外源ABA对楸树幼苗NaCl胁迫的缓解效应及其生长生理响应特征

以2年生楸树(苏楸1号和008-1)扦插苗为材料,采用盆栽试验法,分析盐胁迫(0.5%NaCl)处理下楸树幼苗生长、生理的变化,并分析不同浓度外源ABA(15、25、35 mg/L)对盐胁迫(30 d)楸树幼苗的缓解效应及其生理生化特性,以探索重度盐胁迫下适合楸树幼苗生长的适宜外源ABA浓度,为增强盐碱地楸树的耐盐性、提高盐碱地的利用提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)0.5%NaCl胁迫下,两品种楸树幼苗叶片表现出不同程度的盐害症状,且‘苏楸1号’叶片盐害症状较‘008-1’严重;随胁迫时间延长,两品种楸树幼苗的相对电导率(REC)均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,叶绿素(Chl)、相对含水量(RWC)均呈降低趋势,可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,但‘008-1’的REC显著低于‘苏楸1号’,Chl、RWC、SS、SP、Pro、SOD均显著高于苏楸1号,表明‘008-1’的耐盐性较‘苏楸1号’更强。(2)喷施外源ABA使得盐胁迫下‘008-1’楸树的苗高显著增加、新叶提前萌发,表明外源ABA在一定程度上能够缓解盐胁迫对楸树生长的影响;喷施外源ABA降低了盐胁迫下‘008-1’楸树幼苗叶片的REC,提高了Chl、RWC、SS、SP、Pro、SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,促进了内源激素生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)以及玉米素核苷(ZR)的积累。研究表明,楸树品种‘008-1’的耐盐性更强;外源喷施适宜浓度ABA能够缓解盐胁迫对楸树幼苗生长的影响,降低幼苗叶片细胞膜透性,促进幼苗渗透调节物质的积累,增强渗透调节能力,并提高盐胁迫下幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,促进植物对内源激素含量的调节,从而提高楸树的耐盐性,且以25 mg/L ABA处理的效果最好。     

水杨酸预处理对鸡冠花幼苗热胁迫的生理效应

选用10叶期鸡冠花耐热品种‘世纪绿叶’和热敏品种‘世纪铜叶’为试材,喷施0.1 mmol.L-1水杨酸后进行30~50℃的热胁迫,观测其叶片水分含量、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和净光合速率(Pn)变化。结果表明,外源水杨酸预处理能减缓热胁迫下鸡冠花幼苗叶片中水分散失,抑制相对电导率和MDA的增加,提高叶片中的SOD活性,增加Pro的积累,并保持较高的Pn;且水杨酸对热敏品种的诱导效果比耐热品种明显。可见,外源水杨酸可以通过维持植株水分平衡、提高抗氧化能力和保护膜结构和功能来降低高温胁迫对鸡冠花幼苗的伤害,降低效果依品种而异。     

棉花幼苗对不同程度低温逆境的生理响应

以‘新陆早33号'(冷敏感)和‘中棉所50号’(高耐寒)棉花品种为材料,采用人工模拟低温方法,研究不同温度和时间处理下棉花幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的响应特征,探讨不同温度胁迫下棉花的抗逆机制.结果显示:(1)随胁迫温度降低、胁迫时间延长,两参试棉花品种幼苗遭受低温伤害的程度逐渐加剧,尤以5℃和0℃处理表现最为明显.(2)经15℃及10℃处理后,植株叶片REC、POD活性、SP和Pro含量总体上随胁迫时间延长而提高,MDA含量、APX活性和SS含量则先升后降,并均于处理24 h时达峰值;而在5℃及0℃处理下,REC和SOD、POD活性以及MDA、SS、SP含量迅速上升,APX活性、Pro含量则呈先升后降的变化趋势.(3)与‘新陆早33号,相比,‘中棉所50号’在各处理水平下均可保持更大的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量上升幅度.研究表明,在不同程度低温逆境中,棉花幼苗可通过调节抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,启动相应抗逆调节方式来维持代谢平衡,增强抗逆性;高耐寒性品种在低温逆境中具有更灵敏、高效的活性氧清除能力和渗透调节响应机制,从而有效抵御低温逆境伤害.     

