鸡性别决定机制及相关基因研究进展

鸡性别决定虽然同哺乳动物一样受遗传控制,但其性染色体组成为ZZ／ZW,同哺乳动物相反呈现雌异型,并且鸡性腺性别分化同一些低等脊椎动物一样易受性激素影响。目前参照哺乳动物性别决定相关基因已获得了一些鸡同源基因序列(AMH,SF1,DAX1,SOX9)和3个可能与鸡性别决定有重要关联的候选基因(DMRT1,ASW和FET1)。对这些基因的表达模式及其在层次调控中的功能比较分析结果显示,鸡性别决定的遗传机制同其它脊椎动物相对一致,但也有明显的不同。     

黄河鲤性别决定时间和相关基因表达研究

鱼类性别决定和分化机制极为复杂,通过性腺组织切片鉴定得出黄河鲤从未分化性腺发育为Ⅱ期精巢、卵巢的时间为受精后第40天到第80天。选取一些可能参与黄河鲤性别决定分化相关的基因（amh、ar、cyp19a、cyp19b、dax1、dmrt1、er、foxl2、nobox、sox9a、sox9b、zp2）进行实时荧光定量PCR分析各个基因在受精后40d、45d、50d、55d、65d和80d的表达情况。结果显示性别决定相关基因在50d都有高表达,推测45-50 d为性别决定的关键时间。ar、amh、dax1、dmrt1、sox9a、sox9b六个基因在80d雄性表达量升高,且雄性明显高于雌性,推测这些基因参与精巢分化发育过程。cyp19a、cyp19b、foxl2、nobox、zp2五个基因在80d雌性表达升高,且高于雄性,推测其可能参与卵巢分化发育。     

青鳉(Oryzias latipes)smad3的克隆与表达分析

鱼类性染色体的原始性导致性别决定基因的多样性.高等动物中的单个基因,在鱼类中因为基因组复制而产生多个同源基因,呈遗传多样性.TGF-β家族在硬骨鱼性别决定和性别分化的过程中发挥关键作用.smad3是性腺体细胞衍生因子(gsdf)的下游基因,可将TGF-β信号从细胞表面传递至细胞核.本研究从青鳉精巢和卵巢组织cDNA中克隆了smad3a、smad3b基因的CDS全长序列.蛋白序列的同源性比对和系统发生分析显示,smad3在高等脊椎动物中只有一种,而在鱼类却有两种.RT和定量PCR分析结果显示,smad3在多组织中普遍表达,在精巢中表达高于卵巢.青鳉smad3a和smad3b的表达同性腺分化紧密关联,提示其在性腺雌雄性分化和发育中可能具有重要作用.     

中华鳖Dmrt1基因的克隆、表达及在性逆转中的变化分析

在大部分脊椎动物中,Dmrt1基因在雄性性别决定和性腺分化中起重要的调控作用.本文从m RNA和蛋白水平分析Dmrt1基因的组织差异性表达、在不同发育阶段性腺中的细胞定位及在性逆转中的表达变化,研究Dmrt1基因在中华鳖性别分化中的调控作用.Rapid-amplification of c DNA ends(RACE)结果显示,Dmrt1基因c DNA序列全长2409 bp,其中5′非编码区为230 bp,3′非编码区为1072 bp,开放阅读框为1107 bp,编码368个氨基酸,具有一个高度保守的DM结构域.荧光定量PCR和免疫组化结果显示,Dmrt1在性腺分化之前的第16期雄性性腺中开始表达,先于Amh和Sox9基因表达.随着性腺的发育,Dmrt1蛋白主要定位于性腺Sertoli细胞的细胞核上,在雌性性腺发育过程中并未见其表达.此外,在雌二醇诱导的雄性转雌性性逆转胚胎性腺中,Dmrt1表达显著下调;在芳香化酶抑制剂诱导的雌性转雄性性腺中,Dmrt1表达则显著上升.上述研究表明,Dmrt1基因是中华鳖雄性特异性基因,参与雄性性腺的发育过程,可能在中华鳖早期性别决定中起重要的调控作用.     

应用抑制消减杂交分离雌、雄鸡胚性分化早期的差异表达基因

分离不同性别的鸡胚性分化早期差异表达基因,可为禽类性别决定和性分化机制研究提供基本信息。本研究分别以孵化3.5-6d的雌、雄鸡胚性腺为材料,利用抑制性消减杂交技术成功构建了雌-雄鸡胚间正、反向消减cDNA文库,并利用斑点印迹杂交从中筛选出了39个性别差异表达的阳性cDNA克隆。以持家基因GAPDH为参照指标检测消减文库的消减效率,结果发现两个文库的消减效率均高达25倍。插入片段PCR鉴定结果显示,消减文库中cDNA插入片段的长度主要分布于250-750bp之间。分别对雌、雄鸡胚消减文库中的252和168个cDNA克隆进行斑点杂交筛选,再随机从两个消减文库中共抽取39个阳性差异表达克隆进行序列测定及序列比对分析。结果表明:这39个cDNA克隆分别代表了定位于鸡不同染色体上的18个已知功能的基因和11个假定基因;参照哺乳动物同源基因的功能,所得的18个已知差异基因可能参与多种生物反应过程。用半定量RT-PCR方法对雌、雄鸡胚消减文库中各5个基因的表达情况进行进一步验证,发现除雌性库中的一个基因外其它9个基因均有较明显的性别差异表达。这些性别差异表达基因的获得为进一步研究鸡胚性腺发育中的基因表达调控奠定了基础     

