大黄素对TGF-β1诱导的肾小管上皮细胞间质转分化的影响

目的:探讨大黄素对TGF-β1诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)间质转分化的影响。方法:不同浓度大黄素分别作用于TGF-β1诱导HK-2细胞24 h和48 h,通过细胞增殖实验确定最佳大黄素最佳给药浓度。TGF-β1诱导HK-2细胞24 h后收集细胞用于免疫印迹Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)分析。Western印迹法分别检测纤维化相关蛋白Collagen IV的表达,和肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转分化关键蛋白α-SMA和E-Cadherin的表达;RT-PCR法检测肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转分化关键蛋白α-SMA的表达。结果:由细胞增殖实验结果表明40μM大黄素是最佳给药浓度。Western结果表明,与模型组相比,大黄素组下调纤维化相关蛋白Collagen IV的表达,大黄素组与模型组蛋白差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与模型组相比,大黄素组下调α-SMA蛋白表达水平,而上调E-Cadherin蛋白表达,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。RT-PCR结果表明,与模型组相比,大黄素组降低α-SMA mRNA的含量,大黄素组与模型组α-SMA mRNA含量差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:大黄素可通过抑制TGF-β1诱导的HK-2细胞间质转分化,从而发挥延缓肾间质纤维化的过程。     

白介素-1β对高糖刺激的人肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响

目的探讨炎症细胞因子白介素-1β（interleukin-1βIL-1β）对高糖刺激的人肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响。-方法体外培养人肾近曲小管上皮细胞株（HKCs）,随机分为正常对照组（5.5 mmol/L normal glucose）;高糖组（30 mmol/L high glucose）;高糖＋IL-1β（5ng/ml）组。分别于处理后24h、48h、72h收集细胞,采用免疫细胞化学染色和Western蛋白印迹法检测细胞角蛋白-18（cytokeratin-18 CK-18）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actinα-SMA）水平。结果高糖能够诱导肾小管上皮细胞α-SMA蛋白的合成增加,而肾小管上皮细胞的标志物CK-18的表达逐渐减少;IL-1β与高糖同时刺激可使肾小管上皮细胞α-SMA蛋白表达进一步增多,而其自身标志物CK-18的表达则明显下降。结论炎症因子IL-1β能增强高糖对肾小管上皮细胞转分化的作用。     

氰酸盐诱导氧化应激促进肾小管上皮细胞上皮–间充质转化

该研究探讨氰酸盐(cyanate)诱导肾小管上皮细胞氧化应激损伤和促进肾纤维化的作用。氰酸盐作用HK-2肾小管上皮细胞后, CCK8法检测其对细胞活力的影响;倒置显微镜观察细胞形态的改变; DCFH-DA法检测细胞ROS水平;细胞免疫荧光和Western blot分别检测E-cadherin、Fibronectin、α-SMA的表达; Western blot检测TGF-β的表达水平。结果显示, 2 mmol/L氰酸盐明显下调HK-2细胞的活力(P<0.05),细胞形态变为长梭形。氰酸盐作用24 h后, HK-2细胞内ROS水平呈浓度依赖性升高。免疫荧光和Western blot结果均显示,氰酸盐作用24 h后, HK-2的Fibronectin、α-SMA表达升高, E-cadherin表达下降; TGF-β的表达水平随氰酸盐浓度升高而上调(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,氰酸盐诱导肾小管上皮细胞产生过量ROS,上调TGF-β水平促进细胞上皮–间充质细胞转化(epithelia-mesenchymal transition, EMT)。     

