二氧化钛纳米颗粒对沼泽土壤反硝化和N2O排放的影响

近年来,二氧化钛纳米颗粒（TiO₂NPs）环境释放量不断增加,并通过多种途径进入湿地生态系统,不可避免地影响到湿地生态系统环境和功能。然而,关于TiO₂NPs对沼泽土壤反硝化作用和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的影响机及制尚不明确。选择典型沼泽土壤,通过室内培养实验研究土壤理化性质、反硝化酶活性、反硝化速率（DNR）和N₂O排放对不同剂量TiO₂NPs 0 mg/kg （CK）、10 mg/kg （A10）、100 mg/kg （A100）、1000 mg/kg （A1000）输入的响应,探讨TiO₂NPs输入对沼泽土壤反硝化作用和N₂O排放影响的内在机制。结果表明：不同剂量TiO₂NPs处理显著降低了土壤pH （P<0.05）,A10处理显著降低土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量（P<0.01）,A1000处理显著降低硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）含量（P<0.05）。TiO₂NPs处理抑制硝酸盐还原酶（NAR）活性,促进一氧化氮还原酶（NOR）和氧化亚氮还原酶（NOS）活性（P<0.01）,A1000处理先促进后抑制了亚硝酸盐还原酶（NIR）活性（P<0.05）。不同剂量TiO₂NPs处理抑制了土壤DNR,促进了N₂O排放,TiO₂NPs处理通过抑制NIR活性,降低土壤DNR,同时通过促进NOR活性,提高N₂O排放。综上,TiO₂NPs输入通过影响反硝化还原酶活性改变沼泽土壤反硝化过程,导致沼泽土壤N₂O排放增加,改变湿地氮的源、汇功能,影响全球气候变化。为TiO₂NPs输入的湿地环境风险评估研究提供理论基础。     

Cr3+和Cd2+对普通小球藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

[目的] 为探究重金属对淡水绿藻生长的影响。[方法] 选取对水质检测具有明显指示作用的普通小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）为实验材料,CdCl₂·2H₂O和CrCl₃·7H₂O提供重金属离子,探究不同浓度Cr³⁺和Cd²⁺在单一和复合胁迫下对藻细胞浓度、叶绿素a及相关抗氧化酶活性的影响。[结果] 随着Cr³⁺和Cd²⁺浓度不断增加,藻细胞浓度呈先增长后下降趋势;叶绿素a含量呈现先下降后升高再下降的现象,浓度为1 mg/L的单一和复合胁迫下有最大值,且毒性作用表现为Cr³⁺ < Cd²⁺ < Cr³⁺+Cd²⁺;与藻细胞膜相关的丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量随着重金属离子浓度的增大而增长;重金属离子浓度低于10 mg/L时对藻细胞内抗氧化酶系统中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）表现为促进作用,而大于10 mg/L时具有抑制作用。[结论] 结果表明在单一或复合重金属胁迫下,普通小球藻会充分调动与抗逆性相关的酶来维持自身的正常生长。     

干旱胁迫下喷施黄腐酸对燕麦光合及其抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了揭示黄腐酸对干旱胁迫下燕麦光合及其抗氧化酶活性的影响机理,该研究选用燕麦品种‘燕科2号’为材料,采用盆栽试验,以正常供水(田间持水量的75%)为对照(CK),设干旱胁迫处理(田间持水量的45%,D0)、D0 + 喷施不同浓度黄腐酸(0、200、400、600、800、1 000 mg/L)处理(D1~D5),测定各处理燕麦干鲜重、光合性能及其抗氧化酶活性。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗地上部鲜重和干重、叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)均显著降低,并导致叶片F_v/F_m、qP、ETR和Φ_PSⅡ显著下降,使叶片抗氧化酶 SOD、POD、CAT活性分别显著提高25.68%、19.98%和7.29%。(2)与D0相比,D0 +喷施600 mg/L黄腐酸后,燕麦幼苗地上部鲜重和干重分别显著提高了28.59%和39.13%,叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素和P_n、G_s、T_r及F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、ETR分别显著增加了25.17%、21.03%、47.37%和74.38%、26.47%、43.34%及6.49%、69.57%、70.71%,C_i和F_o、NPQ分别显著降低了19.52%和13.32%、43.75%。(3)干旱胁迫下喷施不同浓度的黄腐酸均使幼苗叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性较D0处理显著增加,其中喷施600 mg/L黄腐酸的叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性最高,分别较D0处理显著增加了12.19%、76.57%和55.26%。研究认为,叶面喷施适宜浓度黄腐酸能够显著提高干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的光合作用及其抗氧化能力,缓解干旱对燕麦幼苗的伤害,进而促进燕麦幼苗的生长,且以叶面喷施600 mg/L黄腐酸效果最佳。     

