与槟榔芋间作的棘托竹荪栽培配方筛选

以棘托竹荪D89为供试菌株,研究栽培料发酵时间及不同比例杂木屑和谷壳培养料对棘托竹荪生长的影响。结果表明,棘托竹荪栽培料发酵60 d时,产量最高,为2.18 kg/m~2;供试范围内,随着谷壳用量的增加,菌丝长势之间无明显差异,但菌丝长满畦床时间逐渐缩短,棘托竹荪鲜质量呈降低趋势,槟榔芋产量无显著性差异。其中配方A(89.5%杂木屑,10%谷壳,0.5%尿素)用于槟榔芋间作棘托竹荪时,原基形成时间为70 d,棘托竹荪产量1.73 kg/m~2,槟榔芋产量达4.80 kg/m~2。     

竹荪生长和基质的关系

竹荪(Dictyophora rubrovalvata)在PDA琼脂培养基上培养,菌丝体生长很慢,若在PDA培养基上分别添加酵母膏、生啤酒、天冬酰胺、核糖核酸,可促进菌丝体的生长,菌落直径生长和菌丝线性生长都加快;添加蛋白胨、椰子汁、硫胺素和肌醇效果不明显。菌丝体生长的pH值在4.4—5.4之间,最适pH值为4.7;pH值在6.7以上,菌丝体不生长。在木屑培养基中分别添加麦芽汁、玉米、高粱和黄豆粉可以增加子实体的鲜重,其中黄豆和玉米粉、黄豆和高梁粉混合使用的效果比单用一种的更好,菇产量比对照增加1—2倍。播种后基质中含水量控制在50—60％,当原基形成时,含水量提高到55—70％,空气相对湿度在95％以上,菌蕾才能发育成子实体。在自然温度条件下栽培竹荪,出菇高峰期出现在八月份,基质内平均温度为22.4℃,子实体生长的最适温度在20—22.5℃之间,在此温度下产菇率占总产值的85％。     

不同基质多代培养对蚧虫病原真菌蜡蚧霉致病力的影响

【目的】研究昆虫病原真菌蜡蚧霉Lecanicilliurn lecanii(Zimmermann.)菌株No.V3.4504在不同培养基上继代培养,对菌种的菌落生长特性、胞外酶活力和对蚧虫致病力的影响。【方法】试验菌种蜡蚧霉菌株No.V3.4504是从染病蚧虫上分离的。试验蚧虫是沙里院褐球蚧Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchsenius和日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green。采用7种培养基继代培养多代。观察菌落形态特征、测定生长速率、产孢量、胞外蛋白酶和几丁质酶活性及对蚧虫的致死率。【结果】在PDA培养基上,菌落生长速率最快,但产孢量最低,胞外蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性均呈逐代下降趋势,对两种蚧虫致死率也最低;增加蛋白胨对改善菌种致病力没有明显效果;在增加蚧虫尸体的D、E、F培养基上,菌落生长速率虽然较慢,但产孢量上升为8.83×106-9.13×106孢子/cm2。蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性平均达到2.16-2.13 U/g和1.01-1.03 U/g,对两种蚧虫的致死率分别在55%-58%和39%-42%;在活蚧虫上连续培养3代,蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性最高,为3.08-2.92 U/g和1.45-1.42 U/g,是PDA培养基上的1.6倍。对两种蚧虫的致死率也最高,分别达到71.30%和58.89%。蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性与蚧虫死亡率呈正直线相关关系。【结论】采用PDA培养基连续多代培养会引起菌株No.V3.4504明显退化;在培养基中加入蚧虫尸体,对于保持菌种活力有明显效果;在活蚧虫体上继代培养对复壮菌种,提高菌种毒力的效果最佳。     

Simplicillium lanosoniveum菌株分离鉴定及斜面培养基配方优化

分离并鉴定了采自长春净月潭国家森林公园的1株真菌—Simplicillium lanosoniveum,优化了斜面培养基配方,通过单因素和正交试验考察不同培养基质对S.lanosoniveum菌丝生长的影响,筛选最适的碳源、氮源和微量元素,并进行了验证试验。结果表明：在28℃培养温度下,最优培养基配方为麦芽糖5 g/L,酵母粉2.5 g/L,KH_2PO_41.5 g/L,马铃薯200 g/L,琼脂粉20 g/L,p H自然,为生防菌剂及抗生素的进一步研发奠定基础。     

