智能固定化酶载体的研究进展

目前,工业微生物提供了大量的酶源。为了进一步提升酶的利用,固定化酶技术推动了生物催化过程的进展。固定化酶载体的研究为固定化酶技术发挥酶作用提供了更大的空间。近年来研究发现,智能型载体作用于酶的固定化方面较传统固定化酶方式具有独特的优势,增加了酶的负载量,稳定和提高了酶活力,降低了底物和产物抑制,并且简化了酶回收操作,是一种理想的酶固定化载体材料。本文针对对环境因素,例如温度、pH、离子强度、光以及磁等,敏感的智能固定化酶载体研究进展,从载体性质、应答机理、以及这些载体固定化酶的应用等方面进行综述。     

固定化酶:从策略到材料设计

酶是一种高效、高选择性、催化条件温和的绿色催化剂,在生物催化、生物传感、生物分离等领域具有广泛的应用价值。然而,游离酶的操作稳定性差、回收和再利用困难等缺点限制了其进一步应用。固定化酶技术应运而生,它的出现和发展为解决酶的工业化应用提供了优良的解决方案。本文中,笔者主要从酶的固定化方法、固定化酶的载体和固定化酶的应用这三方面详细介绍近几年固定化酶的研究现状,结合笔者所在课题组和国内外同行近年来的最新研究进展,重点总结了具有结构可调、孔隙率高、结晶度良好的金属-有机框架材料(MOFs)和共价有机框架材料(COFs)作为新型载体在固定化酶方面的研究进展。     

功能化磁性纳米粒子在固定化酶研究中的应用

酶是高效的生物催化剂,在生物技术领域有广泛的应用。然而,不可再生催化的高成本和酶的有效成分分离回收,是实现大规模工业化应用需要解决的关键问题。磁性纳米粒子(magnetic nanoparticles,MNPs)具有优异的磁回收性质。通过设计和制备功能化MNPs作为固定化酶的多功能载体,是解决这一问题的有效途径之一,可为酶的工业化大规模应用提供条件。近年来,功能化磁性纳米粒子在酶的固定化领域基于载体性质、固定化方法和应用有广泛研究。文中重点介绍了近年来各种功能化磁性纳米载体,特别是Fe3O4纳米粒子,在固定化酶中的应用。根据功能化试剂的差异分类,实例讨论了不同功能化修饰的磁性纳米载体对酶的固定化,包括硅烷修饰的磁性纳米载体、有机聚合物修饰的磁性纳米载体、介孔材料修饰的磁性纳米载体以及金属-有机骨架材料(metal-organic framework,MOF)修饰的磁性纳米载体。同时,结合可持续工业催化的发展要求,对磁性复合载体固定化酶的发展前景进行了展望。     

酶的固定化技术最新研究进展

酶是一种高效、绿色、应用广泛的生物催化剂,因其固定化形态在多种性质上均优于游离态,酶固定化技术应运而生并不断发展。我国固定化技术研究始于20世纪70年代,目前固定化酶在食品、医疗、能源、环境治理等领域得到了广泛的应用,但现有固定化技术仍存在适用范围小、成本较高等缺陷。因此,在较为成熟的传统固定化技术基础上,研究者们对新型固定化技术的研究与创新进行了大量尝试,形成了一批以固定化载体和固定化方式为核心的新型固定化技术。文中作者结合团队十余年对固定化技术的研究和理解,归纳介绍了新型酶固定化技术的发展方向和应用趋势,并阐述了对固定化技术未来发展的理解和建议。     

