半径的分析模型。方法：对神经内科2007年1月1日-2010年12月31日住院病人的基本信息分类统计分析。结果：在2007-2010年收治的26528例地方患者中,男性患者多于女性;60岁以上老年人居多;本市住院病人数量呈逐年下降的趋势,而距离西安市较远的地区和外省病人数量呈逐年上升趋势。结论：分析住院患者人群分布特点,合理有效的配置卫生资源,为制定科室未来发展决策提供科学依据。     

应用锥颅置管引流手术治疗急性高血压脑出血

探讨应用锥颅置管引流术治疗急性高血压脑出血的临床治疗效果。方法：对62例应用锥颅置管引流术治疗的高血压脑出血病人进行了回顾性分析。对高血压脑出血的全组病例的发病年龄、性别、诱发病因、病史、常见发病部位、类型、手术方式以及临床效果进行了分析。结果：手术后2—6个月,按COS方法判定病人治疗效果。手术治疗结果：全组有痊愈者20例,中残者23例,重残者9例,植物生存者4例,死亡者6例（死亡率为10％）。结论：锥颅置管引流的手术方式,安全、医疗费用非常低廉,而且该手术后并发症和死亡率均降低。加之它简便,疗效确切,故值得临床广泛推广应用。     

基于马尔科夫链的医疗决策

在临床实践中,医生和患者均面临决策,由于医生和患者个体知识经验的局限性,仅依赖个人经验的决策判断难以全面评估治疗方案的好坏,而通过马尔科夫链模型可以帮助医生和患者对复杂疾病建立抽象模型,便于对疾病的各治疗效果进行决策分析。马尔科夫链模型是处理离散事件的随机过程,通过当前设定的信息,预测将来的情况。本文总结了马尔科夫链在医疗决策中的应用的基本原理,梳理了在医疗决策领域常用的马尔科夫链模型的分类,针对医疗决策的特点探讨不同类型马尔科夫链的矩阵法、队列法以及蒙特卡洛模拟分析方法的适用范围和优缺点。针对疾病进展的三状态模型以及是否使用某药物的实际决策案例,分析比较队列法与蒙特卡洛模拟法的具体应用,总结归纳队列法与蒙特卡洛模拟法的优缺点。     

医院临床数据中心建设与应用

为解决医疗记录报告单的管理混乱问题,文章提出了医院临床数据中心体系架构,主要从系统整体架构、层次结构以及关键技术实现等方面进行了阐述,实现了基于Ensemble集成平台的医疗记录报告单数字化集中归档,生成PDF格式的报告单,为医护人员及病人提供各类应用服务。医生借助电子病历里调阅PDF格式的医疗记录报告单,解决了电子病历与各临床信息系统之间的信息集成,提高了医院的服务质量。     

周六手术在医院运行管理中的价值和意义

目的 通过开展周六手术,缩短病人平均术前等待日及平均住院日。在保证医疗质量的前提下,达到提高效率,增加产能的目的。方法 在多部门协作的基础上,开展周六手术,改变原有人力配置方式和手术流程,以配合周六手术的进行。结果 手术流程再造后,与之前同期相比术前等待日缩短25.00%, 月平均手术台次增加12.35%, 病人平均住院日降低9.22%。结论 开展周六手术,能缩短患者平均住院日和术前等待日,为患者节约宝贵的时间和金钱,在一定程度上解决了患者看病难、看病贵的问题,提高了医院的工作效率。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.