刺芹侧耳生长条件和栽培特性的研究

对刺芹侧耳[Pleurotus eryngii(DC.ex Fr.)Quel]生长条件与栽培特性进行了分析.结果表明:刺芹侧耳菌丝生长的适宜pH值为pH 5～pH 7,最适pH值为pH 6;黑暗环境有利于菌丝生长,光照对菌丝生长具有抑制作用;菌丝生长适宜的碳源为可溶性淀粉、葡萄糖和蔗糖,适宜的氮源为蛋白胨和钼酸铵,葡萄糖和蛋白胨的适宜浓度分别为50和1 g·L-1;在马铃薯黄豆粉培养基、黄豆粉玉米粉培养基和马铃薯蛋白胨培养基中可较好地形成菌丝球.采用液体菌种栽培,菌丝的生长速度比使用玉米固体菌种快,其中用马铃薯黄豆粉液体菌种栽培,菌丝生长最快;使用马铃薯蛋白胨液体菌种在木屑棉籽壳混合培养料中栽培,可获得菌柄长菌盖大的子实体,而且产量高.     

不同营养基质与条件对灰树花生长的影响

探讨了不同营养基质与条件对灰树花[Grifola frondosa(Fr.)S.F.Gray]生长的影响。试验结果表明：菌丝生长的最适pH为5-6;最适氮源为蛋白胨、牛肉膏和谷氨酰胺,葡萄糖和蛋白胨最适浓度分别为100和1g/L;菌丝在黑暗环境下生长良好;使用马铃薯蛋白胨培养基进行振荡培养,菌丝球生长较好;母种采用马铃薯麦麸培养基,栽培种选用棉子壳麦麸石培养料,可缩短制种周期,获得质量较高的菌种;菌丝含有较多的钙、铁和锌等元素。     

裸脚菇0612-9液体菌种优化及其对后续发酵产活性物质的影响

裸脚菇0612-9次级代谢产物具有强烈抗青绿霉活性,可作为微生物源防腐剂用于柑橘保藏,但是其发酵周期长,产出能耗大效率低。用摇瓶对裸脚菇0612-9的液体菌种培养基、培养条件进行优化并对优化后液体菌种接种种龄、接种量进行探索,最后用5L发酵罐进行放大发酵验证。取样计数测定菌丝球数量、过滤称重测定菌丝干重、HPLC监测活性物质Ⅱ的积累、牛津杯法评价抗青绿霉活性。经研究最佳碳源为玉米粉和麦芽糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最佳液体菌种培养基组成为：玉米粉30g/L、麦芽糖10g/L、蛋白胨15g/L、KH₂PO₄ 2g/L、MgSO₄·7H₂O 1g/L;最佳培养条件：起始pH 5、接种3×Ф7mm菌块、装液量100mL/250mL三角瓶、温度28℃、转速160r/min;优化前菌丝球数46个/10mL,菌丝干重0.28g/100mL,优化后菌球数达985个/10mL,菌丝干重达0.69g/100mL,分别为优化前的21.4倍、2.43倍;后续发酵使用种龄9d的液体菌种、接种量7.5%。优化后液体菌种在发酵罐中后续发酵周期从10d缩短至5d,缩短50%,产量比优化前提高8.28%。     

尖顶羊肚菌液体培养基质与条件的研究

通过对尖顶羊肚菌液体培养基质与条件的研究,明确其菌丝生长的最适pH值、最适温度、适宜光照条件、适宜葡萄糖和蛋白胨浓度、适宜培养基,以便应用于尖顶羊肚菌液体菌种的生产和工业发酵。结果表明:菌丝的最适生长温度为2 5℃;最适生长pH值为6 ;葡萄糖和蛋白胨最适浓度分别为2 0 0g/L和10g/L ;菌丝在黑暗环境下生长良好,光照对菌丝生长具有抑制作用;用胡萝卜酵母膏培养基振荡培养形成的菌丝球多,菌丝生长量大;菌丝球在不同培养基中生长,可引起培养液pH值的上升或者下降;菌丝球可利用培养基内的氨基酸,使氨基酸降解,在胡萝卜酵母膏培养基中振荡培养8d的菌液总氨基酸含量较原液减少了36 71% ,亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和甲硫氨酸含量的下降幅度最大     

