1952—2011年蚌埠气温变化趋势及其对农业生产影响

根据气温资料, 采用线性趋势函数、Morlet小波分析方法, 研究了蚌埠市的年、季平均气温以及年平均最高、年平均最低气温的变化趋势, 探讨了温度变化对农业生产的影响。结果表明: 1952—2011年蚌埠市年平均气温呈上升趋势, 气候倾向率为0.23 ℃·10a−1, 其中春、秋、冬的增温趋势较为明显, 夏季变化趋势不明显; 年平均气温在1990年以前相对偏低, 呈现波动变化, 增温趋势不显著; 1990年后相对偏暖, 增温趋势明显。年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温均呈上升趋势, 气候倾向率分别为0.01 ℃·10a−1、0.37 ℃·10a−1; 年平均最低气温的增温幅度远大于年平均最高气温, 表明夜间增温较多, 白天增温较少, 气温日较差逐渐减小。夜间温度升高, 将增加植物的呼吸消耗, 不利于物质的积累, 可对农业生产带来负面影响。     

1952—2011年蚌埠气温变化趋势及其对农业生产的影响

根据气温资料,采用线性趋势函数、Morlet小波分析方法,研究了蚌埠市的年、季平均气温以及年平均最高、年平均最低气温的变化趋势,探讨了温度变化对农业生产的影响。结果表明:1952—2011年蚌埠市年平均气温呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃·10a-1,其中春、秋、冬的增温趋势较为明显,夏季变化趋势不明显;年平均气温在1990年以前相对偏低,呈现波动变化,增温趋势不显著;1990年后相对偏暖,增温趋势明显。年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温均呈上升趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.01℃·10a-1、0.37℃·10a-1;年平均最低气温的增温幅度远大于年平均最高气温,表明夜间增温较多,白天增温较少,气温日较差逐渐减小。夜间温度升高,将增加植物的呼吸消耗,不利于物质的积累,可对农业生产带来负面影响。     

海南岛尖峰岭林区近50 年气候突变、异常及变化周期的初步研究

作为中国典型的热带森林生态系统之一, 海南尖峰岭热带森林长期的气候动态变化对于评价气候变化对森林的影响的有着重要的作用。研究采用海南尖峰岭森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站尖峰气象观测场1957-2006年的地面常规气象观测资料, 利用累积距平法和Mann-Kendall 检验法以及小波分析法分析了尖峰岭林区气候突变和气候异常以及变化周期特征, 结果表明: 该区近50 年的年平均气温、年平均地温、年平均最低气温在1978 年左右发生了一次由低到高的突变; 平均最高气温、年平均相对湿度和平均水汽压在1988 年左右都发生了一次由低到高的突变; 年蒸发量在1988-1990 年经历由大到小的突变。在1998 年高强度ENSO 事件发生的年份, 气温和地温均出现异常偏高, 表明该林区的气候变化正是对全球气候异常的一次明显响应过程。Morlet 小波分析表明尖峰岭林区气候变化主要存在10~25 年的周期。     

1961—2008年华南地区极端气温的非对称变化

选取华南110个测站1961—2008年逐日最高、最低气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了华南年和季极端最高、最低气温的时空变化特征。结果表明:近48年华南年极端最高、最低气温均呈明显增温趋势,年极端最高、最低气温分别在2003年、1978年发生突变,极端最高、最低气温存在非对称性变化;年极端最低气温的线性增温速率(0.48℃.10a-1)明显高于极端最高气温(0.20℃.10a-1)的线性增温速率;华南极端最高、最低气温的四季变化存在明显差异,极端最高气温在春季增温明显,而极端最低气温在夏季、冬季增温明显;华南极端气温变化存在明显的地区差异,珠江三角洲、粤东南沿海和海南部分地区增温最明显,而在冬季,极端最高气温在广西西北部地区降温明显。     