LINC00472参与TGF-β1诱导的HK-2细胞系纤维化和上皮间充质转化

摘要 目的：探讨长链非编码RNA LINC00472在肾纤维化细胞模型中的表达及其在TGF-β1诱导的肾小管上皮细胞纤维化和上皮间充质转化（EMT）中的功能作用。方法：使用重组人TGF-β1诱导人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）纤维化和EMT,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测细胞中纤维化相关基因和LINC00472的mRNA表达水平,通过Western blot免疫印迹法检测细胞中纤维化相关基因的蛋白表达水平,通过划痕实验评估LINC00472表达对HK-2细胞迁移能力的影响。结果：TGF-β1能成功诱导HK-2细胞发生纤维化和EMT,并剂量和时间依赖性地抑制LINC00472的表达（P<0.05）。抑制LINC00472进一步促进TGF-β1诱导的Fibronectin和Vimentin上调,以及E-cadherin下调（P<0.05）;而过表达LINC00472则能逆转TGF-β1对纤维化相关基因的诱导作用（P<0.05）。此外,抑制LINC00472能进一步增强TGF-β1诱导的HK-2细胞迁移（P<0.05）,而上调LINC00472则使细胞迁移受到抑制（P<0.05）。结论：LINC00472在TGF-β1诱导的肾纤维化细胞模型中呈低表达,其表达水平的降低能促进细胞纤维化和EMT过程。     

Wnt/β-catenin信号途径在高糖诱导肾小管上皮细胞转分化中的作用

目的探讨Wnt/β-catenin信号途径在高糖诱导肾小管上皮细胞转分化中的作用。方法体外培养人近端肾小管上皮细胞（HKC）,分为正常糖组、甘露醇对照组及高糖组。采用免疫细胞化学观察β-连环蛋白（β-catenin）表达情况;Westernblot检测Wnt4、β-catenin、E-钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）表达水平;逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测Wnt4和β-cateninmRNA表达水平。结果高糖组较正常糖及渗透浓度对照组Wnt4蛋白及mRNA、α-SMA蛋白表达增高,E-cadherin表达降低,β-catenin总蛋白及mRNA水平无明显变化,细胞浆及核内蛋白表达增强。高糖刺激肾小管上皮细胞Wnt4及核β-catenin蛋白表达呈时间依赖性,于高糖刺激后12h增强,24h达到高峰。结论Wnt/β-catenin信号通路可能参与了高糖介导的肾小管上皮细胞转分化过程。     

miR-21对TGF-β1诱导的肾小管上皮细胞间质转分化的影响

目的:观察miR-21在转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2细胞)上皮间质转分化(EMT)中的作用,并探讨miR-21参与调控HK-2细胞EMT的可能靶点。方法:体外培养的HK-2细胞分为6组:正常对照组、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)模型组、miR-21 mimic阴性组、miR-21 mimic组、miR-21 inhibitor阴性组和miR-21 inhibitor组。细胞经4 ng/ml TGF-β1处理建立EMT模型,检测miR-21和EMT相关指标的表达变化,利用基因转染技术,将miR-21 mimic质粒或miR-21 inhibitor质粒转染经TGF-β1处理的HK-2细胞,使细胞过表达或抑制表达miR-21,在此基础上观察细胞EMT相关指标的变化以及磷酸酯酶(PTEN)基因的影响。结果:(1)与正常组相比,模型组的miR-21含量显著升高(P0.05),上皮表型标志物E-cadherin的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P0.01),间质表型标志物α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)mRNA和蛋白水平也显著升高(P0.05,P0.01);(2)转染miR-21 mimic后,与miR-21 mimic阴性对照组相比,miR-21含量显著升高(P0.01),PTEN、E-cadherin的mRNA和蛋白水平显著降低(P0.05,P0.01),α-SMA mRNA和蛋白水平显著升高(P0.05,P0.01);转染miR-21 inhibitor后,与miR-21 inhibitor阴性对照组相比,miR-21含量显著降低(P0.01),PTEN、E-cadherin的mRNA和蛋白含量显著升高(P0.05,P0.01),α-SMA mRNA、蛋白水平显著降低(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:miR-21在TGF-β1诱导的HK-2细胞EMT发生中具有重要作用,并且可能通过靶基因PTEN参与EMT相关分子的表达调控。     

