深海太平洋火色杆菌琼胶酶Aga2660的克隆表达及发酵优化

【背景】琼胶寡糖已成为化妆品、食品、医药等领域的研究热点,而生物酶法被认为是制备琼胶寡糖的高效方法。【目的】从深海太平洋火色杆菌(Flammeovirga pacifica WPAGA1)筛选获得琼胶酶基因aga2660,对基因aga2660进行克隆转化,使其在大肠杆菌中进行表达,分析重组酶的性质以及酶解产物。【方法】采用克隆表达和镍柱纯化方法获得aga2660基因表达的纯化产物;采用薄层层析和离子色谱法分析酶解产物;5L发酵罐采用补料阶段指数流加、诱导阶段乳糖连续流加的策略进行产酶发酵条件的优化。【结果】基因aga2660是具有GH50家族典型特征的基因,酶解产物为单一的新琼二糖。最适温度为30°C,最适pH为7.0,Mn2+、Ca2+和Mg2+能促进琼胶酶Aga2660的酶活。采用发酵优化策略后的酶活达到11.81U/mL,比优化前提高了13.2倍。【结论】琼胶酶Aga2660具有良好的热、酸、碱稳定性,其酶解产物为单一的新琼二糖,这为特定聚合度琼胶寡糖的制备奠定了良好基础。     

南极菌产琼胶酶aga3311的表达、性质及其降解特性

【目的】本文通过对具有琼胶降解能力的南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.NJ21全基因组进行生物信息学分析,筛选获得琼胶酶疑似序列aga3311,采用基因工程手段对该基因的功能和性质进行了验证和分析。【方法】首先对aga3311进行克隆和表达;采用Ni-NTA对重组酶进行纯化;DNS-还原糖法测定重组酶的酶学性质;用薄层层析(TLC)和质谱(MS)技术对Aga3311的酶解产物进行分析。【结果】构建的重组表达质粒p ET-30(a)+aga3311能够在工程菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中实现高效表达,其中可溶性表达为30%左右;纯化的重组酶Aga3311分子量为87 k Da,其最适作用温度为35°C,30–45°C的范围内稳定性较高,50°C则迅速失活,具有热不稳定的特征;最适p H为7.0,在p H 4.0–10.0的范围内仍能保持50%以上的活性;金属离子Fe~(3+)、Be~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Ca~(2+)均能显著提高Aga3311的活性,特别是Ca~(2+)使其酶活提高1倍。该酶的酶解终产物经TLC和质谱分析主要为新琼二糖。【结论】重组酶Aga3311为Glyco_hydro_42家族的外切型β-琼胶酶,能够特异性降解琼脂糖生成新琼二糖。     

海洋细菌Agarivorans sp.HZ105的琼胶降解酶系

通过克隆得到菌株Agarivorans sp.HZ105中3个琼胶酶基因,长度分别为2 988 bp、1 437 bp和1 362 bp,分别编码琼胶酶HZ1、HZ3和HZ4,分别属于糖苷水解酶GH50、GH118和GH16家族。将这些琼胶酶基因与质粒p ET-32(a)构建重组表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),实现了琼胶酶基因的重组原核表达,制备了重组酶,研究了琼胶酶的酶解产物。琼胶酶HZ1降解琼脂糖以及高聚合度新琼寡糖(聚合度为8、10、12和14)得到新琼二糖和新琼四糖;琼胶酶HZ3降解琼脂糖的终产物是高聚合度新琼寡糖;琼胶酶HZ4降解琼脂糖和高聚合度新琼寡糖为新琼四糖和新琼六糖。因此推测菌株HZ105主要先用琼胶酶HZ3和HZ4降解琼脂糖为较高聚合度的新琼寡糖,随后这些寡糖被琼胶酶HZ1和HZ2(课题组先前报道的另一个琼胶酶)降解为低聚合度新琼寡糖。首次研究报道了Agarivorans属中能产生4个琼胶酶的细菌菌株及其琼胶降解酶系,丰富了有关细菌降解琼胶酶体系及其中各琼胶酶作用的研究和认识,也有利于菌株HZ105琼胶酶的有效开发应用。     

