叠氮水杨酰胺类化合物对呼吸链琥珀酸-细胞色素c还原酶的抑制作用

合成了３－叠氮基－Ｎ－正癸烷基水杨酰胺和５－叠氮基－Ｎ－正癸烷基水杨酰胺并检测了它们对呼吸链酶系从琥珀酸到细胞色素ｃ段电子传递活性的抑制作用．两种化合物对琥珀酸－泛醌还原酶的抑制能力基本相同,而５位叠氮基取代物对泛醌－细胞色素ｃ还原酶的抑制能力较３位叠氮基取代物为强．它们与泛醌反应抑制剂３－硝基－Ｎ－正癸烷基水杨酰胺相比较,其抑制性质基本相似,只是抑制能力较后者为弱     

3-硝基-N-甲基水杨酰胺抑制琥珀酸细胞色素c还原酶的动力学特征

 用可逆非竞争性抑制的动力学方程分析3-硝基-N-甲基水杨酰胺对琥珀酸细胞色素c还原酶的抑制作用,发现在高浓度抑制剂条件下实验数据偏离动力学方程。以大豆磷脂取代酶中的天然磷脂后,不再出现这种偏离。这一现象可能与呼吸链酶的双体特征有关。     

3-硝基-N-甲基水杨酰胺对琥珀酸细胞色素c还原酶的抑制作用

 我们发现3-硝基-N-甲基水杨酰胺对猪心线粒体呼吸链的琥珀酸细胞色素c还原酶活力有抑制作用。抑制部位在呼吸链中PMS和DCPIP的电子给体之间。抑制性质表现为可逆非竞争性。     

呼吸链酶系结构与功能

简单综述了近年来对呼吸链酶系的研究.介绍了筛选的泛醌反应抑制剂的性质及其在醌催化机制研究中的应用,以及酶与酶之间和脂与酶之间的相互关系,及其在电子传递功能中的作用.     

苯并噻唑醌类化合物对呼吸链酶系的抑制作用

合成了2-氯-5-正十二硫烷基-6-甲基-4,7-苯并噻唑醌(2-Cl-DMMDBT)和2-氯-5-正丁烷氨基-6-甲基-4,7-苯并噻唑醌(2-Cl-BAMDBT)两种化合物,研究了它们对线粒体呼吸链酶系的抑制作用.结果表明:2-Cl-DMMDBT和2-C1-BAMDBT对琥珀酸氧化酶及泛醌氧化酶的电子传递活性均表现一定的抑制作用,而对细胞色素氧化酶无作用,说明二者的抑制作用发生在泛醌反应区.二者对NADH氧化酶的抑制行为略有不同,2-Cl-DMMDBT是一个逐渐加强的过程,最终可致酶活性完全抑制,而2-Cl-BAMDBT则表现为瞬间抑制.比较了2-Cl-DMMDBT和2-Cl-BAMDBT对琥珀酸氧化酶的抑制能力,长侧链的2-Cl-DMMDBT比短侧链的2-Cl-BAMDBT抑制能力强很多.     

3-氰基吡啶水合酶的纯化及性质

马红球菌(Rhodococcus equi)SHB-121胞内3-氰基吡啶水合酶经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-cellulose DE52和羟基磷灰石柱层析并经过Sephadex G-25处理,得到了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳均一的3-氰基吡啶水合酶,纯化了31倍。该酶由一条肽链组成,其分子量为30kD,等电点为4.1。3-氰基吡啶水合酶能催化3-氰基吡啶水合生成尼克酰胺。酶反应最适pH为8.0,最适温度为30℃。Ag~+、Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)及NH_4~+对酶活力有强烈抑制作用。当以3-氰基吡啶为底物时,其K_m为0.1mol/L。NaCN为该酶反竞争性抑制剂,其K_I为5mmol/L。     

脂对泛醌细胞色素c还原酶的影响

用羟基磷灰石柱亲和层析法制备了高纯度的缺脂泛醌细胞色素c还原酶．脂的缺失使该酶活力丢失,部分细胞色素（约52.8％细胞色素b和82.5％细胞色素c₁）呈现还原状态．将缺脂泛醌细胞色素。还原酶与磷脂重组,可恢复其活性,同时那些呈还原状态的细胞色素也恢复到氧化态.此结果表明如此制备的缺脂泛醌细胞色素c还原酶仍保持着活力所必需的构象状态,细胞色素氧化还原状态随脂缺失的变化反映了脂与蛋白的相互作用.     