马尾松木屑培养白玉菇适用型菌株的筛选

通过测定白玉菇10个菌株菌丝生长的情况,筛选马尾松木屑培养白玉菇适用型菌株。结果表明:在含松脂及松节油PDA培养基上,5号菌株菌丝生长速度均最快,分别为5.01 mm/d和2.82 mm/d。马尾松木屑的用量越高对白玉菇菌丝的抑制越明显。5号菌株在马尾松为中低用量时,菌丝体生长速度最快,分别为2.89 mm/d和2.86 mm/d。3、8、9号菌株在30%马尾松木屑培养基的上层含漆酶活性较高,约10 U/g,5号菌株漆酶活性为5.54 U/g。综合各菌株的生长情况,5号菌株对马尾松木屑适应性最佳,可初步选为适用型菌株。     

基于响应面法对中国皱木耳菌种液体发酵培养基优化

以野生中国皱木耳菌株为试材,采用单因素试验及响应面法对其液体发酵培养基配方及培养时间等生物发酵过程进行优化,结果表明中国皱木耳液体菌种摇床培养适宜温度为28℃、转数为230 r/min、培养基pH值为6,最佳碳氮源、无机盐及其添加量分别为果糖30g/L、酵母浸膏2 g/L、氯化钾2.5g/L;进一步以菌丝生物量为响应值,依据Box-Benhnken设计预测最适发酵培养基配方为碳源果糖38.424 g/L、氮源酵母浸膏4 g/L、氯化钾2.736 g/L。在相同培养条件下,7 d时菌丝生物量干重实测值为2.163 6 g/100 mL,且为理论值的166.18%,说明本研究方法可行、结论可靠。通过测定纤维素酶活性及菌丝生物量,得到最佳培养时间为8d,此时菌丝生物量最高可达(2.530 0±0.290 0) g/100 mL,纤维素酶活为82.586 6 U/mL。本研究优化了中国皱木耳液体菌种发酵生产条件,以期为中国皱木耳人工栽培时的液体菌种生产提供参考依据。     

假蜜环菌液体种子培养条件的优化及其应用研究

目前国内多采用固体菌种进行假蜜环菌的发酵生产。在假蜜环菌液体种子的培养及培养条件优化等方面进行了探讨,优化条件为:玉米淀粉为较适宜碳源;酵母浸出粉为较适宜氮源;添加KH2PO4、吐温-80对菌丝生长有一定的促进作用。正交试验结果显示,适合假蜜环菌菌丝体生长的培养基配方为玉米淀粉30 g/L,酵母浸出粉3g/L,KH2PO41.5 g/L。此外,还探讨了液体种子与传统的固体种子对固体发酵产物的影响,结果表明,接种液体种子能提高固体发酵的主要代谢产物的产量。该实验为改善假蜜环菌现行的生产工艺提供参考。     

刺芹侧耳生长条件和栽培特性的研究

对刺芹侧耳[Pleurotus eryngii(DC.ex Fr.)Quel]生长条件与栽培特性进行了分析.结果表明:刺芹侧耳菌丝生长的适宜pH值为pH 5～pH 7,最适pH值为pH 6;黑暗环境有利于菌丝生长,光照对菌丝生长具有抑制作用;菌丝生长适宜的碳源为可溶性淀粉、葡萄糖和蔗糖,适宜的氮源为蛋白胨和钼酸铵,葡萄糖和蛋白胨的适宜浓度分别为50和1 g·L-1;在马铃薯黄豆粉培养基、黄豆粉玉米粉培养基和马铃薯蛋白胨培养基中可较好地形成菌丝球.采用液体菌种栽培,菌丝的生长速度比使用玉米固体菌种快,其中用马铃薯黄豆粉液体菌种栽培,菌丝生长最快;使用马铃薯蛋白胨液体菌种在木屑棉籽壳混合培养料中栽培,可获得菌柄长菌盖大的子实体,而且产量高.     