陶瓷载体固定化酵母发酵动力学研究

固定化细胞和固定化酶一样,作为固液两相的非均相催化反应系统,其反应速度无疑受到内外扩散的影响。世界各国的化学工程学者在固定化酶反应动力学方面研究得较多,固定化细胞反应动力学研究虽有些报道,但主要集中在以海藻酸钙为载体的固定化系统,且载体形状为球形颗粒。对于其他材料的不同形状颗粒载体的固定化细胞动力学研究报道较少。陶瓷作为固定化细胞载体是我们研究的一种固定化细胞的新型载体,在机械强度,孔径大小,细胞与之结合牢固度及其稳定活性,再生性能方面有其特有的优越性^[10]。为了给在生产实践中使用这种新型载体提供理论依据,本文采用球型陶瓷和拉西环陶瓷为载体固定化酵母,对它们的发酵动力学进行了比较研究。     

纳米材料固定化酶的研究进展

近年来,纳米技术为酶固定化提供了多种纳米级材料,纳米材料固定化酶不仅具有高的酶负载量,而且具有良好的酶稳定性。本文基于纳米材料固定化酶,对纳米材料的种类进行了总结,分析了纳米材料对固定化酶性能的影响,并介绍了纳米级固定化方法及纳米材料固定化酶在生物转化、生物传感器、生物燃料电池等领域的应用。     

共价结合法固定化酶活性载体的研究进展

共价结合法已经成为酶固定化的最主要的方法之一,载体在酶固定化技术中发挥着关键作用。论文对近年来国内外共价结合法固定化酶活性载体的研究发展状况进行了综述,包括含有酰基叠氮、酸酐、卤素、乙酰基、聚碳酸酯、苯酚的聚合物的研究与应用。认为开发新型改性复合载体将成为今后研究的重点。     

生物固定化技术及其应用研究进展

生物固定化技术具有小型高效、稳定性好、操作简便、易实现连续化、自动化控制等优点,在生物、医药、农业、食品、化工、能源开发、环境保护等方面得到了广泛应用.当前生物固定化的材料已由单一的酶发展到含酶菌体或菌体碎片.固定化方法主要包括载体结合法、交联法和包埋法,这些方法近年来都通过发展新型材料和技术得到了长足发展,生物固定化技术在有机污染物净化、土壤重金属污染修复、真菌毒素降解、生物能源开发等方面都取得了重要进展.今后应在开发固定化生物资源、提高固定化微生物活性、固定化机理和应用等方面加强研究.     

纳米生物催化的研究现状和发展态势

纳米生物催化领域包括:(ⅰ)利用纳米技术或纳米材料调控生物催化剂的效率;(ⅱ)直接利用纳米材料或技术实现生物催化功能,并拓展生物催化在非友好环境及疾病诊疗中的应用.纳米生物催化已成为纳米生物学重要的研究领域,主要涉及纳米载体固定化酶和纳米材料人工模拟酶(纳米酶).一方面,可以借助纳米技术或材料所具有的特殊纳米效应来增强生物催化剂的效率和稳定性.另一方面,从模拟酶的理念出发,借助纳米材料自身所具有的催化能力,直接实现对生化反应的催化,这类具有酶学特性的纳米酶被视为新一代人工模拟酶.近年来,基于纳米载体固定化酶和纳米酶技术的纳米生物催化已在疾病诊断和治疗、化工制药、环境处理等领域得到了广泛研究,并展示了其具有重要的应用价值.本文简要综述了纳米载体固定化酶和纳米酶的发展历程及应用进展.     

环氧聚胺——一种细胞固定化的新型交联剂

近年来随着人们对酶和微生物细胞固定化研究的逐渐深入,对固定化的各种载体材料和固定化方法也进行广泛研究。本文报道一种固定化酶的新型交联剂——环氧聚胺(Epoxy-polyamine简称E.P.A.)用于游动放线菌葡萄糖异构酶和大肠杆菌青霉素酰化酶交联固定化的研究结果。一、材料和方法 1.菌体及试剂 (1)菌体含青霉素酰化酶之大肠杆菌,由华北制药厂提供。含葡萄糖异构酶之游动放线菌,由上海新型发酵厂提供。 (2)环氧聚胺上海市化学试剂商店。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.