海绵Hyatella sp．中的含氮化合物

本文报道从中国南海湛江硇洲岛海绵Hyatella sp.分离得到5种含氮化合物,经光谱分析鉴定其结构分别为:环脯氨酰-苏氨酸(1),2-N-(1,3,4-三羟基-17-甲基)十八烷基-2′-羟基-18-甲基二十碳酰胺(2),2-N-(1,3,4-三羟基-17-甲基)十八烷基-2′-羟基-19-甲基二十一碳酰胺(3),2-N-(1,3,4-三羟基-17-甲基)十八烷基-2′-羟基-20-甲基二十二碳酰胺(4)和胸腺嘧啶(5),化合物(1)首次从自然界中发现.     

3-氰基吡啶水合酶的反应条件及影响因子

研究了芳腈水合酶催化水合3-氰基吡啶生成尼克酰胺的反应条件及影响因子.酶反应的最适pH为8.0,最适温度为25℃.酶在pH8.5于25℃保温4小时或在25—30℃于pH8.0保温3小时是稳定的.反应液中加入Fe~(3 )(1.5 mmol/L)可使酶活力增加 50%,而加入NH_4~ (300 mmol/L)则使酶活降低了67%.Ag~ 和 Hg(2 )”强烈地抑制酶反应活性,在浓度均为 5mmol/L时,抑制率分别为99.7%和100%.NaCN(50 mmol/L)和苯甲腈(100 mmol/L)对酶活性的抑制率分别为78%和85%.该酶作用于 3-氰基吡啶的Km为62.5 mmol/L,V_(max)为85.8 μmol·min~(-1)·mg~(-1).     

3-氰基吡啶水合酶的反应条件及影响因子

研究了芳腈水合酶催化水合3-氰基吡啶生成尼克酰胺的反应条件及影响因子.酶反应的最适pH为8.0,最适温度为25℃.酶在pH8.5于25℃保温4小时或在25—30℃于pH8.0保温3小时是稳定的.反应液中加入Fe~(3+)(1.5 mmol/L)可使酶活力增加 50%,而加入NH_4~+(300 mmol/L)则使酶活降低了67%.Ag~+和 Hg(2+)”强烈地抑制酶反应活性,在浓度均为 5mmol/L时,抑制率分别为99.7%和100%.NaCN(50 mmol/L)和苯甲腈(100 mmol/L)对酶活性的抑制率分别为78%和85%.该酶作用于 3-氰基吡啶的Km为62.5 mmol/L,V_(max)为85.8 μmol·min~(-1)·mg~(-1).     

In vitro regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme a reductase and acylcoenzyme a: Cholesterol acyltransferase activities by phoshorylation-dephosphorylation in rabbit intestine

The regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase and acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activities by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in rabbit intestine was studied in vitro. Preparing intestinal microsomes in the presence of 50 mM NaF caused a 64% decrease in the reductase activity. It had no effect on acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Microsomes that were prepared in NaF were incubated with intestinal cytosol, a partially purified phosphatase from cytosol, and Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. All three preparations increased 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by two- or three-fold suggesting dephosphorylation and ‘reactivation’ of enzyme activity. Cytosol caused a 78% increase in acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity, but neither the partially purified phosphatase nor the E. coli alkaline phosphatase affected the acyltransferase activity. Microsomes incubated with increasing concentrations of MgCl₂ and ATP decreased both the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase in a step-wise fashion. Whereas this inhibitory effect was specific for reductase, the effect on acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity was secondary to the presence of ATP in the assay mixture. The 8500×g supernatant of intestinal whole homogenate from isolated intestinal cells or scraped mucosa was incubated with MgCl₂, ATP and NaF. In microsomes prepared from this supernatant, the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase was significantly decreased. Again, no change was observed in the acyltransferase activity. The rate of cholesterol esterification in isolated intestinal cells was not affected by 0.1 mM cAMP or 50 mM NaF. We conclude that under conditions which regulate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in rabbit intestine by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, no regulation of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity is observed.     