转化生长因子β1和snail1参与糖尿病大鼠肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变

本文旨在观察转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1）和锌指转录因子Snail1在糖尿病（diabetes mellitus,DM）大鼠肾组织中的表达,并初步探讨它们与肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变的关系。链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）诱发大鼠DM,按病程分为2、4、8、12、16、20、24周、16周胰岛素治疗（16wA）、20,周胰岛素治疗（20wA）和24周胰岛素治疗（24wA）组（n=6）。其中胰岛素治疗组动物从第13周起用胰岛素控制血糖至正常水平,每一时点均设鼠龄匹配的正常对照组。测定各组血糖、24h尿蛋白、血肌酐（serum creatinine,Scr）、肾脏指数。PAS染色光镜观察肾脏病理学改变。免疫组织化学检测肾脏Snail1、TGF-β1、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）、E-钙黏素和纤连蛋白（fibronectin,FN）的表达;Western blot检测肾皮质Snail1、TGF-β1和E-钙黏素蛋白表达。RT-PCR检测肾皮质Snail1和E-钙黏素mRNA表达。结果显示：（1）DM各组大鼠的血糖、24h尿蛋白、Scr、肾脏指数均较正常对照组明显升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,胰岛素治疗组大鼠上述指标均较DM组显著降低（P〈0．01）。（2）TGF-β1和Snail1免疫组织化学阳性染色见于DM各组大鼠肾小管,正常对照组未见阳性表达,胰岛素治疗组大鼠弱阳性表达,并随治疗时间延长而减少。从16周开始在DM大鼠肾小管上皮细胞可见α-SMA蛋白阳性表达,胰岛素治疗组大鼠未见α-SMA蛋白表达;DM组大鼠E-钙黏素蛋白阳性染色明显少于正常对照组。（3）DM组大鼠肾皮质TGF-β1和Snail1蛋白以及Snail1 mRNA表达较正常对照组显著增高（P〈0．01）,胰岛素治疗组大鼠则显著低于DM组（P〈0．01）;DM组E-钙黏素mRNA和蛋白表达与TGF-β1和Snail1呈相反变化。结果提示,TGF-β1和Snail1可能参与DM大鼠肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变,胰岛素治疗可抑制两者表达并阻断肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变。     

转化生长因子β1和Snaill参与糖尿病大鼠肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变

本文旨在观察转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)和锌指转录因子Snaill在糖尿病(diabetesmellitus,DM)大鼠.肾组织中的表达,并初步探讨它们与肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变的关系.链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱发大鼠DM,按病程分为2、4、8、12、16、20、24周、16周胰岛素治疗(16wA)、20周胰岛素治疗(20wA)和24周胰岛索治疗(24wA)组(n=6).其中胰岛素治疗组动物从第13周起用胰岛素控制血糖至正常水平,每一时点均设鼠龄匹配的正常对照组.测定各组血糖、24 h尿蛋白、血肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、肾脏指数.PAS染色光镜观察肾脏病理学改变.免疫组织化学检测肾脏SnMll、TGF-β1、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、E-钙黏素和纤连蛋白(fibronectin,FN)的表达;Western blot检测肾皮质SnailI、TGF-β1和E-钙黏素蛋白表达.RT-PeR检测肾皮质Snaill和E-钙黏素mRNA表达.结果显示:(1)DM各组大鼠的血糖、24 h尿蛋白、Scr、肾脏指数均较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),胰岛素治疗组大鼠上述指标均较DM组显著降低(P<0.01).(2)TGF-β1和Snmll免疫组织化学阳性染色见于DM各组大鼠肾小管,正常对照组未见阳性表达,胰岛素治疗组大鼠弱阳性表达,并随治疗时间延长而减少.从16周开始在DM大鼠肾小管上皮细胞可见α-SMA蛋白阳性表达,胰岛素治疗组大鼠未见α-SMA蛋白表达;DM组大鼠E-钙黏素蛋白阳性染色明显少于正常对照组.(3)DM组大鼠肾皮质TGF-β和Snaill蛋白以及Snaill mRNA表达较正常对照组显著增高(P<0.01),胰岛素治疗组大鼠则显著低于DM组(P<0.01);DM组E.钙黏素mRNA和蛋白表达与TGF-β1和Snaill呈相反变化.结果提示,TGF-βl和Snaill可能参与DM大鼠肾小管上皮细胞向问充质细胞转变,胰岛素治疗可抑制两者表达并阻断肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变.     