氨氮对3种吸附态亚硝化单胞菌的抑制动力学

[背景] 氨氮浓度会明显影响亚硝化单胞菌的活性,但氨氮浓度对吸附态亚硝化单胞菌菌种的抑制动力学尚缺乏研究。[目的] 研究氨氮浓度对3种吸附态亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas eutropha CZ-4、Nitrosomonas halophila C-19和Nitrosomonas europaea SH-3）的影响。[方法] 以碳酸钙作为吸附基质,设定氨氮浓度为25-1 000 mg/L,测定3种亚硝化单胞菌（N.eutropha CZ-4、N. halophila C-19和N. europaea SH-3）的亚硝氮积累速率与最大比生长速率,并通过Edwares2模型建立氨氧化的抑制动力学方程。[结果] N. halophila C-19在初始氨氮浓度为50-100 mg/L时的亚硝氮积累最快,N. europaea SH-3的亚硝氮积累则在初始氨氮浓度为50-200 mg/L时最快,而N. eutropha CZ-4则适于在初始氨氮浓度为50-400 mg/L时积累亚硝氮;N. eutropha CZ-4的最大比生长速率出现在初始氨氮浓度为50-400 mg/L时,明显高于N. halophila C-19（25-100 mg/L）,而N. europaea SH-3的生长速度在初始氨氮浓度为50-800 mg/L区间内无显著差异;N. europaea SH-3的K_I（922.76 mg/L）显著高于N. eutropha CZ-4（597.88 mg/L）,而CZ-4的K_I又显著高于N. halophila C-19（186.24 mg/L）,N. europaea SH-3的K_m（72.06 mg/L）显著高于N. halophila C-19（23.23 mg/L）。[结论] 3种吸附态亚硝化单胞菌的生长和氨氧化对氨氮浓度变化的响应存在明显差异,对于认识不同亚硝化单胞菌在不同氨氮浓度污水中的功能并开发相应的工程技术具有重要意义。     

外源H2O2对盐碱胁迫下苹果矮化砧木幼苗生理特性的影响

以2年生苹果矮化砧木M9 T337为试材,采用盆栽试验法,设置浇灌清水(CK)和盐碱胁迫(0.1 mol/L NaCl+NaHCO₃溶液)+ 喷施5种浓度的H₂O₂ ［0(T₁)、0.2 mmol/L(T₂)、0.4 mmol/L(T₃)、0.6 mmol/L(T₄)、0.8 mmol/L(T₅)］ 处理,测定各处理叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜透性,并利用相关性与主成分分析进行综合评价,以探讨外源过氧化氢(H₂O₂)增强其盐碱耐性的生理机制。结果表明：(1)随着盐碱胁迫(T₁)的时间延长,M9 T337幼苗叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)含量、叶绿素b (Chl b)含量、叶绿素总量(Chl t)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量均呈逐渐下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、可溶性总糖(TSS)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈先升后降趋势。(2)与CK相比,盐碱胁迫+外源H₂O₂(T₂- T₅)处理后M9 T337幼苗叶片各指标均呈现不同幅度变化,且存在明显浓度效应,并以T₃(0.4 mmol/L H₂O₂)处理叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl t、SP和G_s降幅最小,C_i、REC、MDA升幅最小,TSS、Pro、APX升幅最大。(3)M9 T337幼苗叶片P_n与T_r、G_s、Chl a、Chl b、Chl t、SP、SOD、POD呈显著正相关,与C_i、MDA、CAT、APX、REC呈显著负相关。(4)综合评价表明,各处理对M9 T337幼苗叶片生理特性的效应依次为：CK>T₃>T₄>T₂>T₅>T₁。研究发现,叶面喷施适宜浓度H₂O₂可有效改善盐碱胁迫下M9 T337幼苗光合能力,显著提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的含量,降低细胞膜透性,从而达到缓解盐碱胁迫的作用,并以0.4 mmol/L H₂O₂处理效果最佳。     