漏斗多孔菌液体菌种培养基及其栽培条件

为实现漏斗多孔菌资源化利用,设计单因素试验,以菌丝生物量、菌球密度和菌球直径为指标,获得漏斗多孔菌Polyporus arcularius液体菌种培养基配方为马铃薯（去皮）200g、玉米粉20.0g、蛋白胨5.0g、KH₂PO₄ 3.0g、K₂HPO₄ 1.0g,MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.5g,初始pH 5.0,并优化培养条件为装液量250mL/500mL,接种量2%,培养温度32℃,转速170r/min,种龄6d;依上述条件制备液体菌种,以固体菌种为对照,进行出菇试验,调查农艺性状,试验结果表明液体菌种接种后,菌袋满袋时间提前7d,子实体原基产生时间提前8d,头潮菇鲜重提高22.5%;配方试验结果表明,以细木屑为主料的配方产量最高,头潮菇鲜重为270.6g/袋。     

红托竹荪菌种快速分离培养基优化

通过对红托竹荪快速分离培养基优化,提高红托竹荪菌种分离与评价效率。采用响应面分析法,以菌种生长速度为响应值拟合二次多元回归方程,确定培养基配方;测定优化培养基与PDA对照培养基菌丝生长速度和菌丝直径,以菌丝形态、锁状联合和菌落形态等指标评价优化培养基;测定优化培养基与PDA培养基培养菌丝在木屑培养基中菌丝生长速度,验证应用效果。通过试验,筛选出快速分离培养基配方为葡萄糖20.71 g/L、全麦粉8.36 g/L、玉米粉8.07 g/L、琼脂粉18.00 g/L、木屑水1.06 L。快速分离培养基与PDA培养基对比,培养的菌落直径平均增加66.25%,快速分离培养基菌丝日平均生长速度增加33.33%,木屑培养基菌丝日平均生长速度增加44.22%。由于优化培养基中含有淀粉、纤维素等有效成分,其刺激了菌种分泌淀粉酶、纤维素酶等,维持了胞外酶系的完整性。还可根据菌丝培养基过程形成的透明圈大小判定菌种胞外酶产生能力,达到快速评价菌种质量,保障菌种质量的目的。     

固态法生产益生素中二级液体菌种培养基配方筛选

利用正交试验 ,对固体法生产益生素中菌株NYS 2的二级液体菌种的培养基配方进行筛选 ,确定了一组最佳组合 :蛋白胨 1.0 % ,葡萄糖 1.0 % ,酵母膏 0 .5 % ,牛肉膏 1.0 % ,KH2 PO40 .0 6 % ,NaCl 0 .3% ,pH 7.2～7.4。     

白蜡多年卧孔菌生物学特性及驯化栽培

白蜡多年卧孔菌生于白蜡树、檫木、杨树、柳树等阔叶腐木上,造成白色腐朽,药用具有抑肿瘤功效.该菌在山东省广泛分布.对采自山东省的子实体进行组织分离获取菌株作为实验材料对其生物学特性和驯化栽培进行研究,得出最佳的菌丝生长条件和子实体出菇培养条件.生物学特性研究中,首先对温度、pH值、碳源、氮源4个因素进行单因素实验.温度组选取15、20、25、30、35℃5个梯度,pH值组选取pH值4、5、6、7、8等5个梯度,碳源组选取葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、乳糖、果糖6种,氮源组选取酵母膏、蛋白胨、硫酸铵、牛肉膏、黄豆粉、亚硝酸钠6种,进行单因素实验.根据菌丝在培养皿中的日均生长速度和生长势综合比较,分别选取4个因素中最优的3个,温度组选取20℃、25℃、30℃3个;pH值组选取pH值5、6、7等3个;碳源组选取麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、果糖3个;氮源组选取酵母膏、蛋白胨、牛肉膏3个.然后通过四因素三水平的正交试验,得出如下结论:4种因子对白蜡多年卧孔菌的影响程度为:温度＞pH值＞碳源＞氮源,各因素之间呈极显著差异,最终得出该菌菌丝生长的最佳培养条件为温度30℃,pH值为6,碳源为麦芽糖,氮源为酵母膏.出菇试验中,对驯化栽培过程按二级种制作、栽培袋制作、发菌、催蕾、出菇期管理、采收6个步骤进行实验.二级种选用液体菌种,其配方:每1000 mL的培养基成分为葡萄糖20 g、蛋白胨6 g、酵母膏5 g、MgSQ1 g、KH2PO4 2 g.培养条件温度25℃、摇床转速150 r/min,待培养6d后使用.出菇栽培采用棉籽壳、麸皮、石灰为主要原料,按棉籽壳79％、麦麸20％、石灰粉1％的配比进行出菇实验,每袋接种量5 mL.发菌阶段需要在清洁的环境中进行,以防止杂菌的污染.白蜡多年卧孔菌菌丝最佳培养温度为30℃,需要通风、避光.出菇时需要14-16℃的低温刺激.子实体生长温度为21-27℃,空气湿度80％-90％.需要一定的散射光光照.当出现乳白色子实层且子实体不再生长时可以进行采收,子实体形态和野生形态相同.     