人脐带间充质干细胞外泌体抑制草酸及草酸钙诱导的HK-2细胞上皮间质转化

采用草酸及一水草酸钙(calcium oxalate monohydrate,COM)晶体诱导人近端肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)发生上皮间质转化,同时采用超速离心法提取人脐带间充质干细胞外泌体(human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells exosome,huc MSC-Ex)用于干预间质化的HK-2细胞,探究外泌体对其纤维化的缓解作用。采用Western blot、透射电镜及NTA(nanoparticle tracking analysis)鉴定外泌体表面标志物及形态,采用MTT法观察外泌体对细胞活性的影响;免疫荧光双标法检测ZO-1及N-cadherin的表达;Western blot检测细胞上皮标志物E-cadherin和ZO-1、间质标志物N-Cadherin和α-SMA及相关信号通路蛋白TGF-β和Smad2的表达水平。结果显示,草酸和COM晶体可使HK-2细胞形态发生上皮间质转化,并降低上皮细胞标志物E-cadherin和ZO-1的表达,同时使HK-2细胞高表达间质标志物N-Cadherin和α-SMA并上调信号通路蛋白TGF-β和Smad2的表达。电镜下可观察到huc MSC-Ex形态呈双层膜,中空,圆形或椭圆形,并且阳性表达外泌体标志物Alix、CD63和TSG101蛋白,其粒径分布在80~300 nm之间。huc MSC-Ex预处理可显著提高暴露于草酸及COM晶体的HK-2细胞活性。降低HK-2细胞中N-Cadherin和α-SMA及信号通路蛋白TGF-β和Smad2的表达,恢复其上皮标志物E-cadherin和ZO-1蛋白的表达。该研究结果表明,huc MSC-Ex能够缓解草酸及COM晶体诱导的HK-2细胞损伤,同时抑制其上皮间质转化。     

Smad2/3上调促进大鼠梗阻性肾病的纤维化和凋亡

目的观察TGF-β1/Smads信号传导途径对大鼠肾间质纤维化表达的影响.方法 40只Wistar大鼠分为假手术组及模型组.单侧输尿管结扎术式(UUO)建立肾梗阻模型.分别于术后3、6、14和28d处死动物.应用免疫组织化学和流式细胞学技术来检测TGF-β1、Smad2/3、p-Smad2/3和观察细胞外基质以及细胞凋亡的改变.MASSON染色观察肾间质病变程度.结果与假手术组相比,模型组于术后3d梗阻肾TGF-β1、Smad2/3、p-Smad2/3开始升高,细胞凋亡百分率同时升高,I型胶原及α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)水平亦升高.第6d各项指标水平显著升高.第14、28d升高更加明显(P＜0.01).B3、B6、B14和B28组之间也随天数增加而显著升高(P＜0.01).肾间质病变面积增加显著(P＜0.01).结论在肾间质纤维化中TGF-β1、Smad2/3、p-Smad2/3及细胞凋亡明显上升,同时I型胶原及α-SMA表达升高及肾间质纤维化程度增加.TGF-β1/Smads信号传导途径在肾间质纤维化形成中可能起着重要促细胞外基质沉积和细胞凋亡的作用.     

β-Casomorphin-7 attenuates the development of nephropathy in type I diabetes via inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells

This study was designed to investigate the putative protective effect of β-casomorphin-7 on diabetic nephropathy in a rat model, and to explore the possible mechanism of this effect. SD rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: control group, diabetes group and β-casomorphin-7-treatment group. All rats were euthanized after 30 days with or without β-casomorphin-7 treatment. Biochemical parameters including blood glucose and renal function were quantified. The concentration of plasma TGF-β1 was measured by ELISA. Histopathological changes to the kidney were studied by Masson and Sirius red staining. Expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), E-cadherin, vimentin, cytokeratin19 and TGF-β1 mRNA in rat renal cortices were analyzed by real-time PCR. Changes in α-SMA and E-cadherin protein expression in rat renal cortices were quantified by Western blot. β-Casomorphin-7 treatment of diabetic rats reduced urinary glucose, urinary protein, serum creatinine, blood urinary nitrogen, plasma TGF-β1 and the ratio of kidney: body weight. Masson and Sirius red staining showed that β-casomorphin-7 treatment attenuated renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic rats. Compared to the control rats, diabetic rats had elevated expressions of α-SMA, vimentin and TGF-β1 mRNA and α -SMA protein and decreased expression of E-cadherin and cytokeratin19 mRNA, and E-cadherin protein. β-Casomorphin-7 treatment of diabetic rats partially normalized these changes. Our results suggest that administration of β-casomorphin-7 attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis caused by diabetes. This protective effect may be associated, in part, with down regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells.     

