胡芦巴多糖胶开发现状及发展对策

胡芦巴胶是我国自主研制开发的新一代半乳甘露聚糖胶.胡芦巴胶性能优良,资源丰富,在半乳甘露聚糖胶的一些应用领域完全可以替代进口瓜尔胶使用.但是近年来在进口瓜尔胶较低价格的形势下,国内胡芦巴胶产业走向发展的低谷.针对目前现状,对胡芦巴胶应用前景和产业发展的制约因素进行了讨论.     

半乳甘露聚糖型植物胶的研究进展

本文综述了国内外半乳甘露聚糖型植物胶的研究进展,包括半乳甘露聚糖胶的资源分布、生物学特性、理化性质、结构鉴定、分离提取、产品改性、应用及前景展望等。     

豆科植物半乳甘露聚糖生物合成及调控研究进展(综述)

综述了豆科植物半乳甘露聚糖生物合成途径及调控的各个假说,为该多糖的体外生物合成、合成调控、合成部位以及半乳甘露聚糖胶的加工、利用提供参考.同时,也展望半乳甘露聚糖研究的发展前景.     

半乳甘露聚糖胶物理改性设备的研制

半乳甘露聚糖胶物理改性设备的研制程卫民徐嘉生（南京野生植物综合利用研究设计所,２１００４２）１概述半乳甘露聚糖胶在工业上具有广泛的用途,可作为流体流损抑制剂和絮凝剂用于石油工业,作为填充剂用于造纸工业以及作为增稠剂和稳定剂用于纺织、食品、化妆品及制药...     

24种豆科植物种子的半乳甘露聚糖胶的分析

半乳甘露聚糖胶是由半乳糖和甘露糖聚合成的一种多糖化合物,广泛应用于石油、选矿、炸药、纺织、造纸、医药、食品、农药、烟草、化桩品等工业。半乳甘露聚糖主要存在于豆科植物(Legumi-nosae)种子的内胚乳中。本文报道的24种植     

槐种子发育中胚乳细胞半乳甘露聚糖积累的研究

槐 ( Sophora japonica L.)开花约 60 d至种子成熟 ,为胚乳半乳甘露聚糖积累期。用组织化学方法 ,对储藏于胚乳细胞壁上的半乳甘露聚糖的形成积累进行了观察 ,结果表明 ,半乳甘露聚糖最先在邻近胚的胚乳细胞的粗面内质网的囊泡腔内形成 ,并通过细胞质膜分泌至细胞壁周围。此后 ,半乳甘露聚糖的积累逐渐向种皮方向扩展 ,及至种子成熟时 ,除糊粉层外 ,所有胚乳细胞几乎全由多糖所填充。此外 ,对半乳甘露聚糖发生部位及其积累过程的消长变化进行了讨论     

瓜尔豆中的蛋白质与胰蛋白酶抑制剂

瓜尔豆(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)是一种重要的胶类和半乳甘露聚糖资源,具有多种工业用途。瓜尔豆在提取瓜尔胶后,留下的子叶部分含丰富的蛋白质(38～55％),可作动物或家禽的饲料。然而,据报导,用瓜尔饼作饲料会造成家禽生长缓慢,甚至引起死亡。人们认为这是由于瓜尔饼中含胰蛋白酶抑制剂、血胶精和皂角甙。     

菽麻种子胶化学性质的研究

菽麻(crotalaria juncea Linn·)为豆科猪屎豆属的一年生草本植物。在我国多用作绿肥。因种子含有26.90%的胚乳,其中70%以上为半乳甘露聚糖,所以也是一种含胶植物。半乳甘露聚糖中半乳糖和甘露糖的比值为1:2.3。菽麻种子胶在水中随温度的升高而增大其溶解性,并提高粘度。70℃以上,会导致粘度的显著下降。由于它的高粘性和在碱性介质条件下能与硼砂交联成冻胶,在石油工业上,菽麻种子胶可作为一种水基冻胶压裂液的新资源。     