两种乳菇菌丝生长的最适培养基与菌根合成

通过测量菌丝直径和干重对松乳菇（rcb-74）和靓丽乳菇（rll-107,rmsh-118）进行最适菌丝生长培养基的筛选。结果表明所有菌株均在改良的biotin-aneurine-folic acid（BAF）培养基上表现出较大的菌丝直径以及最大菌丝干重。用改良的BAF培养基制备乳菇液体菌丝,接种云南松、马尾松和油松,并在13-30d后发现rcb-74与云南松和油松形成菌根,rll-107与马尾松形成菌根,rmsh-118与云南松形成菌根。     

香菇木屑菌渣营养成分分析及在平菇菌种生产中的应用

对香菇菌渣和主要栽培料木屑的营养成分进行了测定,结果表明,菌渣的营养成分发生了明显的变化,粗纤维由原来的54.67%降到21.77%～27.63%,粗蛋白由原来的1.74%上升到6.8%～8.75%,还原糖、总糖的含量有所下降,灰分、磷和粗脂肪的含量有所上升;将菌糠以10%,15%,20%,25%,30%的比例添加到棉子壳中用于平菇栽培种生产,随着菌糠添加比例的增加,平菇菌丝的生长速度也有所增加,菌糠添加量为25%～30%时,菌丝生长最快,为0 85cm/d,高于不添加菌糠的对照组(0.79cm/d),且菌丝长势良好,5个实验组的出菇量均高于对照组,说明香菇菌糠用于生产平菇菌种是可行的,同时对香菇菌渣的再利用问题进行了讨论.     

野生口蘑菌种分离及人工驯化

为了给口蘑人工驯化栽培提供依据,开展了口蘑的碳、氮源营养研究。结果表明,蔗糖和牛肉膏分别为最佳碳源和最佳氮源。经转管纯化及在不同培养基驯化培养,该菌株在PSA培养基上,生长速度快、菌丝变得较浓密。但和双孢菇的菌丝相比,无论在麦粒上还是熟料上,菌丝不够粗壮,距离出菇仍然有一定的差距。口蘑的驯化栽培难度较大,欲获得实质性的突破还在于掌握其生长规律及生态习性。温度因子是影响蒙古口蘑菌丝及子实体正常生长发育的关键因子,作为长期适应低温生态环境的结果,适当温度的摸索将是驯化栽培的关键技术。口蘑具有严格的营养要求,因而培养基的筛选至关重要。     

培养基中添加海藻糖对大球盖菇、斑玉蕈菌丝生长的影响

【背景】大球盖菇和斑玉蕈是食药兼用且具有开发潜力的珍稀食用菌,培养基对菌丝生长及子实体发育具有重要作用,优化培养基显得尤为重要。【目的】筛选出最适合培养大球盖菇、斑玉蕈的新型培养基。【方法】使用添加海藻糖的新型培养基,对不同培养基培养的大球盖菇及斑玉蕈菌株的菌丝生长状况、生长速度和生物量及纤维素酶、漆酶活性进行测定与分析。【结果】相较于PDA培养基,添加海藻糖的培养基能够提高菌丝生长速度、增加生物量,海藻糖添加的比例对纤维素酶和漆酶的影响较大,对大球盖菇及斑玉蕈菌丝的生长产生显著的促进作用,但不会改变其蛋白质的组成。【结论】大球盖菇最适合选用PTA-5培养基,斑玉蕈的最佳培养基是PDTA培养基。     

Floating Filters, a Novel Technique for Isolation and Enumeration of Fastidious, Acidophilic, Iron-Oxidizing, Autotrophic Bacteria

Nuclepore polycarbonate filters floating on a liquid, FeSO₄-containing medium (pH 1.6) were used to isolate a moderately thermophilic bacterium from a pyrite-oxidizing enrichment culture. The isolate failed to grow on any of the conventional solid media tried. To test the general applicability of the method, the enumeration of a fastidious acidophilic organism, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, was carried out and the results compared with those obtained with other filters, solid media, and the most probable number technique. T. ferrooxidans showed better viability on the floating polycarbonate filters and grew in a much shorter time (4 to 5 days) than with the other techniques.     

