两种新呼吸链抑制剂对心肌制剂抑制作用的比较

用抑制剂作为分子工具研究呼吸链的电子传递机制已有相当长的历史,电子传递链各个区段均有酶专一的抑制剂被发现和使用.鉴于呼吸链中三个与泛醌反应相关的酶[还原辅酶Ⅰ:泛醌还原酶(NADH-Q reductase NQR)、琥珀酸:泛醌还原酶(succinate-Q reductase SQR)和泛醌:细胞色素 c 还原酶(QH₂-cytochrome c re-ductase QCR)]均催化同一底物反应,从酶学角度看应存在一类抑制剂能对三个催化泛醌反应的酶兼有抑制作用.经合成和筛选发现3-硝基-N-十二烷基水杨酰胺和2-羟基-3-N-十二烷基酰胺吡啶具备这类性质,它们对催化泛醌反应的三个酶都有抑制作用,而对与泛醌无关的末端氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase)无任何作用.3-硝 基-N-十二烷基水杨酰胺对检测的心肌制剂各段酶活性的抑制能力均强于2-羟基-3-N-十二烷基酰胺吡啶.     

叠氮水杨酰胺类化合物对呼吸链琥珀酸-细胞色素c还原酶的抑制作用

合成了３－叠氮基－Ｎ－正癸烷基水杨酰胺和５－叠氮基－Ｎ－正癸烷基水杨酰胺并检测了它们对呼吸链酶系从琥珀酸到细胞色素ｃ段电子传递活性的抑制作用．两种化合物对琥珀酸－泛醌还原酶的抑制能力基本相同,而５位叠氮基取代物对泛醌－细胞色素ｃ还原酶的抑制能力较３位叠氮基取代物为强．它们与泛醌反应抑制剂３－硝基－Ｎ－正癸烷基水杨酰胺相比较,其抑制性质基本相似,只是抑制能力较后者为弱     

琥珀酸脱氢酶的研究——琥珀酸脱氢酶还原细胞色素c的性质

新鲜制备之水溶性琥珀酸脱氢酶能还原细胞色素c,此还原细胞色素c 之能力与其重组琥珀酸氧化酶系的能力呈平行关系,二者均很快减弱,数小时之内即全部丧失。还原细胞色素c 之能力受金属螯合剂如邻二氮菲,硫茂甲酰基三氟丙酮及组氨酸等试剂的抑制,抗霉素A 对它则无影响。除了能还原细胞色素c 之外,其他如氮蓝四唑、2,6-二氯酚靛酚均可作为受体,并且亦很快失活。泛醌-5不能被还原,以其他受体测活力时,泛醌-5亦无激活作用。经分析,其异咯嗪、非血红素铁以及不稳定硫之比为1∶(8～10)∶10。     

琥珀酸脱氢酶的研究——琥珀酸脱氢酶还原细胞色素c的性质

新鲜制备之水溶性琥珀酸脱氢酶能还原细胞色素c,此还原细胞色素c之能力与其重组琥珀酸氧化酶系的能力呈平行关系,二者均很快减弱,数小时之内即全部丧失。还原细胞色素c之能力受金属螯合剂如邻二氮菲,硫茂甲酰基三氟丙酮及组氨酸等试剂的抑制,抗霉素A对它则无影响。除了能还原细胞色素c之外,其他如氮蓝四唑、2,6-二氯酚靛酚均可作为受体,并且亦很快失活。泛醌-5不能被还原,以其他受体测活力时,泛醌-5亦无激活作用。经分析,其异咯嗪、非血红素铁以及不稳定硫之比为1:(8～10):10。     

3-硝基-N-甲基水杨酰胺对琥珀酸细胞色素c还原酶的抑制作用

 我们发现3-硝基-N-甲基水杨酰胺对猪心线粒体呼吸链的琥珀酸细胞色素c还原酶活力有抑制作用。抑制部位在呼吸链中PMS和DCPIP的电子给体之间。抑制性质表现为可逆非竞争性。     