中华鳖Amh基因的克隆、表达及在雄性分化中的功能初探

为了阐明Amh基因在中华鳖雄性性别分化中的调控作用,本研究对Amh基因进行cDNA序列克隆和表达分析,同时通过慢病毒介导的RNA干扰技术对Amh基因进行了功能验证.RACE结果显示,中华鳖Amh基因的cDNA序列全长为3233 bp,5'非翻译区为997 bp,3'非翻译区为834 bp,可读框为1401 bp,编码466个氨基酸.实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,在成体组织中,Amh基因在睾丸中高度特异性表达;在胚胎发育过程中Amh基因在性别分化启动前的第16期便开始呈现雄性特异性表达,并贯穿此后整个发育时期,而在雌性性腺中则维持非常低的表达水平.在芳香化酶抑制剂诱导的雌性向雄性性逆转胚胎性腺中Amh表达显著上升;在雌二醇诱导的雄性向雌性性腺中,Amh表达则显著下降.RNA干扰实验表明,Amh基因敲低后,ZZ(基因型雄性)胚胎性腺外形和组织结构明显雌性化,皮质区发育,而髓质区高度退化,出现雄性转雌性的性逆转现象;同时雄性分化相关基因Sox9表达下调,而雌性分化相关基因Cypl9al表达则急剧上调.上述结果表明,中华鳖Amh是雄性特异性因子,在早期雄性性别分化过程中是必需的关键基因,本研究为中华鳖性别决定机制研究奠定了基础.     

Sox9在温度依赖型性别决定中的功能初探

在一些爬行动物中,个体的性别完全取决于胚胎发育过程中的环境温度,称之为温度依赖型性别决定(temperaturedependent sex determination,TSD).TSD的分子机制长期是个谜,特别是调控早期性腺分化的分子基础仍不清楚.本文通过表达分析和基因敲低手段研究了Sox9基因在红耳龟雄性性腺分化中的生物学功能,为TSD动物的性别决定和性腺发育的分子机制的研究奠定了基础.qRT-PCR显示,从性腺分化前的17期起,Sox9呈现产雄温度(male-producing temperature,MPT)性腺特异性高表达,而在产雌温度(female-producing temperature,FPT)性腺中表达水平极低.免疫组化进一步证实了SOX9蛋白的MPT特异性表达趋势,其定位于Sertoli前体细胞核中.温度置换实验显示,与MPT性腺相比,MPT→FPT性腺中(16期置换)的Sox9表达量从17期起就显著降低,表明Sox9能快速响应温度变化.同时MPT性腺经过雌激素处理后,Sox9表达量亦快速下调.功能缺失研究显示,经过Sox9-RNAi处理后,90.9%(20/22)的MPT性腺结构明显雌性化,皮质区高度发育,髓质区退化,揭示Sox9的敲低能导致雄性向雌性性逆转.上述研究表明,Sox9是红耳龟早期睾丸分化的关键调控因子,参与TSD的雄性分化通路.     

温度对池蝶蚌雌雄同体和性逆转的影响

为探究温度对池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)性腺发育的影响, 研究连续两年对池蝶蚌性腺进行雌雄同体现象筛选及跟踪观察, 并采用5个温度诱导池蝶蚌生殖滤泡分化。通过对不同时期的池蝶蚌的性腺进行qRT-PCR检测, 同时利用原位杂交技术对性别决定关键基因Dmrt1进行细胞定位。结果显示: 在自然条件下, 6月龄池蝶蚌出现了雌雄同体现象, 28月龄的雌雄同体蚌到30月龄左右会出现不同性别的分化(77.8%分化为雄蚌, 16.7%维持雌雄同体现象, 5.5%分化为雌蚌)。在不同温度刺激下, 14月龄池蝶蚌出现了雌雄同体和性逆转现象。32℃刺激, 14月龄雄蚌出现12.5%雌雄同体; 27℃刺激, 14月龄雄蚌和27月龄雄蚌分别出现37.5%和12.5%性逆转; 23℃刺激, 14月龄雌蚌出现14.29%性逆转; 19℃刺激, 14月龄雌蚌出现25%性逆转。qRT-PCR结果显示: Dmrt1在胚胎及6、27月龄表达显著高于其他时期, 32℃刺激, 在27月龄雄蚌中的表达显著高于其他温度, 19℃刺激, 在14、27月龄雌蚌中的表达显著高于其他温度; Fem1b、Fem1c的时空表达趋势基本一致, 与Tra2a大体一致, 在5、32月龄与Sox9相互抑制; 19℃、23℃和27℃刺激, Fem1b、Tra2a和Sox9三个基因在14月龄雄蚌中表达显著高于其他温度, 且23℃刺激, Sox9在27月龄雄蚌中表达也显著高于其他温度; Foxl2在27℃下的27月龄雌蚌中表达显著高于其他温度。Tra2a、Fem1b、Fem1c、Sox9和Dmrt1五个基因在不同月龄的雌雄同体蚌内表达有显著差异, Foxl2在雌蚌和雌雄同体蚌内表达显著高于同期雄蚌。原位杂交技术结果显示, Dmrt1 mRNA阳性信号主要定位在精原细胞、初级精母细胞和成熟卵母细胞中。综上所述, 温度影响池蝶蚌生殖滤泡的分化, 27℃及以上的高温容易诱导雄蚌向雌蚌逆转或产生雌雄同体现象, 23℃及以下的低温容易诱导雌蚌向雄蚌逆转; 并且温度很可能是通过调控Dmrt1等性别相关基因的表达量, 从而调节生殖滤泡分化的。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.