外源硅对自毒作用下黄瓜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以‘绿博6号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,采用营养液培法研究不同浓度外源硅(0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L)对肉桂酸(cinnamic acid,CA)模拟自毒胁迫(3.0 mmol/L CA)下黄瓜幼苗生长、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：(1)自毒胁迫显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长、根系形态建成和生物量的积累,显著降低了净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和叶绿素(Chl a、Chl b和Chl t)含量,并显著降低了叶片中PSⅡ的电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率［Y_(Ⅱ)］和光化学淬灭系数(qP)。(2)添加适宜浓度外源硅可有效缓解自毒胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响,并提高其P_n、G_s、T_r和叶绿素含量,在一定程度上维持叶片光合系统的稳定。(3)添加适宜浓度外源硅能使自毒胁迫下黄瓜叶片的F_v/F_m、ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)和qP显著升高,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则显著下降。研究发现,添加适宜浓度外源硅能提高自毒胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、F_v/F_m、ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)和qP,使光合机构趋于稳定,抑制P_n的下降,缓解自毒胁迫对光合系统的损伤,从而增强黄瓜幼苗对自毒胁迫的抗性,并以1.0 mmol/L外源硅处理的效果最佳。     

盐胁迫下赤霉素对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究外源GA₃对盐胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,添加不同质量浓度GA₃的各处理,其发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均显著高于NaCl胁迫处理,其中以100 mg/L GA₃处理的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数最高,幼苗的叶面积、根长、根冠比也最大,同时叶片中叶绿素含量最高,幼苗叶片的光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂摩尔分数(C_i)及蒸腾速率(T_r)等均达到最大;而当赤霉素的质量浓度为50 mg/L时,叶片中的POD活性为2 005 U/(g·min）,达最大值。     

马肝醇脱氢酶催化有机硅酮不对称还原反应动力学

探讨了马肝醇脱氢酶(HLADH)催化三甲基硅乙酮及其碳结构类似物不对称还原反应动力学.结果表明,在酶浓度低于150 mg/L时,底物浓度与反应初速度的关系符合米氏动力学方程;HLADH催化三甲基硅乙酮不对称还原反应的K_m、v_max和E_a分别为2.67 mmol/L、0.118 mmol/(L·min·mg)和37 kJ/mol, 其碳结构类似物的相应值分别为3.56 mmol/L、0.084 mmol/(L·min·mg)和61 kJ/mol.     

沙棘果油对过氧化氢诱导氧化损伤的保护作用

沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)是一种具有药用价值的植物,沙棘果油具有抗氧化、抗炎症及抗肿瘤等多种药理作用。为了探讨沙棘果油对H₂O₂造成氧化性损伤的细胞生长的影响及其抗氧化性,该研究选择H₂O₂对RAW264.7细胞氧化损伤模型,通过DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)自由基清除实验检测沙棘果油体外抗氧化能力,用[3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐]MTT法和流式细胞仪检测超氧化物阴离子荧光探针(DHE)信号,分别检测不同浓度沙棘果油对H₂O₂损伤细胞的存活率和超氧化物阴离子水平。结果表明:(1)在DPPH自由基清除实验中,当沙棘果油浓度小于4.9%时,沙棘果油的抗氧化能力大于维生素C。(2)通过MTT法发现,浓度为3.125%的沙棘果油对H₂O₂损伤细胞的存活率显著升高(P<0.01)。(3)从DHE检测发现,在同一检测时间点,随着沙棘果油浓度增加,DHE阳性细胞比例显著下降(P<0.01); 在不同检测时间点,随着沙棘果油浓度增加,DHE阳性细胞比例显著升高(P<0.01)。沙棘果油对过氧化氢诱导的RAW264.7细胞氧化损伤模型有一定修复作用,可能与细胞内超氧化物阴离子水平受到抑制有关,它具有抗氧化性损伤的潜能。     

温度与CO2浓度升高对集胞藻PCC 6803修复UV损伤的关键基因转录量的影响

通过Taqman探针绝对定量法研究了集胞藻PCC 6803在5种不同的环境条件下:(1)25℃+400μmol/mol CO₂,(2)29℃+400μmol/mol CO₂,(3)25℃+800μmol/mol CO₂,(4)29℃+800μmol/mol CO₂,(5)25℃+1200μmol/mol CO₂,其phrA/psbA1/psbA2/psbA3等UV修复基因和16S rRNA基因的转录本拷贝数的变化情况。结果表明:温度与CO₂浓度的升高可以导致集胞藻PCC 6803的psbA2/psbA3基因和16S rRNA转录本拷贝数的大幅减少,说明温室效应将有可能导致蓝藻的UV损伤修复能力与核糖体合成能力的下降;温度升高和CO₂浓度升高对psbA2/psbA3基因和16S rRNA转录本拷贝数的联合作用表现为互相抵消,说明温度升高与CO₂浓度升高的联合作用的机制较复杂,值得深入研究。     