血红素对一些黄酶的抑制作用

血红素对一些黄酶都具有强烈的抑制作用,并且血红素过老化以后对一些黄酶活力的抑制程度因受体不同而有显著差别。在相同的抑制剂浓度下,心肌制剂琥珀酸及NADH氧化酶系中以氧气、细胞色素c和PMS为受体时的活力没有影响,但对以正铁氰化钾、DGPIP和细胞色素b为受体时的活力则有明显抑制。对水溶性琥珀酸脱氢酶、黄递酶和NADH-细胞色素c还原酶以不同受体进行反应时的抑制情况也与上述结果相似,说明抑制作用点直接与琥珀酸脱氢酶及NADH脱氢酶有关。老化血红素对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用不同,它不影响DCPIP为受体时的活力而却抑制细胞色素c的还原。老化血红素对胆硷氧化酶系及α-甘油磷酸氧化酶系的抑制行为与NADH及琥珀酸氧化酶系相似,看来胆硷和α-甘油磷酸脱氢酶可能也都是黄酶。老化血红素对以上黄酶的抑制都是可逆的,并且从检查6个酶系的结果知道这些抑制皆属竞争性类型。     

酵母菌分类中泛醌类型的一种快速简便的鉴定方法

泛醌类化合物(简称UQ)是生物体内的一类非极性化合物,在电子传递及氧化磷酸化中起重要作用。近年来,已普遍将它作为酵母化学分类的一种指标。泛醌作为分类指征的基础在于其异戊烯基侧链单元的长度。存在于酵母细胞中的泛醌类型通常为UQ_6、UQ_7、UQ_8、UQ_9、UQ_(10)。目前,对酵母菌泛醌类型的确定     

豇豆初生叶多胺氧化酶的催化特性

从豇豆幼苗 (6d苗龄 )初生叶提纯得到的多胺氧化酶 (EC 1 .4.3 .6 )属于二胺氧化酶 ,最有效的底物是 1 ,4 二胺丁烷 (腐胺 )、1 ,5 二胺戊烷 (尸胺 )、1 ,6 二胺己烷、1 ,1 0 二胺癸烷等α 二胺 ,其催化活性随二胺类底物碳链的增长而相应减弱。豇豆多胺氧化酶对亚精胺和精胺也具有较高的催化活性。另外 ,底物腐胺和尸胺的浓度超过 2mmol/L或亚精胺和精胺浓度超过 3mmol/L时会对酶活性有抑制效应。以腐胺和尸胺为底物时 ,酶的最适 pH约为7.0 ,而以亚精胺和精胺为底物时其最适pH为 6 .5。该酶的催化活性还随反应介质的离子强度增加而降低。K ,Ca2 和Mg2 (皆为 1 0mmol/L)对酶活性无明显抑制作用 ,而同样浓度的Mn2 ,Zn2 ,Fe2 ,Co2 和Cd2 则对酶活性有不同程度的抑制作用。金属螯合剂EDTA(1 0mmol/L)和腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶抑制剂甲基乙二醛 双脒腙 (0 .1mmol/L)可抑制酶活性约 80 % ,而铜结合剂KCN(1 .0mmol/L)、羰基试剂羟胺 (0 .1mmol/L)和氨基胍 (0 .1mmol/L)可导致该酶完全失活     

大鼠丙酮酸激酶同工酶催化性质的比较研究

利用DEAE 纤维素柱层析分离大鼠组织匀浆105,000g 上清中的丙酮酸激酶(PyK)同工酶,发现肝和肾中存在L 及K 两型PyK,肝中以L 型为主,而肾中以K 型较多,L:K 的平均活性比值分别为6.07及0.248。但骨胳肌中只有M 型。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶板电泳也可获得相似的同工酶谱。用硫酸铵沉淀结合层析又从大鼠红细胞中提取了R 型PyK,与上述三型一起,进行了催化性质的比较研究。结果如下:1.K 型对热极不稳定,而M 型对热最为稳定。2.L 型和K 型可利用GIP 代替ADP 作为底物,但GDP 作为底物时的酶活性远小于ADP 作底物时的活性。M 型利用GDP 的能力很小,而R 型几乎可忽略不计。3.某些氨基酸可抑制PyK,K 型PyK 对氨基酸的抑制最为敏感,可使其抑制的氮基酸最多,而M 型最不敏感,在测定的12种氨基酸中仅受苯丙氨酸抑制,L 型与R 型介于上述两型之间,可使它们抑制的氨基酸种类相似。4.氨基酸对PyK 的抑制作用与它们代谢途径中成糖或成酮的关系尚不明确,而与其结构有密切关系。能抑制PyK 的氨基酸主要是非极性氨基酸,如丙、正丁、脯、苯丙氨酸等,当这四种氨基酸的侧链羟化成相应的丝氨酸、苏氨酸、羟脯氨酸或酪氨酸后,其抑制作用明显减弱或消失。5.小侧链的脂肪族氨基酸(如半胱、丙、正丁)对L 型PyK 的抑制作用强于大侧链的芳香族氨基酸(苯丙、酪);但对K 型PyK 的抑制却弱于大侧链芳香族氮基酸。并且L 型对小侧链氨基酸的敏感性大于K 型,而对大侧链氨基酸的敏感小于K 型。6.丙氨酸对L、R、K 三型PyK 的抑制作用与其α-氨基和直链结构有密切关系,其中α-氨基尤为重要。7.果糖-1,6-二磷酸(FDP)能激潘R 及K 型PyK,当底物PEP 处于低浓度时,尚可激活L 型。FDP 还能逆转各种氨基酸对四型PyK 同工酶的抑制作用,其中对R 及K 型的逆转效果较大。FDP 对各种氮基酸抑制的逆转效应并不相同。8.丝氨酸可显著激活K 型PyK,也可逆转氨基酸对K 型PyK 的抑制作用,其逆转效率仍因氪基酸而异,但其激活作用与FDP 不能相加。对上述结果作了讨论,认力这些PyK 同工酶催化性质的差异可有助于鉴定未知样品中的同工酶类型。还提出一个PyK 同工酶上有两类氨基酸结合点的假说。     