漏斗多孔菌液体菌种培养基及其栽培条件

为实现漏斗多孔菌资源化利用,设计单因素试验,以菌丝生物量、菌球密度和菌球直径为指标,获得漏斗多孔菌Polyporus arcularius液体菌种培养基配方为马铃薯（去皮）200g、玉米粉20.0g、蛋白胨5.0g、KH₂PO₄ 3.0g、K₂HPO₄ 1.0g,MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.5g,初始pH 5.0,并优化培养条件为装液量250mL/500mL,接种量2%,培养温度32℃,转速170r/min,种龄6d;依上述条件制备液体菌种,以固体菌种为对照,进行出菇试验,调查农艺性状,试验结果表明液体菌种接种后,菌袋满袋时间提前7d,子实体原基产生时间提前8d,头潮菇鲜重提高22.5%;配方试验结果表明,以细木屑为主料的配方产量最高,头潮菇鲜重为270.6g/袋。     

裸脚菇0612-9液体菌种优化及其对后续发酵产活性物质的影响

裸脚菇0612-9次级代谢产物具有强烈抗青绿霉活性,可作为微生物源防腐剂用于柑橘保藏,但是其发酵周期长,产出能耗大效率低。用摇瓶对裸脚菇0612-9的液体菌种培养基、培养条件进行优化并对优化后液体菌种接种种龄、接种量进行探索,最后用5L发酵罐进行放大发酵验证。取样计数测定菌丝球数量、过滤称重测定菌丝干重、HPLC监测活性物质Ⅱ的积累、牛津杯法评价抗青绿霉活性。经研究最佳碳源为玉米粉和麦芽糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最佳液体菌种培养基组成为：玉米粉30g/L、麦芽糖10g/L、蛋白胨15g/L、KH₂PO₄ 2g/L、MgSO₄·7H₂O 1g/L;最佳培养条件：起始pH 5、接种3×Ф7mm菌块、装液量100mL/250mL三角瓶、温度28℃、转速160r/min;优化前菌丝球数46个/10mL,菌丝干重0.28g/100mL,优化后菌球数达985个/10mL,菌丝干重达0.69g/100mL,分别为优化前的21.4倍、2.43倍;后续发酵使用种龄9d的液体菌种、接种量7.5%。优化后液体菌种在发酵罐中后续发酵周期从10d缩短至5d,缩短50%,产量比优化前提高8.28%。     

Some cultural characteristics of mycelia of a mycorrhizal fungus,Lyophyllum shimeji

Cultural characteristics of 45 strains ofLyophyllum shimeji and 10 strains of three related species were determined. The average optimum temperature for mycelial growth ofL. shimeji on a medium consisting of rye grains was 24.9°C, slightly higher than those forL. fumosum andL. decastes. The average mycelial growth rate of theL. shimeji strains, each at its optimum temperature, was 2.0 mm/day, almost the same as that ofL. decastes and 2 times greater than those ofL. semitale andL. fumosum. All strains ofL. shimeji could grow on beech and pine sawdust, but none could significantly decompose beech wood blocks. Of the 45 strains ofL. shimeji, 3 strains had ability to form primordia on the rye grain medium without the host plant.This study was supported in part by the Forestry Agency, Japan.     