2种枸杞叶片对混合盐胁迫的生理响应

选取耐盐性不同的‘宁杞5号’和‘黑杞1号’一年实生苗为试验材料,进行渗透势分别为-0.47、-0.82和-1.18MPa的混合盐(NaCl+Na_2SO_4)胁迫处理,分析比较2种枸杞叶片生理指标的响应特征,以揭示2种枸杞适应盐胁迫的生理机制。结果表明:(1)随着渗透势降低,2种枸杞叶片生理指标响应趋势基本一致,叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量先升后降,相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)含量逐渐增加,但‘宁杞5号’的变化幅度大于‘黑杞1号’。(2)随着渗透势降低,2种枸杞叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均增强,但-1.18 MPa混合盐溶液处理则抑制了‘宁杞5号’抗氧化酶活性。(3)随着盐胁迫处理时间的延长,2种枸杞叶片相对电导率、MDA含量、Pro含量、SS含量和CAT活性增加,但‘宁杞5号’的渗透调节物质积累量高于相应‘黑杞1号’;而2种枸杞Chl含量及SOD和POD活性在-1.18 MPa混合盐溶液处理下有所下降。研究表明,2种枸杞均可通过积累渗透调节物质和加强抗氧化酶系统来缓解盐胁迫对自身的伤害,‘宁杞5号’的渗透调节能力较强,而‘黑杞1号’具有更稳定的抗氧化酶系统,从而具有更强耐受盐胁迫的能力。     

亚精胺浸种对番茄幼苗抗盐碱的生理特性研究

以番茄耐盐碱品种‘金鹏一号’和盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’为试验材料,采用营养液水培的方法,设置正常营养液栽培(对照CK)、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫+0.1mmol/L亚精胺(Spd)浸种、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫+0.25mmol/L Spd浸种4种处理,研究外源Spd对番茄幼苗株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系含水量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、叶绿素含量的影响。结果显示:(1)单独盐碱胁迫下,两品种番茄幼苗叶绿素含量、株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系相对含水量较对照均降低,而其MDA、Pro含量、SOD和POD活性显著增加。(2)外源Spd浸种处理较盐碱胁迫下能够增加番茄幼苗的株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系的相对含水量、Pro及叶绿素含量,进一步提高SOD和POD的活性,降低其MDA含量,能有效缓解盐碱胁迫对番茄幼苗的伤害。(3)在100mmol/L盐碱胁迫条件下,0.25mmol/L Spd浸种处理对番茄幼苗受到的盐碱胁迫伤害的缓解效果更佳,并且这种缓解作用对盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’幼苗的效果更加明显。研究表明,在盐碱胁迫下,番茄幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但外源Spd浸种能够通过调节渗透调节物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性来减轻盐碱胁迫的伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而提高番茄幼苗抵抗盐碱胁迫能力,有效缓解盐碱胁迫的伤害,并以0.25mmol/L Spd浸种处理缓解效果更佳,且这种缓解作用对盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’幼苗效果更明显。     

不同基因型茶菊对盐胁迫的响应

为探讨不同基因型茶菊(tea Chrysanthemum)在盐胁迫下的生理响应并对其进行耐盐性评价, 以4个不同基因型茶菊为材料, 采用营养液浇灌法, 研究了不同浓度NaCl (0、40、80、120、160、200 mmol·L^-1)胁迫下茶菊生理生化和光合生理响应特性。结果表明: 随着NaCl胁迫程度加大, 不同基因型茶菊叶片细胞膜透性(Cond)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶片脯氨酸(Pro)含量和可溶性糖(SS)含量增加; 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量呈先升后降趋势; ‘乳荷’、‘黄滁龙’叶绿素(Chl)含量持续下降, ‘繁白露’和‘玉人面’叶绿素含量呈先升后降的趋势; 净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)随NaCl胁迫浓度提高而极显著降低, 气孔限制值呈先升后降的趋势。采用隶属函数法对茶菊进行耐盐性评价, 不同基因型茶菊耐盐性由强到弱依次为‘乳荷’ > ‘玉人面’ > ‘繁白露’ > ‘黄滁龙’。其中, 耐盐性品种‘玉人面’、‘乳荷’在NaCl胁迫下, Chl含量、P_n、T_r和G_s下降幅度小, MDA含量和气孔限制值增幅较小。     

硅对连作黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以‘津研四号’黄瓜品种为试材,研究了叶面喷施不同浓度硅(Si)(0、1、2、3、4、5mmol·L-1)对连作黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:在一定浓度(1~3 mmol·L-1Si)范围内,施Si可降低幼苗叶片电解质渗漏率(EL)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;提高叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和总叶绿素含量,叶片净光合速率(Pn)升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均有所提高;黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积及干物质积累量增加.随施Si浓度的进一步增加(4~5 mmol·L-1),叶片中EL和MDA含量升高,但仍低于对照;抗氧化酶活性和光合作用下降,幼苗生长受到显著抑制.说明外源Si可通过提高黄瓜幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性来降低膜脂过氧化,通过增加光合作用来提高黄瓜幼苗长势,进而增强对连作障碍的抗性.以2 mmol·L-1Si处理效果最好.     