日本血吸虫琥珀酸氧化酶的研究

应用測压法和分光光度法証明了日本血吸虫含有琥珀酸氧化酶,琥珀酸脫氫酶,琥珀酸-細胞色素c还原酶和細胞色素氧化酶等完整系統。血吸虫的琥珀酸氧化酶活力与細胞色素c浓度有关,浓度增加,酶活力上升,在0.4×10~(-5)—2×10~(-5)M之間与酶活力成直綫关系。酶活力与磷酸盐浓度亦有一定关系,浓度愈低,酶活力愈強。在酶作用的最适条件下(琥珀酸鈉,0.02M;細胞色素c,2×10~(-5)M;磷酸盐緩冲液,0.01M,pH7.4)測定合抱成虫匀浆的酶活力,結果为:氧耗量Qo_2=30.3微升/小时/毫克氮量;琥珀酸耗量Q_S=322微克/小时/毫克氮量;延胡索酸产生量Q_F=157微克/小时/毫克氮量。当雌雄虫分別測定时,在等氮量基础上,雌虫酶活力比雄虫高。丙二酸鈉,二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸鈉(銅試剂)和氰化物都能強烈地抑制琥珀酸氧化酶活力。治疗血吸虫病常用的几种銻剂在2×10~(-3)M时,体外試驗,对此酶活力无明显的抑制作用。此外,氰化物除抑制細胞色素氧化酶外,还能抑制琥珀酸脫氫酶(用甲烯蓝方法測定)。与細胞色素c相似,維生素K_3亦能刺激匀浆的呼吸。此外,我們发現了日本血吸虫匀浆經过加热处理后,可以分离出一种耐热的“还原物貭”,对細胞色素c有化学的还原作用。本文还討論了血吸虫琥珀酸的代謝途径和細胞色素系統在呼吸鏈中可能占有重要地位。     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzimidazole-4,7-diones that inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

A series of 6-arylamino-5-chloro-benzimidazole-4,7-diones were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activity on the rat aortic smooth muscle cell (RAoSMC) proliferation. Among them, 6-arylamino-5-chloro-2-methyl-benzimidazole-4,7-diones exhibited potent antiproliferative activity. Benzimidazole-4,7-dione 2c activated SAPK/JNK signaling pathway in the RAoSMCs.     

Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4,7-diones as vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibitors

A series of 2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4,7-diones were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activity on the PDGF-stimulated proliferation of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Among the tested compounds, 6-arylthio-5-chloro-2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4,7-diones exhibited an potent antiproliferative activity.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-arylamino-6-chloro-1H-indazole-4,7-diones as inhibitors of protein kinase B/Akt

A series of 5-arylamino-6-chloro-1H-indazole-4,7-diones were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity on protein kinase B/Akt. The compounds exhibited a potent Akt1 inhibitory activity. Further mechanistic study revealed that they might have dual inhibitory effects on both activity and phosphorylation of Akt1 in PC-3 tumor cell line.     

Synthesis and antifungal activity of 5-arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzo[b]thiophenes

5-Arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzo[b]thiophenes 3-6 were synthesized and tested for in vitro antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus species. 5-Arylamino-6-chloro-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,7-dioxobenzo[b]thiophenes 5 showed, in general, more potent antifungal activity against Candida species than the other 4,7-dioxobenzo[b]thiophenes 3, 4 and 6. The results suggest that 5-arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzo[b]thiophenes would be potent antifungal agents.     