一种海洋琼胶酶的分离纯化、酶学性质研究及降解产物分析

摘要：【目的】对海洋Agarivorans albus QM38菌株所产琼胶酶的纯化工艺和酶学性质进行了研究。【方法】发酵液通过离心、(NH4 ) 2SO4盐析、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow 阴离子交换层析、Sephacry S-100 凝胶过滤等纯化步骤得到SDS-PAGE电泳级纯酶,并用质谱对酶的降解产物进行分析。【结果】得到琼胶酶A,纯化倍数为17.6倍,收率为15.21 %,SDS-PAGE测定其分子量为127.8 kDa。对琼胶酶A进行了进一步的性质分析,其最适反应温度为35 ℃,最适反应pH为7.6,最适底物浓度为0.9 %,多数金属离子为其活性抑制剂。琼胶酶A的降解产物经质谱分析主要为四糖和六糖。【结论】从菌株QM38的发酵液中纯化得到的琼胶酶A具有降解凝胶态琼胶的能力,其分子量与以往报道过的琼胶酶不同。     

需钠弧菌WPAGA4菌株3条琼胶酶基因克隆、表达与酶学性质分析

【目的】本文拟从西太平洋深海沉积物中分离得到的需钠弧菌(Vibrio natriegens) WPAGA4菌株中克隆并表达3条β-琼胶酶基因agaW3418、agaW3419和agaW3472,并对其酶学性质进行研究。【方法】通过克隆表达技术将得到的3条琼胶酶基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)细胞中进行表达,通过二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定重组琼胶酶的酶活,并对其中活性最优的一种琼胶酶进行热稳定性和产酶条件优化。【结果】三种琼脂酶均为属于GH50家族。AgaW3418、AgaW3419和AgaW3472在温度分别为50、60和30℃以及pH值分别为6.0、7.0和7.0条件下,发挥作用的能力最强。其中琼胶酶AgaW3472表现出最优的酶活性质,在20℃下保持良好的稳定性,且在SOB (super optimal broth)培养基条件下以1%(质量体积分数)的乳糖作为碳源,同时添加20 mmol/L MgCl2,并将诱导温度和异丙基-1硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(isopropyl-1 thio-β-D-galactoside, IPTG)浓度分别设置为37℃和0.1 mmol/L时能够获得...     

一株转化琼胶为新琼寡糖菌株的筛选及鉴定

摘要:【目的】筛选一株可以将琼胶转化为新琼寡糖的菌株,并对该菌株进行鉴定。【方法】从紫菜生长区域采集紫菜和该区域海水,用含1‰琼胶的培养基富集培养,逐级稀释涂布、平板划线进行初筛,液体培养进行复筛,DNS法测定琼胶降解产物中还原糖的含量。通过16S rDNA序列分析,结合菌体形态、菌落特征及生理生化特性,确立该菌的系统发育学地位。【结果】从紫菜振荡液中筛选出一株可以产琼胶酶的菌株HJPHYXJ-1,该菌属于革兰氏阴性菌,16S rDNA序列同源性与需钠弧菌(Vibrio natriegens)的达到了99%,结合形态特征和生理生化实验结果鉴定该菌为需钠弧菌。HPLC法测定酶解产物为新琼寡糖。【结论】HJPHYXJ-1被筛选用于转化琼胶,酶解产物的聚合度在2－12 之间,是以二糖为单位的新琼寡糖,该菌产生的酶为β-琼胶酶。     

海洋来源琼胶酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

采用Vibiro sp.ZC-1发酵制备琼胶酶,粗酶液经过中空纤维柱浓缩、硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-阴离子交换层析,得到一个电泳纯的琼胶酶组分Aga ZC-1,其分子质量约为45k Da,比活力为114.613U/mg。对Aga ZC-1进行酶学性质分析,结果表明,其最适反应p H为7.0,在p H为5.0~9.0时保温1h仍能保持80%以上的酶活力;最适反应温度为50℃,在45℃条件下保温1h酶活力保持在60%以上。在高浓度(5mmol/L)下,Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Sn~(2+)和Zn~(2+)能完全抑制琼胶酶的活性,在低浓度(1mmol/L)下,Cu~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、Na~+、Zn~(2+)、Ag~+、Sr~(3+)、K+对琼胶酶活性具有明显抑制作用。琼胶酶的动力学参数K_m和V_(max)分别为0.538mg/ml和6.33μmol/(L·min),对琼胶底物具有高度专一性,降解产物主要为新琼四糖和新琼六糖。     