列当寄生对不同品种向日葵幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用连作重茬含向日葵列当的土壤,进行不同列当抗性向日葵品种苗期盆栽试验,调查播种后第30、50和70天向日葵幼苗根系列当的寄生率、幼苗地上部和地下部干物质量及株高,并测定其叶片丙二醛(MDA)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果表明:不同向日葵品种苗期对列当抗性明显不同,其中油葵品种‘T012244’和‘MGS’对向日葵列当寄生免疫,‘S31’和‘白杂9号’为高抗,而‘星火大白边’和‘白杂6号’为敏感。列当寄生后明显抑制敏感品种向日葵幼苗生长,而对免疫品种和高抗品种的影响较小。列当寄生后的敏感性品种‘星火大白边’幼苗叶片MDA含量迅速上升,PAL活性也大幅度增加,列当对幼苗生长伤害加重;而苗期免疫品种"T012244"和高抗品种"S31"MDA含量下降,PAL活性则变化不大。随接种时间延长,不同抗性向日葵品种苗期SOD、POD和CAT活性均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,且免疫品种的保护酶活性变化幅度大于敏感品种,说明列当寄生对敏感向日葵品种造成了逆境胁迫,诱导其幼苗叶片保护酶系统产生防御响应。     

光照强度对濒危植物毛瓣金花茶光合生理特性的影响

以盆栽3年生毛瓣金花茶实生苗为材料,采用人工遮荫方法研究不同光照强度(10％、25％、50％和100％自然光强)对其光合生理特性的影响,为其迁地保护和种群恢复提供科学依据.结果显示:(1)随着光照强度的升高,毛瓣金花茶叶片最大净光合速率(Pmmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)和光饱和点(LSP)降低,光补偿点(LCP)升高,其中P…和AQY在10％和25％光强下显著高于50％和100％光强处理.(2)叶片叶绿素总量(Chl)、叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量均随光强的升高而降低,Car/Chl含量随光强的升高而升高.(3)叶绿素荧光参数FmFv、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0均随光强的升高而降低,其中Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm在100％光强下显著低于其他3个遮荫处理,3个遮荫处理间则无显著差异.(4)叶片丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量均随光强的升高而升高,在100％光强下,MDA和Pro含量显著高于其他3个遮荫处理,50％光强下的MDA含量显著高于10％和25％光强处理.(5)在25％光强下,毛瓣金花茶未发生明显光抑制,在50％光强下,其光抑制主要是由PSⅡ的可逆失活引起的,光合机构未遭到明显破坏,在100％光强下,其PSⅡ反应中心受到严重伤害,发生了光氧化.研究表明,毛瓣金花茶虽为阴生植物,却能忍受一定程度的强光(50％光强),在种群恢复过程中,可适当间伐上层乔木,增加林下透光率,提高毛瓣金花茶种群的开花结实率,促进其自然更新,在迁地保护时可选择相对开敞的遮荫环境.     

生长光强对六个橡胶树品种幼苗光合特性的影响

研究了6个橡胶树品种幼苗(适应1年后)在不同生长光强(100%、50%、25%和5%自然光)下的叶片光合系统对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,6个橡胶树品种对不同的光环境均表现出较强的适应性。在不同生长光强下,橡胶树幼苗叶片的最大光合速率(Pmax)、光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)以及叶绿素含量(Chl)均有显著差异(P<0.05),而光饱和点(LSP)和AQY(表观量子效率)则无显著差异。相同生长光强下,6个橡胶树品种间叶片的最大光合速率(Pmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和叶绿素含量(Chl)有显著差异(P<0.05),其光补偿点(LCP)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和表观量子效率(AQY)则无显著差异。综合比较各参数,RRIM600、云研77-4和PR107适宜于相对光强为100%~50%的植胶环境,而云研77-2、GT1和热研523适宜于相对光强为50%~25%的植胶环境。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

In vitro appraisal of the probiotic value of intestinal lactobacilli

Lactobacilli play a distinctive role in the microbial balance of the chicken gut. In experiments simulating the chicken crop, the antagonism of lactobacilli against Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella typhimurium was demonstrated and was attributed to lactic acid production. Moreover, adhesion to the crop epithelium was a common characteristic of intestinal lactobacilli. As opposed to salmonellas, lactobacilli were sensitive to deconjugated bile salts at 2.5mm. This sensitivity could lower their chance of proliferation in the small bowel of the chicken tract.The authors are at the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Gent, Coupure L., 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.