2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid suppressed the growth of Alternaria alternata through damaging cell membrane integrity and modulating reactive oxygen species metabolism

Black spot rot caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the major postharvest disease of apple fruit during logistic. This study evaluated in vitro inhibitory effect of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (PLA) at various concentrations on A. alternata and the possible mechanisms involved in its action. Results showed that different concentrations of PLA inhibited conidia germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata in vitro, and 1.0 g L⁻¹ was the lowest effective concentration to suppress A. alternata growth. Moreover, PLA significantly reduced relative conductivity and increased malondialdehyde and soluble protein contents. PLA also increased H₂O₂ and dehydroascorbic acid contents, but reduced ascorbic acid content. Additionally, PLA treatment inhibited catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate acid reductase, dehydroascorbic acid reductase and glutathione reductase activities, whereas promoted superoxide dismutase activity. All these findings suggest that the possible mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effect of PLA on A. alternata included damaging the cell membrane integrity to cause electrolyte leakage and destroying reactive oxygen species balance.     

Regulation of sterol synthesis in human lymphocytes: evidence for post-transcriptional control by low density lipoprotein.

The effect of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), an inhibitor of messenger RNA synthesis, on the induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mediated by lipid-depleted serum was studied in isolated human lymphocytes. 50 micrograms/ml cordycepin, although inhibiting messenger RNA synthesis by more than 50%, had no inhibitory effect on the two and four-fold induction of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase when cells were incubated in a medium containing lipid-depleted serum for 8 and 16 h, respectively. This result suggests that newly synthesises messenger RNA is not required for the effect of lipid-depleted serum on the induction of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase in human lymphocytes.     

Interference with the determination of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and its properties by a microsomal enzymic activity.

Rat liver microsomes and microsomal extracts contain an enzymic activity which competes with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A. The presence of this activity in enzyme preparations causes errors in the determination of reductase activity and its properties. This contaminant can be removed by gel filtration using Bio-Gel A 1.5m, by washing the microsomes, or by incubating the microsomal extract at 37 °C. The K_m's of the reductase (free of this competing enzymic activity) for d-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A and NADPH are 1.3 and 26 μm, respectively.     

Neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary cortical neurones

Statins [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors] exert cholesterol-independent pleiotropic effects that include anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. Here, we examined direct protective effects of atorvastatin on neurones in different cell damage models in vitro. Primary cortical neurones were pre-treated with atorvastatin and then exposed to (i) glutamate, (ii) oxygen-glucose deprivation or (iii) several apoptosis-inducing compounds. Atorvastatin significantly protected from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity as evidenced by propidium iodide staining, nuclear morphology, release of lactate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial tetrazolium metabolism, but not from oxygen-glucose deprivation or apoptotic cell death. This anti-excitototoxic effect was evident with 2-4 days pre-treatment but not with daily administration or shorter-term pre-treatment. The protective properties occurred independently of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition because co-treatment with mevalonate or other isoprenoids did not reverse or attenuate neuroprotection. Atorvastatin attenuated the glutamate-induced increase of intracellular calcium, which was associated with a modulation of NMDA receptor function. Taken together, atorvastatin exerts specific anti-excitotoxic effects independent of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition, which has potential therapeutic implications.     

Comparative effects of selenite and selenate on nitrate assimilation in barley seedlings

Abstract. The effect of SeO₃ and SeO₄ on NO₃ assimilation in 8-d-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was studied over a 24-h period. Selenite at 0.1 mol. m^? in the uptake solutions severely inhibited the induction of NO₃ uptake and active nitrate reductases. Selenate, at 1.0 mol m^?3 in the nutrient solution, had little effect on induction of activities of these systems until after 12 h; however, when the seedlings were pretreated with 1.0 mol m^?3 SeO₄ for 24 h, subsequent NO₃ uptake from SeO₄-free solutions was inhibited about 60%. Sulphate partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of SeO₃ when supplied together in the ambient solutions, but had no effect in seedlings pretreated with SeO₃. By contrast, SO₄ partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of SeO₄ even in seedlings pretreated with SeO₄. Since uptake of NO₃ by intact seedlings was also inhibited by SeO₃, the percentage of the absorbed NO₃ that was reduced was not affected. By contrast, SeO₄, which affected NO₃ uptake much less, inhibited the percentage reduced of that absorbed. However, when supplied to detached leaves, both SeO₃ and SeO₄ inhibited the in vivo reduction of NO₃ as well as the induction of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities. Selenite was more inhibitory than SeO₄; approximately a five to 10 times higher concentration of SeO₄ than SeO₃ was required to achieve similar inhibition. In detached leaves, the inhibitory effect of both SeO₃ and SeO₄ on in vivo NO₃ reduction as well as on the induction of nitrate reductase activity was partially alleviated by SO₄. The inhibitory effects of Se salts on the induction of nitrite reductase were, however, completely alleviated by SO₄. The results show that in barley seedlings SeO₃ is more toxic than SeO₄. The reduction of SeO₄ to SeO₃ may be a rate limiting step in causing Se toxicity.     