越冬地气候条件对鄱阳湖自然保护区白琵鹭种群数量的影响

分析了1985—2011年鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)越冬种群数量的年际变化趋势,检验了白琵鹭种群年际数量变化与越冬地气候变化的相关性,气候变量包括月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温和月降水量。研究结果表明,1985—2011年鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区白琵鹭种群数量为(4 632±470)只,呈显著的线性增长趋势,但年际波动较大。在越冬地,白琵鹭的种群数量与白琵鹭越冬期当年冬季各月的气温和降水变量相关系数较小,且均没有显著的相关性。同时,发现越冬地的气候条件对白琵鹭种群数量的影响存在显著的时滞效应:越冬期的月值气候变量与1—9a后的白琵鹭种群数量几乎都存在显著正相关性;10月降水量与2a后的白琵鹭种群数量存在显著负相关,12月平均最高气温与8a后的白琵鹭种群数量存在显著负相关。多元线性回归分析结果表明,越冬地2a前的10月平均最高气温、4a前的11月平均最高气温、8a前的11月降水量、4a前的12月平均气温是白琵鹭种群数量变化的显著预测变量,共同解释了白琵鹭种群数量年际变化的78.9%;其中前3个变量可以共同解释白琵鹭种群数量变化的72.1%,这两个月份正是白琵鹭的越冬初期,是结束长距离迁徙的阶段,可能是白琵鹭补充能量的关键时期,这个时期越冬地恶劣的天气可能导致白琵鹭无法获得充足的能量,不利于能量的恢复,从而可能给种群造成不利的影响。     

海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林区26年的热量因子变化特征

尖峰岭热带山地雨林作为中国典型的热带森林生态系统,其长期的气候动态状况对研究全球变化具有重要的意义。本文采用海南尖峰岭森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站天池气象站1980—2005年的地面常规气象观测资料,分析了尖峰岭热带山地雨林区热因子的变化趋势。结果表明：26年来,林区热因子（平均气温、平均地温、平均最高/最低气温、平均最高/最低地温、极端最高/最低气温、极端最高/最低地温、地气温差、年积温）均呈上升趋势,其中平均气温、平均地温、地气温差、平均最低气温和极端最高/最低地温升高趋势明显,每10年分别增加0.32 ℃、0.59 ℃、0.27 ℃、0.39 ℃、2.03 ℃、1.62 ℃,最低温度的升高趋势都大于最高温度的增长速率,说明尖峰岭热带山地雨林区气候变暖来自于最低温度升高的贡献。     

气候变化对鄱阳湖白鹤越冬种群数量变化的影响

分析了1983—2011年鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区越冬白鹤种群数量的年际变化趋势,检验了白鹤种群动态与繁殖地和越冬地气候变化的相关性,气候变量包括月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温和月降水量。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内的白鹤年最大数量平均为(2 130±153)只,呈显著地线性增长趋势(R2=0.454,F=22.441,df=28,P=0.000),但年际波动较大。在越冬地,越冬当年10月、11月、12月的气候变量与白鹤种群数量没有显著的相关性,但越冬初期10月份和越冬后期翌年3月份的气温变量与第4年、第5年、第6年及第7年的白鹤种群数量存在显著的正相关,表明越冬地气候对白鹤种群大小的影响存在时滞效应。越冬初期和末期可能是白鹤补充能量的关键阶段,而且越冬初期的气候可能也与冬季食物的数量或质量相关,因此这两个阶段的适宜气温可能有利于个体尤其是幼鹤的存活,使更多的个体参加繁殖,由于白鹤的性成熟年龄在3—5a,因此其对白鹤种群增长的有利影响会在3a以后表现出来。白鹤种群数量变化与繁殖地繁殖期的降水量没有显著的相关性,而与7月份的气温变量存在显著的正相关。多元线性回归分析结果表明,6a前的10月份平均最低温度、2a前的10月最高温度及5a前的10月平均气温是白鹤种群数量变化的显著预测因子,共同解释了鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区白鹤种群数量变化的74.8%(F=23.807,df=27,P=0.000)。     