Effects of short-term heat stress on oxidative damage and responses of antioxidant system in Lilium longiflorum

This paper aims to determine the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the responses of the lily (Lilium longiflorum L.) antioxidant system to short-term high temperatures. Plants were exposed to three levels of heat stress (37°C, 42°C, 47°C) for 10 h when hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide (O₂⁻) production rate along with membrane injury indexes, and changes in antioxidants were measured. Compared with the control (20°C), electrolyte leakage and MDA concentration varied slightly after 10 h at 37°C and 42°C, while increased significantly at 47°C. During 10 h at 37°C and 42°C, antioxidant enzyme activities, such as SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR, were stimulated and antioxidants (AsA and GSH concentrations) maintained high levels, which resulted in low levels of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ concentration. However, after 10 h at 47°C, SOD, APX, GR activities and GSH concentration were similar to the controls, while POD, CAT activities and AsA concentration decreased significantly as compared with the control, concomitant with significant increase in O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ concentrations. In addition, such heat-induced effects on antioxidant enzymes were also confirmed by SOD and POD isoform, as Cu/ZnSOD maintained high stability under heat stress and the intensity of POD isoforms reduced with the duration of heat stress, especially at 47°C. It is concluded that in lily plants, the oxidative damage induced by heat stress was related to the changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidants.     

土壤不同镉水平对马缨丹生长及其抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,分别设置0(对照,不添加镉)、30、60、90、120、150、180、210mg·kg-1共8个土壤镉处理水平,研究土壤不同镉水平对马缨丹(Lantana comara L.)生长及其抗氧化酶活性的影响,以探讨马缨丹对镉胁迫的生理响应机制。结果显示:(1)随着土壤镉处理浓度的升高,马缨丹干重呈先升高后降低的趋势,30mg·kg-1镉处理能促进植株的生长,而浓度高于60mg·kg-1时显著抑制马缨丹的生长。(2)马缨丹叶片和根系中O-·2产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量及电解质渗漏率均随土壤镉处理浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长逐渐升高,胁迫90d时,叶片和根系中O-·2产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量及电解质渗漏率分别在镉浓度高于60和30mg·kg-1时显著低于对照。(3)叶片和根系抗氧化酶SOD、POD、APX和CAT活性随着土壤镉处理浓度的增加大体呈先升高后降低的趋势,并在镉浓度分别高于90和60mg·kg-1时,叶片和根系抗氧化酶活性显著低于对照。研究表明,低浓度镉处理土壤能促进马缨丹植株生长,而高浓度镉处理土壤显著降低了马缨丹体内抗氧化酶活性,导致活性氧大量积累,引起严重的膜脂过氧化伤害,从而显著抑制马缨丹植株的生长。     

Alleviation of exogenous oligochitosan on wheat seedlings growth under salt stress

Hydroponic experiments were carried out to study the role of oligochitosan in enhancing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resistance to salt stress. Data were collected on plant biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (P _n), stomatal conductance (g _s), proline content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Under 150 mM salt stress, plant growth was significantly inhibited. Shoot length, root length, and dry weight were sharply reduced by 26%, 31%, and 20%, respectively, of the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were increased by 28%, 13%, and 26%, respectively, of the control and MDA content largely accumulated, which was 1.5-fold of the control. However, 0.0625% oligochitosan pretreatment alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress, which was reflected by increasing root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll content, P _n, and g _s. Furthermore, it also showed that oligochitosan pretreatment significantly increased antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and POD) activities, and reduced MDA content in leaves. Meanwhile, the accumulation of proline was markedly accelerated. The results indicated that oligochitosan pretreatment ameliorated the adverse effects and partially protected the seedlings from salt stress during the following growth period.     

Fate and Phytotoxicity of CeO2 Nanoparticles on Lettuce Cultured in the Potting Soil Environment

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) have been shown to have significant interactions in plants. Previous study reported the specific-species phytotoxicity of CeO₂ NPs by lettuce (Lactuca sativa), but their physiological impacts and vivo biotransformation are not yet well understood, especially in relative realistic environment. Butterhead lettuce were germinated and grown in potting soil for 30 days cultivation with treatments of 0, 50, 100, 1000 mg CeO₂ NPs per kg soil. Results showed that lettuce in 100 mg·kg^-1 treated groups grew significantly faster than others, but significantly increased nitrate content. The lower concentrations treatment had no impact on plant growth, compared with the control. However, the higher concentration treatment significantly deterred plant growth and biomass production. The stress response of lettuce plants, such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Malondialdehyde(MDA) activity was disrupted by 1000 mg·kg^-1 CeO₂ NPs treatment. In addition, the presence of Ce (III) in the roots of butterhead lettuce explained the reason of CeO₂ NPs phytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate CeO₂ NPs modification of nutritional quality, antioxidant defense system, the possible transfer into the food chain and biotransformation in vivo.     

