厌氧产脂肽工程菌的构建及其代谢活性评价

利用微生物产生生物表面活性剂驱油,是微生物采油的重要技术之一.但油藏的缺氧环境使得大多数生物表面活性剂产生菌的代谢活性受到限制.本研究以筛选自油田采出水中的好氧产脂肽类表面活性剂的解淀粉芽孢杆菌BQ-2和兼性厌氧的施氏假单胞菌DQ-1为亲本菌,通过原生质体融合的方法构建了一株能在厌氧条件下迅速生长并能产脂肽类表面活性剂的融合子JD-3.融合子JD-3的菌落形态与亲本菌株BQ-2相似,其16S rDNA序列与BQ-2的相似度达99%;在厌氧条件下培养36 h,融合子JD-3发酵液的表面张力由初始的63.0 mN·m^-1降至32.5 mN·m^-1;薄层层析及红外光谱分析结果显示,JD-3在厌氧条件下的产物为脂肽类表面活性剂;该表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为90 mg·L^-1,且对原油、液体石蜡、煤油等有较好的乳化活性.JD 3在厌氧条件下可以蔗糖、葡萄糖或甘油为碳源,以蛋白胨等为氮源合成脂肽类表面活性剂,且经多次厌氧传代培养仍保持稳定的产生物表面活性剂功能,显示该菌株在油藏厌氧条件下对提高原油采收率具有较好的应用潜力.     

一株产生脂肽的枯草芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及脂肽对原油的作用

从大庆油田地层水中分离到一组能高效产生生物表面活性剂的菌株,采用sfp基因PCR鉴定的方法从中分离到一株芽孢杆菌ZW-3,该菌株能够产生大量表面活性物质,采用细菌生理生化鉴定结合16S rDNA序列的系统发育学分析确定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),通过薄层层析色谱(TLC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析其代谢产物,初步鉴定为脂肽(Lipopeptide);该脂肽生物表面活性剂理化性质显示它能使培养基的表面张力从68.92mN/m降低25.19mN/m、原油/水的界面张力从23.53mN/m降低到4.57mN/m,与1.8%的NaOH溶液复配可以将油水界面张力降低到1.2×10-3 mN/m,其临界胶束浓度为33.3mg/L(3.24×10-5 mol/L),并具有较好的乳化活性和发泡性能,说明该菌株代谢的脂肽生物表面活性剂在提高石油采收率中具有广泛的应用前景.     

一种脂肽类生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选

从油田地层水中筛选分离得到1株能够产生表面活性剂的细菌,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。分析了该菌株的生理形态和生长特性,以及该菌株代谢产生的生物表面活性剂的性质。薄层色谱与原位水解显色和红外光谱分析表明,培养后菌株代谢产生的生物表面活性为脂肽。它能使水的表面张力降低到26mN/m,其临界胶束浓度为0.025mg/mL。     

一株产脂肽类表面活性剂的碱性Dietzia菌及特性研究

【目的】筛选降解性能良好的产生物表面活性剂的菌株,对其进行分类学鉴定,确定所产表面活性剂物质并对各影响因素进行评价。【方法】利用液体石蜡为底物筛选降解性能良好的产生物表面活性剂菌株,通过形态特征观察、生理生化测定、16S rRNA基因序列分析等实验确定菌株的分类地位。通过排油圈活性、表面张力值、薄层层析等方法确定生物表面活性剂的性质,分析碳、氮源和温度、pH、盐浓度各因素对菌株产生物表面活性剂的影响。【结果】从大连新港采集的样品中分离得到一株产表面活性剂的嗜碱菌株3372,经分类鉴定表明其是Dietzia cercidiphylli的新菌株。嗜碱菌3372发酵液粗提物的排油直径为6.1 cm,表面张力可从67.62 mN/m降到32.95 mN/m,经薄层层析分析,初步鉴定为脂肽类表面活性剂。综合各因素对发酵液表面活性的影响,菌株3372在pH为9.0、适盐浓度为3%的培养基中,经30°C培养可将发酵液表面张力值降到最低。【结论】嗜碱菌3372是脂肽类生物表面活性剂产生菌的新成员,其在高盐碱条件下产生表面活性剂的特性在工业应用上有一定的潜力。     

石油降解菌X-1所产表面活性剂的研究

对石油污染土壤中筛选到的能产生生物表面活性剂的石油降解菌X-1(芽孢杆菌),进行表面活性剂的提取和鉴定,并对其产剂条件进行了优化。结果表明:菌株X-1产生的生物表面活性剂为浅黄色粉末状物质。通过硅胶板薄层层析和红外光谱分析,判定表面活性剂为脂肽、脂蛋白类物质。菌株X-1产生表面活性剂的最佳条件为:温度32℃,pH 7.0,盐度2 g/L NaCl,最佳碳源为淀粉,最佳氮源为蛋白胨。     

一种快速分离检测产脂肽类生物表面活性剂枯草芽孢杆菌的方法

脂肽(Lipopeptide)是由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)等微生物产生的一类具有较强表面活性的生物表面活性剂.枯革杆菌磷酸泛酰巯基转移酶基因(afp)是枯草芽孢杆菌中参与脂肽代谢的功能性基因.采用sfp基因PCR对从环境中得到的一组产生表面活性剂的微生物进行筛选,结合Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳对PCR结果呈阳性的菌蛛的代谢粗初提物进行检测,初步鉴定得到两株枯草芽孢杆菌.进一步利用16S rDNA序列的系统发育学分析确定这两种菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌,并利用TLC、HPLC鉴定其产物为脂肽类表面活性剂,从而建立了一套快速分离检测产生脂肽类生物表面活性剂的枯草芽孢杆菌方法.     