莱氏野村菌紫外线诱变抗敌敌畏菌株的生理特性

【背景】夜蛾科害虫易对化学杀虫剂产生高抗性,但一些化学农药可以对部分虫生真菌的毒力作用效果起增幅作用,目前缺乏对莱氏野村菌(Nomuraea rileyi)的该方面研究。【目的】探究对常用有机磷杀虫剂敌敌畏具有较强耐药性的紫外线诱变莱氏野村菌突变菌株的生理特性,包括菌丝生长、产孢情况和产几丁质酶活性。【方法】在紫外线诱变莱氏野村菌结合药剂驯化筛选出的突变株Nr-UVY1和Nr-UVY6基础上,以添加不同含量敌敌畏的平板培养基对突变株进行菌丝生长抑制率、继代产孢量、几丁质酶活性测定。【结果】在含1291mg/L敌敌畏的培养基上,敌敌畏对出发菌株菌丝生长抑制率达到100%,突变株Nr-UVY1(42.38%)和Nr-UVY6(37.01%)均远低于出发菌株。处理浓度大于1291 mg/L时,2株突变株的菌丝生长抑制率曲线平稳上升且远低于出发菌株,说明突变株对敌敌畏的抗药性显著且稳定。在各浓度敌敌畏含量的培养基上,突变株Nr-UVY6得到的菌丝抑制率均小于Nr-UVY1,说明突变株Nr-UVY6对敌敌畏的抗药性更强。在同样的培养条件下,2株突变株的开始产孢时间略迟于出发菌株。突变株各代的产孢量均明显高于出发菌株,尤其是突变株Nr-UVY6各代的产孢量始终高于出发菌株2倍以上且更稳定。透明圈法测定几丁质酶活性,突变株Nr-UVY6高于Nr-UVY1和出发菌株。【结论】筛选出的经过紫外线诱变的突变菌株对敌敌畏的抗性远高于出发菌株,在生长和繁殖方面表现出更优秀的性状,并且由于其几丁质酶的活性高,可进一步探究其致病性。     

一株高产黑色素香灰菌菌株的鉴定、筛选及培养条件的优化

为筛选一株产黑色素能力强的菌株并优化其培养条件。通过ITS测序鉴定11株供试菌株,以菌丝生长速度、平板L值等指标筛选出一株产黑能力强的香灰菌,并对其生长所需碳源、氮源、pH等培养条件进行优化。研究表明,11株供试菌株均为香灰菌（Hypoxylon sp.）,其中Hp.sp0006菌丝生长速度较快、菌球大且均匀、L值最低,并且发酵液黑色素含量最高。该菌株最优培养条件是,以葡萄糖为碳源、牛肉浸膏为氮源、碳氮比20∶1并添加10 mg维生素B₁,黑色素含量可达（1.21±0.17）g/L。香灰菌Hp.sp0006是一株产黑色素较高的菌株,优化后的培养基更有利于黑色素的合成,为香灰菌黑色素的开发利用奠定基础。     

荷叶离褶伞优良菌株筛选

以棉籽壳、木屑、玉米芯等为主料设计了10个栽培配方,研究不同配方下7株荷叶离褶伞的菌丝生长和出菇情况。结果表明,各菌株菌丝颜色以雪白色为主,在玉米芯为主料的配方上菌丝体生长优于以棉籽壳、木屑为主料的配方,但均无子实体形成;以棉籽壳为主料有利于子实体的形成,特别是棉子壳添加少量木屑、树叶、腐殖土、发酵料和小麦更利于子实体形成,菌株3001的出菇周期最短（108d）,产量最高（214.80g/袋）,各菌株出菇的顺序为3001、1035、1004和1013。因此,栽培料组分对荷叶离褶伞菌丝生长及子实体形成影响较大。     

香菇液体发酵高产多糖菌株筛选

通过评价香菇野生菌株发酵产多糖性能,筛选高产香菇多糖菌株.以采自长白山野生香菇通过组织分离获得的6株菌株和2株人工栽培菌株为出发菌株,对不同发酵培养时间菌丝体生物量、胞内多糖含量、胞外多糖含量等进行测试分析,结果表明,8株菌株随着培养时间的延长,菌丝体生物量均有不同程度的增加,但胞内多糖含量和胞外多糖得率变化趋势不同,...     

Production of fruit-bodies of a mycorrhizal fungus,Lyophyllum shimeji,in pure culture

Cultivation of mycorrhizal fungus,Lyophyllum shimeji, was examined using selected strains capable of forming primordia in pure culture. Mycelia grew fastest on barley grains containing synthetic liquid medium. The primordia readily formed in test-tubes after lowering the incubation temperature from 23°C to 15°C. The co-existence of pine seedlings had no promotive effect on primordium formation. Fruit-bodies formed on a medium consisting of barley, beech sawdust, and liquid synthetic nutrients in 500-ml glass bottles. Mature fruit-bodies produced basidiospores. The spores thus produced could germinate on an agar medium and formed mycelial colonies. Thereby, the life cycle inL. shimeji was accomplished in pure culture without using the host plant.     