Anti‐Androgenic Activity of Fatty Acids

In this study, we show that 5α‐reductase derived from rat fresh liver was inhibited by certain aliphatic free fatty acids. The influences of chain length, unsaturation, oxidation, and esterification on the potency to inhibit 5α‐reductase activity were studied. Among the fatty acids we tested, inhibitory saturated fatty acids had C₁₂–C₁₆ chains, and the presence of a C?C bond enhanced the inhibitory activity. Esterification and hydroxy compounds were totally inactive. Finally, we tested the prostate cancer cell proliferation effect of free fatty acids. In keeping with the results of the 5α‐reductase assay, saturated fatty acids with a C₁₂ chain (lauric acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid and α‐linolenic acid) showed a proliferation inhibitory effect on lymph‐node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cells. At the same time, the testosterone‐induced prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) mRNA expression was down‐regulated. These results suggested that fatty acids with 5α‐reductase inhibitory activity block the conversion of testosterone to 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and then inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cells.     

In vitro regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase and acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activities by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in rabbit intestine

The regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase and acylcoenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activities by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in rabbit intestine was studied in vitro. Preparing intestinal microsomes in the presence of 50 mM NaF caused a 64% decrease in the reductase activity. It had no effect on acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Microsomes that were prepared in NaF were incubated with intestinal cytosol, a partially purified phosphatase from cytosol, and Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. All three preparations increased 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by two- or three-fold suggesting dephosphorylation and 'reactivation' of enzyme activity. Cytosol caused a 78% increase in acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity, but neither the partially purified phosphatase nor the E. coli alkaline phosphatase affected the acyltransferase activity. Microsomes incubated with increasing concentrations of MgCl2 and ATP decreased both the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and acylcoenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase in a step-wise fashion. Whereas this inhibitory effect was specific for reductase, the effect on acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity was secondary to the presence of ATP in the assay mixture. The 8500 X g supernatant of intestinal whole homogenate from isolated intestinal cells or scraped mucosa was incubated with MgCl2, ATP and NaF. In microsomes prepared from this supernatant, the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase was significantly decreased. Again, no change was observed in the acyltransferase activity. The rate of cholesterol esterification in isolated intestinal cells was not affected by 0.1 mM cAMP or 50 mM NaF. We conclude that under conditions which regulate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in rabbit intestine by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, no regulation of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity is observed.     

Properties and tissue distribution of a novel aldo-keto reductase encoding in a rat gene (Akr1b10)

A recent rat genomic sequencing predicts a gene Akr1b10 that encodes a protein with 83% sequence similarity to human aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1B10. In this study, we isolated the cDNA for the rat AKR1B10 (R1B10) from rat brain, and examined the enzymatic properties of the recombinant protein. R1B10 utilized NADPH as the preferable coenzyme, and reduced various aldehydes (including cytotoxic 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and 4-hydroxy- and 4-oxo-2-nonenals) and α-dicarbonyl compounds (such as methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone), showing low K_m values of 0.8-6.1 μM and 3.7-67 μM, respectively. The enzyme also reduced glyceraldehyde and tetroses (K_m = 96-390 μM), although hexoses and pentoses were inactive and poor substrates, respectively. Among the substrates, 4-oxo-2-nonenal was most efficiently reduced into 4-oxo-2-nonenol, and its cytotoxicity against bovine endothelial cells was decreased by the overexpression of R1B10. R1B10 showed low sensitivity to aldose reductase inhibitors, and was activated to approximately two folds by valproic acid, and alicyclic and aromatic carboxylic acids. The mRNA for R1B10 was expressed highly in rat brain and heart, and at low levels in other rat tissues and skin fibroblasts. The results suggest that R1B10 functions as a defense system against oxidative stress and glycation in rat tissues.