诺卡氏菌形放线菌β-甘露聚糖酶的水解特性

诺卡氏菌形放线菌（Nocardioform actinomycetes）NA3-540产生的β-甘露聚糖酶（ManNA）能不同程度地水解槐豆胶、瓜胶、田菁胶和魔芋胶等甘露多聚糖为组分的植物胶,生成系列甘露寡糖;该酶只轻微地水解香豆胶,不能水解β-甘露聚糖、黄原胶、海藻胶;ManNA对槐豆胶、瓜胶和魔芋胶多糖的Km值和Vmax分别为1．75、6．13、3．9mg／mL和2485、1303、853μmol／（min／mg）,表明槐豆胶是该酶的理想水解底物。ManNA水解几种植物胶的明显差异,表明甘露聚糖的糖链组成和空间结构明显地影响着β-甘露聚糖酶的水解活性。     

半乳甘露聚糖胶的研究、生产和应用

前言半乳甘露聚糖(Galactomannann)是植物的贮备性多糖,它主要存在于具胚乳的豆类植物的种子中。此外,如番荔枝属的Annona muricata,三色旋花(convolvulus tricolor)(Kooiman 1971),糙叶番薯(Ipomoca muricata)(Khanna and Gupta 1967)及白头银合欢(Leucacna leucocephala)的种子也含半乳甘露聚糖。在红车轴草(Trifolium pra-tense)叶茎部组织中也获得半乳甘露聚糖(Gaillard and Bailey 1968;Buchala and Mci-     

Carbohydrate specificity of lectins from plants of the genus horsetail

Carbohydrate specificity of partially purified lectins from 4 species of plants: horse-tail genus Equisetum (Equisetum arvense L., E. sylvaticum L., E. hyemale L. and E. tempatelia Ehrh.) has been studies. The obtained lectins have similar carbohydrate specificity. Among the tested carbohydrates the best inhibitor of activity is phenyl-2-acetamido-alpha-D-glucosaminopyranoside. Lectins poorly interact with yeasty mannan and galactomannan Trigonella foenum graecum seeds. Among glycoproteins the best inhibitor of activity is ovomucoid.     

The function of the aleurone layer during galactomannan mobilisation in germinating seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): A correlative biochemical and ultrastructural study

Summary The reserve endosperm galactomannans of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) are broken down to free galactose and mannose in dry-isolated endosperms (devoid of embryo) incubated under germination conditions. Breakdown is prevented by inhibition of protein synthesis or of oxidative phosphorylation in the aleurone layer. Resting aleurone cells contain inter alia a large number of ribosomes more or less regularly distributed in the ground plasma. At the onset of germination, before galactomannan breakdown begins, polysomes are formed and seem, at least partly, to become associated with vesicles and flat cisternae both probably newly formed and derived from ER. Concurrently with galactomannan breakdown in the reserve cells, wall corrosion occurs in the aleurone layer, the contents of the aleurone grains disappear and the rough vesicles and cisternae proliferate. Later a large central vacuole is formed which incorporates smaller vacuoles emerging from the cytoplasm, and at the same time the rough ER vesicles and cisternae become highly distended.It is concluded that the cells of the aleurone layer are responsible for the synthesis and secretion into the storage cells of the enzymes necessary for galactomannan degradation. The physiology of galactomannan breakdown is compared and contrasted with that of starch mobilisation in the endosperm of germinating cereal grains.This is part three in a series of papers dealing with galactomannan metabolism. Part two: Planta (Berl.) 100, 131–142 (1971).     

Water stress and galactomannan breakdown in germinated fenugreek seeds. Stress affects the production and the activities in vivo of galactomannan-hydrolysing enzymes