Seed Film Coating with Uniconazole Improves Rape Seedling Growth in Relation to Physiological Changes Under Waterlogging Stress

Waterlogging is an important constraint of global production of rape. The effects of seed film coating with 0.0075% uniconazole on the growth and physiology was investigated using seedlings from three varieties of rape (Brassica napus L.) subjected to waterlogging. While seed coating with uniconazole had no significant effect on germination percentage during waterlogging stress, it enhanced root vigour, increased root length, root volume and root dry weight. It also significantly enhanced leaf dry weight and ratio of root to shoot, but induced a significant decrease in shoot height and stem dry weight. Seed film coating with uniconazole also significantly increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, POD, CAT and SOD, and soluble sugar concentration during waterlogging. Thus, it suggests that seed film coating with uniconazole at a suitable concentration can improve rape seedling growth and increase seedling establishment during waterlogging.     

Antioxidative responses and their relation to salt tolerance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinochloa oryzicola</Emphasis> Vasing and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria virdis</Emphasis> (L.) Beauv.

Two gramineous species among wild plants, Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing and Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., and Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare were subjected to salt stress. The relative growth rate (RGR), Na content, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide disumutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and glutathione reductase (GR)), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves after NaCl treatment were studied. RGR significantly decreased in O. sativa more than in E. oryzicola and S. viridis. Comparatively salt-tolerant S. viridis showed higher growth rate, lower Na accumulation rate in leaves, higher photosynthetic rate, and induced more SOD, CAT, APx, and GR activity and lower increase of MDA content as compared to the salt-sensitive O. sativa. At the same time, the comparatively salt-tolerant E. oryzicola also showed higher growth rate, much lower Na accumulation and no observable increase of MDA content, even though the CAT and APx activities were not induced by salinity. These results suggested that the scavenging system induced by H₂O₂-mediated oxidative damage might, at least in part, play an important role in the mechanism of salt tolerance against cell toxicity of NaCl in some gramineous plants     

An alginate-derived oligosaccharide enhanced wheat tolerance to cadmium stress

Hydroponic experiments were carried out to study the role of alginate-derived oligosaccharides (ADO) in enhancing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tolerance to cadmium stress. Data were collected on plant biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Under 100 μM Cd stress, plant growth was significantly inhibited. Shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight were sharply reduced by 24.21, 34.59, 22.1 and 14.7%, respectively of the control after 10 day of Cd exposure. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities were increased and MDA content increased. Wheat seeds were soaked for 5 h in 1,000 mg L⁻¹ ADO solution before cadmium stress. ADO pretreatment alleviated cadmium toxicity symptoms, which were reflected by increasing root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate (P _n ). Furthermore, ADO pretreatment significantly increased antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and POD) activities and reduced MDA content in leaves and roots. The results indicated that ADO pretreatment partially protected the seedlings from cadmium toxicity during the following growth period.     

Differential biochemical responses of wheat shoots and roots to nickel stress: antioxidative reactions and proline accumulation

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Zyta’) seedlings were treated with 10, 100 and 200 μM Ni. Tissue Ni accumulation, length, relative water content (RWC), proline and H₂O₂ concentrations as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were studied in the shoots and roots after 6 days of Ni exposure. Treatment with Ni, except for its lowest concentration, resulted in a significant reduction in wheat growth. In comparison to the shoots, the roots showed greater inhibition of elongation, which corresponded with higher accumulation of Ni in these organs. Both shoots and roots responded to Ni application with a decrease in RWC and enhancement in proline concentration. Greater dehydration of the shoot tissue was accompanied by more intense accumulation of proline. Treatment of the wheat seedlings with the highest concentration of Ni led to about 60% increase in H₂O₂ concentration in both studied organs. Apart from CAT, constitutive activities of antioxidative enzymes were much higher in the roots than in the shoots. Exposure of the seedlings to Ni resulted in SOD activity decline, which was more marked in the roots. While the shoots showed a substantial decrease (up to 30%) in CAT activity, in the roots the activity of this enzyme remained unchanged. After Ni application APX, POD and GST activities increased several-fold in the shoots, whereas in the roots they were not significantly altered. The results suggest that differential antioxidative responses of the shoots and roots of wheat seedlings to Ni stress might be related to diverse constitutive levels of antioxidant enzyme activities in both organs.     