5-Arylamino-2-methyl-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles as inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and cytotoxic agents

5-Arylamino-2-methyl-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles were synthesized as inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cytotoxic agents. Most of the 4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles exhibited selective inhibitory activities for the CDK4 and cytotoxic potential against human cancer cell lines.     

Synthesis and antifungal activity of 2,5-disubstituted-6-arylamino-4,7-benzimidazolediones

2,5-Disubstituted-6-arylamino-4,7-benzimidazolediones were synthesized and tested for in vitro antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. Among them, 6-arylamino-5-chloro-2-(2-pyridyl)-4,7-benzimidazolediones exhibited potent antifungal activity against Candida species and Aspergillus niger.     

Synthesis and evaluation of novel 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-methylimidazole embedded chalcones and pyrazoles as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A series of novel 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-methylimidazole embedded aryl and heteroaryl derived chalcones and pyrazoles were synthesized and evaluated for their angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. The condensation of 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-methylimidazole-5-carboxaldehyde with various aryl and heteroaryl methyl ketones in the presence of 10% aqueous NaOH in methanol proceeded efficiently to give the respective chalcones in very good yields. Further, the reaction of chalcones with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid gave substituted pyrazole analogues. Screening all 36 new compounds using ACE inhibition assay, resulted chalcones with better ACE inhibitory activity compared to the respective pyrazole analogues. Among the chalcones 4a-r, three compounds, (E)-3-(2-butyl-4-chloro-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enone 4i, (E)-3-(2-butyl-4-chloro-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)prop-2-enone 4l, (E)-3-(2-butyl-4-chloro-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-(dibenzo[b,d] thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enone 4q were resulted as most active ACE inhibitors with IC(50) of 3.60 μM, 2.24 μM, and 2.68 μM, respectively.     

Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of thiophene analogues of 5-chloro-5,8-dideazafolic acid and 2-methyl-2-desamino-5-chloro-5,8-dideazafolic acid

N-[5-[N-(2-Amino-5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazolin-6-yl)methylamino]-2-thenoyl]-L-glutamic acid (6) and N-[5-[N-(5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-6-yl)methylamino]-2-thenoyl]-L-glutamic acid (7), the first reported thiophene analogues of 5-chloro-5,8-dideazafolic acid, were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of tumor cell growth in culture. 4-Chloro-5-methylisatin (10) was converted stepwise to methyl 2-amino-5-methyl-6-chlorobenzoate (22) and 2-amino-5-chloro-3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxoquinazoline (19). Pivaloylation of the 2-amino group, followed by NBS bromination, condensation with di-tert-butyl N-(5-amino-2-thenoyl)-L-glutamate (28), and stepwise cleavage of the protecting groups with ammonia and TFA yielded. Treatment of 9 with acetic anhydride afforded 2,6-dimethyl-5-chlorobenz[1,3-d]oxazin-4-one (31), which on reaction with ammonia, NaOH was converted to 2,6-dimethyl-5-chloro-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-one (33). Bromination of, followed by condensation with and ester cleavage with TFA, yielded. The IC(50) of and against CCRF-CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts was 1.8+/-0.1 and 2.1+/-0.8 microM, respectively.     

Synthesis and antifungal activity of 6-arylthio-/6-arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles

6-Arylthio-/6-arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles were synthesized and tested for in vitro antifungal activity against Candida species and Aspergillus niger. 6-Arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles 5 and 6 showed, in general, more potent antifungal activity than 6-arylthio-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles 3 and 4. The 6-arylamino-substituted compounds 5 and 6 exhibited the greatest activity. In contrast, 6-arylthio-, 2-/5-methyl- or 5-methoxy-moieties of compounds 3-4 did not improve their antifungal activity significantly. The results of this study suggest that 6-arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles would be potent antifungal agents.     

Retinoic acid metabolism inhibition by 3-azolylmethyl-1H-indoles and 2, 3 or 5-(alpha-azolylbenzyl)-1H-indoles

Among a library of 70 azoles, 8 indole derivatives substituted in the 2-, 3- or 5- position with an azolylmethyl or alpha-azolylbenzyl chain were evaluated for retinoic acid (RA) metabolism inhibitory activity. The most active inhibitors identified in this study were 5-bromo-1-ethyl-3-methyl-2-[(phenyl)(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-indole (3) (68.9% inhibition) and 5-bromo-1-ethyl-2-[(4-fluorophenyl) (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-3-methyl-1H-indole (6) (60.4% inhibition). At the same concentration (100 microM) ketoconazole exerted similar inhibitory effect (70% inhibition).