Imposition of water stress on germinated fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and isolated fenugreek endosperms after the beginning of galactomannan mobilisation caused a reduction in the rate of breakdown of the polysaccharide relative to unstressed controls. The activities, measured in vitro, of the three hydrolytic enzymes involved in the breakdown process (-d-galactosidase, EC 3.2.1.22;endo--d-mannanase, EC 3.2.1.78;exo--d-mannanase, EC 3.2.1.25) were not decreased. Although there was some accumulation of galactomannan-hydrolysis products in endosperms under stress, there was no clear correlation between sugar levels and the inhibition of galactomannan breakdown. When water stress was applied to fenugreek seeds after germination but before the beginning of galactomannan hydrolysis, both galactomannan breakdown and the development of the hydrolytic enzyme activities were inhibited. Washing of newly germinated seeds for 2 h in water prior to the imposition of stress gave partial relief of the inhibition of galactomannan mobilisation, partial recovery ofendo--d-mannanase levels, and full recovery of -d-galactosidase levels. It is argued: 1) that water stress after germination but before the beginning of galactomannan hydrolysis inhibits the production of hydrolytic enzymes in the endosperm, probably via decreased removal at lowered water content of diffusible inhibitory substances; and 2) that water stress after the beginning of galactomannan hydrolysis decreases the rate of galactomannan breakdown in vivo principally via decreased diffusion at lowered water content of enzymes from the aleurone layer through the storage tissue of the endosperm.Abbreviation PEG polyethyleneglycol     

红凤菜和白子菜总黄酮含量的动态变化

红凤菜[Gynura bicolor (Willd. ) DC. ]和白子菜[G. divaricata (L. ) DC. ]均为菊三七属(Gynura Cass. )植物~([1]).红凤菜的嫩茎叶中含有丰富的营养成分,可作蔬菜食用~([2]);白子菜叶片在民间用于治疗糖尿病,动物实验证明其有显著的降血糖作用~([3]).     

中国水生植物新记录属——钻叶荠属(十字花科)

报道中国十字花科一新记录属¾钻叶荠属Subularia L. 及一新记录种¾钻叶荠S. aquatica L.。     

中国赖草属(禾本科)一新种——贫穗赖草

报道了中国西部赖草属一新种———贫穗赖草。该种相似于若羌赖草和广叉赖草,但它不同于前者在于穗状花序的中部或下部具孪生小穗,外稃披针形、无毛,具1.0~1.5 mm长的短尖头,内稃短于外稃1.0~1.5 mm,沿上部脊疏生小刺,叶鞘无毛,具非膜质边缘;不同于后者在于秆较高,叶片内卷,穗状花序稀疏、狭窄,小穗较短,颖较长,外稃披针形、较长,具5条不明显的脉。     

Control of mannose/galactose ratio during galactomannan formation in developing legume seeds

Galactomannan deposition was investigated in developing endosperms of three leguminous species representative of taxonomic groups which have galactomannans with high, medium and low galactose content. These were fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.; mannose/galactose (Man/Gal) = 1.1), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.; Man/Gal = 1.6) and Senna occidentalis (L.) Link. (Man/Gal = 3.3), respectively. Endosperms were analysed at different stages of seed development for galactomannan content and the levels, in cell-free extracts, of a mannosyltransferase and a galactosyltransferase which have been shown to catalyse galactomannan biosynthesis in vitro (M. Edwards et al., 1989, Planta 178, 41–51). There was a close correlation in each case between the levels of the biosynthetic mannosyl- and galactosyltransferases and the deposition of galactomannan. The relative in vitro activities of the mannosyl- and galactosyltransferases in fenugreek and guar were similar, and almost constant throughout the period of galactomannan deposition. In Senna the ratio mannosyltransferase/galactosyltransferase was always higher than in the other two species, and it increased substantially throughout the period of galactomannan deposition. In fenugreek and guar the galactomannans present in the endosperms of seeds at different stages of development had the Man/Gal ratios characteristic of the mature seeds. By contrast the galactomannan present in Senna endosperms at the earliest stages of deposition had a Man/Gal ratio of about 2.3. During late deposition this ratio increased rapidly, stabilising at about 3.3, the ratio characteristic of the mature seed. The levels of -galactosidase in the developing endosperms of fenugreek and guar were low and remained fairly constant throughout the deposition of the galactomannan. In Senna, -galactosidase activity in the endosperm was low during early galactomannan deposition, but increased subsequently, peaking during late galactomannan deposition. The developmental patterns of the -galactosidase activity and of the increase in Man/Gal ratio of the Senna galactomannan were closely similar, indicating a cause-and-effect relationship. The endosperm -galactosidase activity in Senna was capable, in vitro, of removing galactose from guar galactomannan without prior depolymerisation of the molecule. In fenugreek and in guar the genetic control of the Man/Gal ratio in galactomannan is not the result of a post-depositional modification, and must reside in the biosynthetic process. In Senna, the Man/Gal ratio of the primary biosynthetic galactomannan product is controlled by the biosynthetic process. Yet the final Man/Gal ratio of the galactomannan in the mature seed is, to an appreciable extent, the result of galactose removal from the primary biosynthetic product by an -galactosidase activity which is present in the endosperm during late galactomannan deposition.Abbreviations al galactose - Man mannose This work was carried out with the aid of a Cooperative Research Grant (No. CRG 1) awarded by the Agricultural and Food Research Council, UK.     