缺血缺氧再灌注对胎鼠肾组织环氧化酶表达的影响

目的观察宫内缺血缺氧再灌注后,胎鼠肾组织COX蛋白表达及其AA代谢产物PGI2、PGE2和TXA2含量的变化,探讨COX在宫内窘迫胎鼠肾损伤发病机制中的作用.方法制备胎鼠子宫内缺血缺氧再灌注模型(缺血缺氧组：缺血缺氧30min;再灌注组：缺血缺氧30min后,分别再灌注30min,2h,6h,12h,24h,30h)缺血氧组：取胎鼠18只;再灌注组各时间点分别取胎鼠18只;对照组取胎鼠20只.将肾组织匀浆后采用Western免疫印迹和放免法检测COX蛋白表达及其PGI2、PGE2和TXA2含量的变化.同时HE染色观察肾组织病理学改变.结果子宫内缺血缺氧再灌注后胎肾组织COX-2蛋白表达上调,PGI2的稳定代谢产物6-Keta-PGF1α及PGE2均于再灌注2h开始增高(P<0.05).其中6-keta-PGF1α增加迅速,于再灌注12h达假手术组的6倍(P<0.01),PGE2于再灌注24h达假手术组的2倍(P<0.01),而TXB2增加幅度不大,无统计学意义.结论宫内缺血缺氧再灌注选择性地诱导胎肾COX-2蛋白表达增强,COX-2可能通过PGI2和PGE2对缺血性胎肾损伤具有保护作用,因此,在围产期肾损伤不宜应用COX-2抑制剂.     

Comparative studies on lipid peroxidation of microsomes and mitochondria obtained from different rat tissues: effect of retinyl palmitate

The effect of retinyl palmitate on the polyunsaturated fatty-acid composition, chemiluminescence and peroxidizability index of microsomes and mitochondria obtained from rat liver, kidney, brain, lung and heart, was studied. After incubation of microsomes and mitochondria in an ascorbate Fe++ system (120 min at 37 degrees C) it was observed that the total cpm/mg protein originated from light emission: chemiluminescence was lower in liver microsomes, mitochondria and kidney microsomes in the vitamin A group than in the control group. In mitochondria obtained from control rats, the most sensitive fatty acids for peroxidation were arachidonic acid C20:4 n6 in liver and docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n3 in kidney and brain. In microsomes obtained from control rats, the most sensitive fatty acids for peroxidation were linoleic acid C18:2 n6 and C20:4 n6 in liver and C22:6 n3 in kidney. Changes in the most polyunsaturated fatty acids were not observed in organelles obtained from lung and heart. As a consequence the peroxidizability index, a parameter based on the maximal rate of oxidation of fatty acids, showed significant changes in liver, kidney and brain mitochondria, while in microsomes changes were significant in liver and kidney. These changes were less pronounced in membranes derived from rats receiving vitamin A. Our results confirm and extend previous observations that indicated that vitamin A may act as an antioxidant protecting membranes from deleterious effects.     

P-P42/p44在慢性肾功能不全大鼠肾组织表达特征及其作用

目的探讨慢性肾功能不全大鼠肾组织磷酸化P42/p44丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(P-P42/p44 MAPK)的表达特征及其可能的作用。方法16只Wistar大鼠随机分成实验组和对照组,每组8只。采用5/6肾切除方法构建慢性肾功能不全大鼠模型,术后120d处死大鼠,取大鼠肾组织行石蜡切片,PAS染色观察大鼠肾脏病理改变,免疫组化和Western blot法分别检测大鼠肾组织磷酸化P42/p44丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的表达特征及活性变化。结果术后120d实验组大鼠与对照组相比,出现明显的肾小球硬化和肾小管坏死等慢性肾功能不全的典型病理特征,免疫组织化学染色检测磷酸化p42/p44 MAPK黄棕色染色颗粒明显增加。Western-blot结果显示,实验组大鼠肾组织磷酸化P42/p44丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(P-P42/p44 MAPK)活性表达水平明显上调(P<0.01)。结论磷酸化P42/p44丝裂原活化蛋白激酶在慢性肾功能不全大鼠模型的肾组织中活性明显升高,可能是慢性肾功能不全时各种细胞外刺激因素介导肾脏纤维化的重要途径之一。     