The Pectinase produced by Tubercularia vulgaris in submerged culture using pectin or orange-pulp pellets as inducer

The growth of four strains of the shiitake mushroom Lentinus edodes in solid substrate fermentation in synthetic oak sawdust logs was studied over a 14-week period. Total extracellular phenol oxidase activity and soluble protein were monitored and biomass estimated as the ergosterol content of the fermented sawdust. It was observed that two of the strains had a similar pattern of phenol oxidase activity with two cycles with maxima at 2 and 8 weeks of mycelial growth prior to fruiting. With the other two strains there was a maximum at week 4. For each strain, phenol oxidase activity increased with the cold shock used to induce fruiting. Phenol oxidase activity was not found to be correlated with either soluble protein or total fungal biomass in the fermented sawdust, which were correlated for each strain. Quantification of biomass from submerged liquid culture on the basis of dry weight and ergosterol contents showed that the strains fell into the same two groups with respect to the ergosterol to biomass ratio, which was markedly lower than that for a strain of L. lepideus.Correspondence to: B. C. Okeke     

香菇复配氨基酸培养基优化及其对香菇菌丝生长生理的影响

[背景]L-氨基酸能够提供香菇生长发育的部分养分需求,利用外源添加氨基酸的方式对香菇生长基质进行优化,对于香菇产业的增产提质具有积极的发展意义.[目的]利用外源添加丙氨酸(Ala)、丝氨酸(Ser)和天冬酰胺(Asn)的方式改善培养基成分,并探究复配氨基酸促进香菇生长的可能代谢途径.[方法]在三因素三水平上,通过响应面...     

Optimization of culture media for solid-state culture of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus ferulae</Emphasis>

In order to elucidate the possibility of artificial production ofP. ferulae by solid-state culture, the optimization of culture conditions was carried out. When NH₄H₂PO₄ and CaCO₃ were used in the cultures using test tube with 30 g ofPopulus sawdust at 25°C±1 in the dark, the favored mycelial growth was observed with 1% of NH₄H₂PO₄ and the production of polysaccharide was 7.85 mg/100 mg of mycelium with 1% of CaCO₃. The mixtures of 80% ofPopulus sawdust and 20% of rice bran at 60% of water content were determined to be optimal for the production of fruiting bodies in the sawdust culture. When three treatments containing various ratios of garlic powder were conducted, yields of fruiting bodies were drastically higher than those of synthetic mixture without garlic powder. The highest yield (143 g/bag) was obtained with 7% garlic powder. The yield of synthetic mixture containing 7% of garlic powder was 83% higher than that of sawdust culture. The reason why garlic powder did support growth was not clear but it is possible that garlic powder might contain effective components for the formation of fruiting body. The optimal synthetic mixture composition consisted of cotton seed 77%, lime 6.4%, K₂HPO₄ 0.2%, KH₂PO₄ 0.2%, CaHPO₄, 0.2%, corn flour 4%, wheat flour 5%, and garlic powder 7%.     

Susceptibility of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</Emphasis> strains different in oxalate production to infection by the mycoparasite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coniothyrium minitans</Emphasis>

Three strains of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, namely Ep-1PB (PB), Ep-1PK (PK) and Ep-1PNA5 (A5), were compared for the production of oxalic acid (OA) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Maxwell agar medium (MAM) and for mycelial susceptibility to infection by the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans on PDA. Results showed that strain PB produced negligible oxalate, whereas strain PK was detected to produce oxalate, but much less than that produced by strain A5. The three investigated strains differed slightly in mycelial growth rates and mycelial biomass on PDA. However, colonies of strains PB and PK formed on PDA were more susceptible to invasion by C. minitans than colonies of strain A5. Meanwhile, amendment of synthetic oxalate in PDA at 0.25–2.00 mg g⁻¹ medium suppressed aggressiveness of C. minitans in invasion of colonies of S. sclerotiorum strain PB developed on this medium. These results suggest that infection of hyphae of S. sclerotiorum is negatively affected by the presence of oxalate. The importance of oxalate degradation by C. minitans in its mycoparasitism on hyphae of S. sclerotiorum provides a clue for improvement of the biocontrol efficacy of C. minitans in the future.