一株铜绿假单胞菌及其产生的鼠李糖脂特性研究

研究高效代谢表面活性剂的菌种,并对菌种和表面活性剂的理化性质进行分析。采用菌种16S rDNA序列分析对菌种进行鉴定,采用紫外光谱扫描、色谱柱层析、薄层层析、单糖分析对生物表面活性剂的种类进行鉴定,并对表面活性剂的理化性质进行研究。从油田采出水中筛选出一株高效代谢生物表面活性剂的菌株T-1,经16S rDNA鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。该菌种以甘油和大豆油为碳源的培养基培养4 d后,其发酵液表面张力30.216 mN/m,EI24为100%。根据表面活性剂的红外光谱分析并结合薄层分析,可确定T-1样品中含有糖脂类物质,进一步的表面活性剂的单糖分析显示水解终产物为单一的鼠李糖,最终确定其产物为鼠李糖脂,苯酚-硫酸法测定其鼠李糖脂产率为5.2 g/L,从发酵液提取的棕黄色生物表面活性剂粗品,其表观临界胶束浓度为45 mg/L,该鼠李糖脂对环境(耐温、耐酸碱、耐盐)具有较强的适应性。该表面活性剂对恶劣环境具有较强的耐受性,可应用于微生物采油等用途。     

原油污染土壤中生物表面活性剂菌株的筛选和产物鉴定

【目的】从原油污染的土壤中分离出产表面活性剂的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)SX-20,并对其产物进行提取及结构分析。【方法】采用氯化十六烷基吡啶和溴百里酚蓝混合溶液(cetylpyridinium chloride-bromothymol blue,CPC-BTB)显色反应结合血琼脂平板简单高效的筛选得到产脂肽的枯草芽孢杆菌。通过酸沉淀、甲醇萃取和旋转蒸发提取发酵所产生的粗产物,该产物对痤疮丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium acnes)具有良好的抑制作用。运用傅里叶红光变换光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、氨基酸分析和液相质谱联用(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)对粗产物的成分进行分析。【结果】筛选所得的菌株所产物质是含C15脂肪酸链和7个氨基酸形成的环状的脂肽表面活性剂。【结论】本研究为筛选脂肽类生物表面活性剂提供了一定的理论基础和技术路线,有利于后续获得高产的低成本的生物表面活性剂。     

一株分离自海水的产生物表面活性剂菌株的鉴定及其发酵优化

为研究分离自海水的芽孢杆菌dhs-330产生物表面活性剂的培养条件和产物特性,采用16S r DNA基因序列分析鉴定菌种,对发酵培养基的碳源、氮源、p H值和培养温度进行优化,采用飞行时间质谱进行产物鉴定及抑菌圈法考察产物抑菌活性。结果显示,该菌株与Bacillus mojavensis菌株16S r DNA的序列相似性为99%。菌株发酵液表面张力可由70 m N·m-1降低至27 m N·m-1。发酵培养基的最适碳源、有机氮源和无机氮源分别为甘油、酵母膏和尿素;p H值为6.5~7.0、温度为30~35℃条件下,菌体生长和生物表面活性剂合成最为有利。发酵产物为脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂,对海洋污损微生物Bacillus pumilus dhs04有显著的抑菌活性。菌株dhs-330是能合成脂肽-糖脂混合生物表面活性剂、具有海洋污损微生物防除潜力的优选菌株。     

糖脂类生物表面活性剂的特性及其对白腐真菌降解蒽的强化作用

【目的】对铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)所产生物表面活性剂的稳定性进行分析,考察该生物表面活性剂对乳白耙齿菌F17(Irpex lacteus F17)降解蒽的强化作用。【方法】采用三氯甲烷萃取的方法从铜绿假单胞菌的发酵液中提取生物表面活性剂,采用表/界面张力仪测定该生物表面活性剂在不同条件下的表面张力值,对其进行稳定性研究。在乳白耙齿菌F17降解蒽的过程中加入适量的生物表面活性剂,测定蒽的降解率,探讨其对蒽生物降解的强化作用。【结果】铜绿假单胞菌所产生物表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度为40 mg/L,在15-150°C及pH 6.0-13.0范围内表现出优良的稳定性,对盐浓度的耐受性也很高。在蒽的生物降解过程中,生物表面活性剂能极大地促进蒽的降解,在生物表面活性剂浓度为50 mg/L时,第15天蒽的降解率达到了82.9%。生物表面活性剂在接种乳白耙齿菌F17前1天加入培养基中,能更好地促进蒽的降解。与化学表面活性剂相比,生物表面活性剂对蒽降解的强化作用更显著。【结论】该生物表面活性剂性能优良、稳定性好,能够显著强化乳白耙齿菌F17对蒽的降解,具有良好的应用前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.