陇东黄土高原塬区农业气象要素的变化特征

对1971—2000年陇东塬区气象资料分析表明,该区气温呈现出明显的线性上升趋势,且以冬季和春季增温为主。增温表现为平均气温、最高气温和最低气温同时上升。最高气温以季节转换时升幅最大,最低气温多数时间呈现上升趋势,且升温较最高气温显著。最高气温和最低气温均以12月上升最为显著。在气候变暖的趋势下,蒸发量显著增大,界限温度初日提前、终日推后,气温稳定通过0℃和10℃积温增加,无霜期延长,春秋土壤水分减少等。降水量、日照时数、太阳辐射和空气相对湿度等农业气象要素的整体变化不显著。认为气候变暖引起的多要素变化对农业的影响有利有弊,农业管理部门应根据当地气候变化特征,及时调整种植结构,优化种植模式,趋利避害,充分挖掘气候资源潜力,提高农业经济效益。     

鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)种群数量变化与气候的关系

该研究分析了1985—2011年鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)越冬种群数量的年际变化趋势,探究了越冬地气候条件对其种群数量变化的影响。结果表明,1985—2011年,保护区东方白鹳种群数量为(1 340±178)只,呈显著线性增长趋势,但年际波动较大。种群数量与越冬当年11月份的平均最低气温显著正相关(r=0.554,P=0.003,n=27),越冬初期较低的温度可能影响东方白鹳选择鄱阳湖作为长期越冬地的决策,而增加对长江中、下游其他湿地的利用。同时,越冬地气候条件对种群数量的影响存在显著的时滞效应。越冬初期以及越冬后期的气温变量与2~9年后的种群数量显著正相关。尤其是越冬初期10月份的气温变量与2~5年后的种群数量变化极显著相关,越冬后期2月和3月的气温变量分别与8年后和3年后的种数数量极显著正相关。多元线性回归分析结果表明,2年前的10月平均最高温度、2年前的3月平均最高气温、4年前的10月平均最高温度、4年前的3月平均气温是东方白鹳种群数量变化的显著预测变量,共同解释了种群数量年际变化的79.2%(R2=0.792,F=20.901,df=26,P=0.000)。越冬初期和末期可能是个体迁飞后补充能量和迁飞前积累能量的关键阶段,适宜的气温有利于成体的能量积累和幼体的存活,且东方白鹳性成熟年龄为2~6年,因此,越冬地气候条件对其种群增长的影响将会在2年后体现。     

近65 年来吐鲁番市气温降水变化特征分析

应用一元线性回归、五年滑动平均、距平分析和累积距平统计量与信噪比检验方法, 对研究区气温和降水进行研究, 结果表明: 65 a 来, 吐鲁番市年平均气温以0.41 ℃·(10 a)^{– 1}的速率上升, 20 世纪80 年代以来升温速度加快,年平均最低气温增温幅度大于年平均最高气温增温幅度, 冬季与夏季的温差从20 世纪80 年代开始呈下降趋势; 降水量有微弱减少的趋势, 递减率为0.48 mm·(10 a)^{– 1} ; 不同年代降水量的季节变化, 21 世纪之前差异比较明显, 近十七年以来比较均匀。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Five additional genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi from Europe

Three remarkable new genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi, with pycnidial or acervular conidiomata are described and illustrated.Hastifera tenuispora gen. et spec. nov. from the South-Tyrol, Italy, is characterized by very long and narrow hyaline conidia produced in pycnidial conidiomata immersed in thalline warts.Lichingoldia gyalectiformis gen. et spec. nov. from rocks subject to inundation by freshwater in Norway has long sigmoidly curved conidia which appear to be adapted to dispersal in water.Woessia fusarioides gen. et spec. nov. from aQuercus stump in the Burgenland, Austria, has a finely granular thallus and disc-like conidiomata producing falcate conidia; this species is also of interest in that it hasChlorella as the photobiont. The recently described hyphomyceteCheiromycina flabelliformis B. Sutton is reported from Austria for the first time, and is also lichenized. Recent collections ofNigropuncta rugulosa D. Hawksw. from Austria and Italy also show that this species is lichenized rather than parasymbiotic. In all five cases the fungal hyphae of the conidiogenous structures are continuous with those in intimate contact with cells of the algal partners and the biological relationship appears to be mutualistic giving rise to stable crustose lichen thalli.