一株马桑根瘤内生菌纯培养物的分类鉴定

从尼泊尔马桑(Coriaria nepalensis)根瘤中分离到一株内生菌纯培养物Cs146,它能使生长在半固体琼脂斜面和珍珠岩上的原寄主植物结瘤。该纯培养物具有Frankia属典型的形态和培养特征。在放线菌样的菌丝体上着生有泡囊和孢囊。在28～30℃下均能在液体和固体培养基上缓慢生长。菌丝呈橙黄色,产淡黄色可溶性色素,无气丝。但是,菌株Cs146的生理类型;细胞壁氨基酸组分和全细胞糖型等均与已知弗兰克氏菌有明显差别。因此认为,马桑根瘤内生菌Cs146应为Frankia类群中一个与其他弗兰克氏菌不同的新成员。     

Decolorization of orange G by<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus ostreatus</Emphasis> monokaryotic isolates with different laccase activity

The effect of enhanced laccase (Lac) activity (obtained after copper addition to cultivation media) on decolorization of azo dye Orange G in two basidiospore-derived monokaryotic isolates of Pleurotus ostreatus was determined. The high Lac-producing isolate efficiently decolorized Orange G. The low-producing isolate showed only poor decolorization ability during cultivation in liquid medium and no decolorization on agar plates containing Orange G after a 25-d growth. A substantial enhancement of Lac activity caused by copper addition into cultivation media was detected in both isolates but, at the same time, the biomass production decreased and decolorization rate was reduced.     

Oxalate production by Basidiomycetes,including the white-rot species Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Oxalate was found to accumulate in liquid culture media from the growth of the white-rot basidiomycetes Coriolus versicolor, Heterobasidion annosum, Pleurotus florida and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Whereas little oxalate accumulated during active growth, millimolar concentrations of oxalate were detected in culture media during the stationary phase. The basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus, the cultivated mushroom, also accumulated oxalate in its culture medium in the stationary phase. In comparison, the brown-rot fungi Amyloporia xantha, Coniophora marmorata, C. puteana and Poria vaporaria accumulated oxalate in the primary metabolic phase and throughout growth up to 35 days. Oxalate accumulation (0.04–10.0 mm) in white-rot cultures did not lower the pH of the medium during growth, whereas in brown-rot cultures oxalate (2.0–20.0 mm) reduced the media pH during growth. Cultures of Agaricus bisporus, C. puteana and Coriolus versicolor grown on solid media containing high levels of calcium (50 or 100 mm calcium chloride) produced calcium oxalate crystals to varying extents on the surface of the hyphae. Correspondence to: C. S. Evans     

Influence of Ficus carica and Olea europaea leaves extracts on the mycelial growth of mushrooms in vitro

The use of 20% plant leaves extracts included fig (Ficus carica) and olive (Olea europaea) and their mixture 1:1 as an amendment in the solid agar medium (PDA) is beneficial to promote the growth of four mycelial mushrooms. These are Pleurotus ostreatus (Grey oyster mushroom), Pleurotus cornucopiae (Yellow oyster mushroom), Coriolus versicolor (Turkey Tail mushroom), and Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom). C. versicolor showed better growth reached 67?mm significantly (p?<?0.05) on OC medium after five days. While, P. cornucopiae recorded the lowest growth on FC medium reached 35.3?mm. Induction percentage of mycelial growth is changing according to the type of medium and species of fungus. In general, FOH medium exhibited the best percentage of induction was 14.89%, followed 12.48% and 9.43% by OH and OC media, while the lower percentages were 5.02% and 5.12% on FH and FC media, respectively. FC medium did not induce growth of P. cornucopiae and C. versicolor. The sterilization by Autoclave and Millipore filter showed different induction percentages. Finally, the extracts of fig and olive were useful to add in the culture media to improve the growth of mycelial mushroom in vitro.     

银合欢叶作氮源栽培食用菌研究

以银合欢叶作氮源全部或部分取代基质中米糠或麸皮,栽培毛木耳、凤尾菇、金针菇、黑木耳、香菇和佛罗里达侧耳6种食用菌。结果表明,银合欢叶能促进菌丝生长。栽培中发现,含10%银合欢叶和17%麸皮的基质能使金针菇获得增产,而含10%或20%银合欢叶的基质可使其它5种食用菌产量提高11.4%~39.1%。     

Microscopic observations of the early development of Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit bodies

From observations made by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, environmental-scanning and cryoscanning electron microscopy we conclude that the expansion of the young fruit body of Pleurotus pulmonarius involves considerable vacuolation of hyphae but no marked inflation of cell dimensions. There is evidence for an extensive extracellular matrix (ECM), the components of which must be under the control of the hyphae which the ECM surrounds. However the ECM in these fruit bodies is a dilute material. It is easily lost during specimen preparation and is evident only when certain techniques are used to preserve the fluid surface of the hyphae. Observations of the hyphal and fruit body structures with a range of conventional microscopic techniques are crucial to complement the information obtained through physiological and molecular studies for understanding the cellular changes that occur during mushroom development.