喷施硅对蒙古黄芪抗氧化酶活性以及产量和品质的影响北大核心CSCD

以蒙古黄芪为试验材料,设置大田随机区组试验,研究苗期、开花期和根茎伸长期叶面喷施不同浓度硅(500、1000、2000和4000 mg/L)对蒙古黄芪生长发育、抗氧化酶活性、药材产量和品质的影响,并检测施硅对黄芪白粉病、根腐病的防治效果,以揭示硅对增强黄芪抗病性、提升品质和产量的影响机理,为生产中蒙古黄芪的高效栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在不同生育时期,喷施不同浓度硅能增加蒙古黄芪株高、茎粗、株幅和叶绿素含量,促进蒙古黄芪生长,并以2000 mg/L硅处理效果较佳。(2)不同生育时期喷施硅能提高蒙古黄芪叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX等抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量,以开花期、根茎伸长期2000 mg/L硅处理较佳。(3)施硅能有效降低蒙古黄芪白粉病、根腐病的病情指数,当施硅浓度为2000 mg/L时防效均达到最高,并分别达到47.05%和39.08%。(4)施硅处理能有效提高蒙古黄芪单株干、鲜生物量、产量以及可溶性浸出物和黄芪甲苷含量等品质指标,并在2000 mg/L硅浓度处理下均达到最佳水平,此时可溶性浸出物和黄芪甲苷含量分别比对照显著提高了16.48%和31.96%。研究发现,叶面喷施适宜浓度硅可显著增强蒙古黄芪对白粉病、根腐病的抗性,促进植株生长,进而显著提高药材产量,改善药材品质,并以硅浓度为2000 mg/L时效果最佳。     

镉胁迫对鸡冠花种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

采用水培法和盆栽法测定分析不同浓度Cd(0、50、100、150、200 mg/L)胁迫对鸡冠花种子萌发、幼苗生物量、叶片光合色素、渗透调节物质(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸)、丙二醛(MDA)、低分子巯基化合物(GSH、GSSG、Cys、NPT)含量以及抗氧化酶 (SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性的影响,探讨鸡冠花耐受Cd胁迫的能力及其生理机制,为植物解毒机制提供基础资料。结果显示：(1)鸡冠花种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数在低浓度Cd处理下提高,而活力指数、根长及苗长在各浓度Cd胁迫下均不同程度降低,以上指标均在低浓度(50、100 mg/L)Cd胁迫下受到显著抑制,且根长受抑制程度显著高于苗长;幼苗生物量(整株鲜重、地上部分鲜重及地下部分鲜重)在200 mg/L Cd胁迫时受到显著抑制,较对照分别下降了61.9%、58.4%和72.7%;根冠比及主根长虽未受到显著影响,但总体呈现降低趋势。(2)鸡冠花幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量在100~200 mg/L Cd胁迫下均显著降低,叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量在Cd胁迫下总体呈升高趋势,并分别在50、150、200 mg/L时显著升高。(3)鸡冠花幼苗叶片各抗氧化酶活性在Cd胁迫下呈不同变化趋势,POD和APX活性在各浓度Cd胁迫分别增加23.1%~304.2%和160.0%~280.0%;SOD活性在各浓度Cd胁迫均受到抑制,但仅在150 mg/L时显著降低43.2%;CAT活性在50~150 mg/L Cd胁迫下显著增强了46.6%~66.5%,但在200 mg/L Cd胁迫却显著降低59.5%。(4)高浓度(200 mg/L)Cd胁迫下鸡冠花幼苗叶片巯基化合物GSH、GSSG、Cys、NPT含量分别比对照上升了53.2%、164.2%、53.9%和0.79%,而GSH/GSSG比值显著降低。研究发现,鸡冠花种子萌发期和幼苗期对Cd胁迫均具有一定的耐受力,但高浓度Cd胁迫仍致使幼苗部分抗氧化酶活性降低,ROS过量积累,引起膜脂过氧化程度加深,其产物MDA含量逐渐升高;Cd胁迫促进低分子巯基化合物含量呈不同幅度的增加,但GSH/GSSG比值下降,细胞内氧化还原反应(Redox)受到抑制,导致幼苗正常生长代谢受阻,生物量持续降低。