正常大鼠植入高血压大鼠肾脏后 动脉血压的变化

本实验对12周龄的自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHR)及其对照组Wistar Kyoto (WKY)大鼠进行了肾脏移植的研究, 并观察受肾移植大鼠动脉血压的变化以及免疫抑制剂对动脉血压的影响。 用尾套法对接受同窝另一同胞WKY大鼠肾脏移植且存活5周的6只WKY大鼠(A组)及接受SHR肾脏移植且存活5周的6只WKY大鼠(B组)的尾动脉收缩压进行检测, 移植前A、 B两组受肾移植大鼠的尾动脉收缩压分别为18.0±0.93 和18.3±0.68 kPa,无统计学显著差异(P>0.05); 移植后3、 4、 5周时, B组大鼠的尾动脉收缩压显著高于A组大鼠, 移植后5周时, A, B两组大鼠的收缩压分别为19.0±0.71 和23.0±0.69 kPa (P<0.001); 所用剂量的免疫抑制剂CsA对双侧肾脏完整以及右侧肾脏切除的SHR、 WKY大鼠的动脉血压无显著影响。 以上结果表明, SHR的肾脏在高血压的形成中可能起重要作用。     

大鼠活体注射台盼蓝后肝和肾的组织学与组织化学变化的观察

大鼠连续4天腹腔注射1%台盼蓝后,观察隔天、隔周、隔二周后肝和肾的组织结构及PAS、AlP、AcP、G-6-Pase、Mg~(2+)-ATPase和SDH的活性变化。结果发现:肝细胞和肾小管的上皮细胞中有台盼蓝颗粒;肝PAS反应阴性;隔天后肝AlP、AcP、G-6-Pase和SDH活性增强,Mg~(2+)-ATPase活性减弱;肾的上述组化反应活性都减弱;隔二周后肝和肾的上述组化反应接近对照。实验结果提示:活体注射台盼蓝对肝和肾未构成实质性损伤,隔天后的组化变化可能是一种生理适应性反应。     

血清NGAL 在大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤不同时段 的表达及其意义

目的:观察大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤不同时段血中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)的表达并探讨其在急性肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的意义.方法:建立大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,将50只大鼠随机分为假手术组(S组)和模型组(M组),每组分为5个亚组,包括2h、6h、12h、24h、48h,每亚组大鼠5只.观察各组血NGAL,β2-微球蛋白及血尿素氮,肌酐的变化.结果:M组血NGAL于再灌注损伤后早期(2h)即开始升高,于24h达高峰,至48h仍高于正常(P＜0.05);β2-微球蛋白于12h升高至48h达高峰(P＜0.01);尿素氮于6h升高于48h达高峰(P＜0.01);而血肌酐则于48h才显著升高(P＜0.05).病理显示:M组2h时可见受损肾小管上皮细胞肿胀,管腔扩张、刷状缘消失,至6h时少量上皮细胞脱落、变性甚至坏死,管腔内可见坏死脱落的细胞碎屑,蛋白管型出现,12h时可见间质水肿压迫至管腔明显狭窄,于24h、48h可见蛋白管型显著增多.结论:血NGAL可作为肾脏缺血再灌注损伤早期敏感的生物标志物.     