中国疱脐衣属的新种与新资料

本文报道了中国疱脐衣属四个新分类单位,其中包括三个新种:华东疱脐衣(Lasallia sinorientalis Wei),大理疱脐衣(L.daliensis Wei),苍山疱脐衣(L.caeonshanensis Wei)及东亚疱脐衣一新变种:樊净山变种(L.asiae-orientalis var.fanjingensis Wei)。此外,还从东亚疱脐衣的模式标本中首次发现了该种的子囊盘,并作了补充描述。作者认为,根据有关中国地衣区系的现有知识,迄今尚未发现分布于中国的疱脐衣(Lasallia pustulata(L.)Merat)。而华东疱脐衣可能是疱脐衣在亚洲的地理替代种。     

Morphological aspects of the galactomannan formation in the endosperm ofTrigonella foenum-graecum L. (Leguminosae)

The mode of deposition (secretion) of galactomannan in the cells of the seed endosperm ofTrigonella foenum-graecum has been studied by electron microscopy. In cells which are just beginning to secrete galactomannan there are stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The intracisternal space (containing the enchylema) of the rough ER then swells, becomes vacuolated and forms a voluminous network, with pockets of cytoplasm entrapped within poculiform rough ER. The enchylema contains material which reacts with periodate-thiocarbohydrazidesilver proteinate in a very similar manner to the galactomannan already deposited in the cell wall. It appears that the galactomannan is formed in the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then expelled outside the plasmalemma. This mode of deposition contrasts with that of other plant cell wall polysaccharides whose secretion is mediated by Golgi vesicles.Abbreviation ER endoplasmic reticulum This is part six in a series of papers dealing with galactomannan metabolism. Part five: Planta133, 219–222 (1977)     

Cell wall regeneration and galactomannan biosynthesis in protoplasts from carob

Protoplast isolation from endosperms of developing carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seeds is reported for the first time. These protoplasts regenerated cell walls within 12 h. In order to assess their potential for galactomannan biosynthesis, the incorporation of radioactivity in the regenerated cell wall polysaccharides (CWP) and extracellular polysaccharides (ECP), after feeding these protoplasts with D-[U-¹⁴C]glucose or D-[U-¹⁴C]mannose was studied. The pattern of the radioactive label distribution in the neutral sugars of the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) hydrolysate of CWP was different from that of the ECP. In the TFA hydrolysis products of the CWP, immediately after protoplast isolation, the greatest level of radioactivity (approximately 90%) was detected in glucose, galactose and mannose. After 2 days protoplast culture, the label in mannose increased. In contrast, immediately after protoplast isolation, approximately 90% of radioactivity of the ECP was detected in galactose and mannose. However, during culture, the radioactivity incorporation in mannose dropped to one third, while that in galactose and arabinose increased significantly. Hydrolysis of the CWP and ECP with -galactosidase and endo--mannanase confirmed that, at least part of mannose and galactose belonged to galactomannan molecules. These results were compared with those obtained upon feeding developing endosperm tissue with D-[U-¹⁴C]mannose. From our results we concluded that protoplasts from endosperm tissues of developing carob seeds, retained the ability of their original explant to synthesize galactomannan, making protoplasts candidates for the study of galactomannan biosynthesis.