Paraglaciecola hydrolytica中新型β-琼胶酶Aga2的异源表达及酶学性质分析

琼胶寡糖具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤和调节肠道菌群等多种生物活性,而微生物来源的琼胶酶是酶法制备琼胶寡糖的重要工具酶。目前报道的琼胶酶数量较少,而具有优良酶学特性的琼胶酶数量更少,极大阻碍了酶法制备琼胶寡糖的工艺开发进程。因此有必要发掘更多微生物来源的新颖琼胶酶。从副居冰菌属Paraglaciecola hydrolytica细菌基因组中挖掘到一个新颖琼胶酶基因aga2,构建至表达载体 pET28a(+),并在大肠杆菌 BL21(DE3)中进行表达;通过镍金属亲和层析纯化蛋白并探究温度、pH、金属离子、NaCl浓度对Aga2活性的影响;采用¹³C核磁共振、薄层色谱和基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱分析酶解产物。Aga2与已知琼胶酶的最高相似度为53.7%。同时Aga2在IPTG(Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside)浓度为90 μmol/L,20℃下诱导9 h时,可溶性表达量最高。纯化的Aga2最适反应温度为50℃,且40℃孵育3 h后仍保持72.9%的相对酶活力,具有较好的温度稳定性。Aga2的最适pH为6.0,在不同pH(4-9)下放...     

琼胶酶AgaD在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

摘要:【目的】构建琼胶酶AgaD的高效表达体系,优化发酵条件提高重组酶的表达量。【方法】首先根据大肠杆菌(E.coli)密码子偏好性,优化并合成AgaD的基因,使其适合E.coli表达系统;考察了不同的E.coli表达宿主;根据N端法则构建了突变体;评价了培养基中添加CaCl2和甘氨酸(Gly)对重组酶表达的影响。【结果】成功构建了琼胶酶AgaD 的高效表达体系,确定了E.coli AD494(DE3)为最适表达宿主;利用N端法则提高了重组酶的稳定性,缩短了发酵时间;通过在培养基中添加CaCl2和甘氨酸(Gly)进一步提高了胞外酶产量。最终,发酵上清中重组酶的活力由20 U/L提高至11300 U/L,比优化前提高了500余倍。【结论】构建了琼胶酶AgaD的高效表达体系,为GH96家族琼胶酶的深入研究奠定了基础。     

一株产琼胶酶细菌的分离、鉴定及其琼胶酶基本性质

【目的】分离海洋来源的琼胶酶产生菌,对其进行分类鉴定,并研究其所产琼胶酶的基本酶学性质,为琼胶酶的应用研究及开发利用奠定基础。【方法】通过以琼脂为唯一碳源的选择培养基分离产琼胶酶的菌株;利用16S rRNA基因序列分析、表型和生理生化特征对菌株进行鉴定;通过DNS-还原糖法测定琼胶酶活性;利用显色底物法测定琼胶酶的类型;对菌株所产琼胶酶粗酶的酶学性质进行初步研究。【结果】分离到一株产琼胶酶的菌株NTa,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示该菌株属于寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas sp.);该菌株主要产胞外琼胶酶,可分泌α-琼胶酶和β-琼胶酶;琼胶酶粗酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为40℃和7.0,并且琼胶酶在温度低于30℃,pH为7.0-9.0时稳定;Ca2+对琼胶酶粗酶具有促进作用,Ag+、Fe2+、Ba2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Fe3+均可不同程度地抑制酶的活性;EDTA对琼胶酶粗酶活性具有抑制作用;琼胶酶粗酶对检测的抑制剂、去垢剂及变性剂有较好的抗性。【结论】海洋细菌Stenotrophomonas sp.NTa是一种新型的产琼胶酶菌株,可同时分泌α-琼胶酶和β-琼胶酶,具有潜在开发利用价值。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

In vitro appraisal of the probiotic value of intestinal lactobacilli

Lactobacilli play a distinctive role in the microbial balance of the chicken gut. In experiments simulating the chicken crop, the antagonism of lactobacilli against Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella typhimurium was demonstrated and was attributed to lactic acid production. Moreover, adhesion to the crop epithelium was a common characteristic of intestinal lactobacilli. As opposed to salmonellas, lactobacilli were sensitive to deconjugated bile salts at 2.5mm. This sensitivity could lower their chance of proliferation in the small bowel of the chicken tract.The authors are at the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Gent, Coupure L., 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.