Lung tissue extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels protect against radiation-induced lung injury by suppressing epithelial–mesenchymal transition

This study aimed to examine whether lung tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels have protective effects on radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). The cytocompatibility and histocompatibility were tested for the obtained ECM-derived hydrogel. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 18): control group (control); rats receiving irradiation and intratracheal injection of normal saline (IR + NS); and rats receiving irradiation and intratracheal injection of lung ECM-derived hydrogel (IR + ECM). The wet/dry weight ratio was used to evaluate the congestion and edema of the lungs. Histopathological analysis of lung tissues was performed using hemotoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot analyses were carried out to determine the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins in lung tissues (E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], and vimentin). In addition, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), hydroxyproline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were also evaluated. The ECM-derived hydrogels had good cytocompatibility and histocompatibility. ECM-derived hydrogel treatment improved lung histopathology injury and pulmonary edema. Higher expression of E-cadherin and lower expression of vimentin and α-SMA were found in the IR + ECM group compared with those in the IR + NS group. Hydroxyproline levels were reduced by ECM-derived hydrogel treatment compared with those in the IR + NS group. Obvious increases of TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β1 were identified following irradiation. Marked reductions in MDA content and increases in SOD were induced by ECM-derived hydrogel treatment in rats after radiation. ECM-derived hydrogels were shown to protect against RILI, potentially by reducing EMT, inflammation, and oxidative damage.     

糖尿病大鼠肾皮质ICAM-1在缬沙坦作用后表达的变化研究

目的：利用血管紧张素I（IAngII）受体拮抗剂缬沙坦（Valsartan）阻断肾素-血管紧张素（RAS）观察其对糖尿病大鼠肾皮质细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达的影响。方法：成年雄性SD大鼠45只,任取其中30只腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制成糖尿病大鼠模型。将糖尿病大鼠随机分为糖尿病缬沙坦治疗组（A组,15只,缬沙坦10mg.kg-1/d灌胃）;糖尿病对照组（B组,15只）;其余15只为正常对照组（C组）。分别于实验第4、6周末各组任取7或8只测定大鼠血糖、平均动脉压、血肌酐、尿肌酐、尿白蛋白排泄率,用图像分析仪测量各组大鼠平均肾小球面积、平均肾小球体积。并于第6周末取各组大鼠肾皮质提取RNA,用逆转录-PCR（RT-PCR）方法对肾皮质ICAM-1mRNA表达进行半定量分析。结果：在第4周及第6周末,A组血糖、肌酐清除率、尿白蛋白排泄率显著低于同时期的B组,B组则较C组均有不同程度的升高（P〈0.01）,A、C组尿白蛋白排泄率始终无统计学差异,同时期三组平均动脉压无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。在4、6周,A、B组的肾小球平均面积、平均体积均明显高于同期的C组（P〈0.01）,但A组又低于同期的B组。RT-PCR半定量结果分析显示,B组ICAM-1 mRNA表达较A、C组显著增高（P〈0.01）,A组表达较C组为高（P〈0.01）,但仍较B组为低（P〈0.01）。结论：血管紧张素I（IAngII）受体拮抗剂缬沙坦能够减少糖尿病大鼠的尿白蛋白排泄,下调肾皮质ICAM-1mRNA表达,减轻肾脏肥大及延缓肾小球硬化,具有保护肾脏的作用。     

Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 ameliorates postischemic renal injury via inducible nitric oxide synthase

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) could ameliorate renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the current study, we aim to investigate the possible role of prolyl hydroxylases inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) in inducing delayed preconditioning-like effects against IRI. Mice were divided into four groups (n = 6): sham group; IRI group; DMOG group: pretreated with DMOG 24 h before IRI; and GW274150 + DMOG group: pretreated with DMOG followed by iNOS inhibitor GW274150 treatment 24 h before IRI. The results showed that the protein level of HIF-1a and the expression of its targets inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), erythropoietin, and heme oxygenase-1 were obviously increased after administration of DMOG. Histological analysis of renal function showed improvement in tubulointerstitial injury due to ischemia by delayed preconditioning with DMOG. GW274150 antagonized the delayed renal protection afforded by DMOG as reflected by deteriorated renal dysfunction, aggravated histological injury, increased renal cell apoptosis, and increased vimentin expression in the kidney. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that DMOG pretreatment induces delayed renal protection against IRI in mice and the beneficial effects are mitigated by pharmacological inhibition of iNOS, suggesting that the protective effects derived from HIF-1 activation via DMOG in the kidney are partially mediated by iNOS.