逆境胁迫对菜豆黄化苗转绿过程中交替呼吸途径与叶绿素荧光特征的影响

以菜豆黄化幼苗作为试验材料,探讨了铅(Pb)或PEG(聚乙二醇)胁迫下交替呼吸途径在植物转绿过程中对叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以阐明逆境胁迫下植物交替呼吸途径的生理学作用。结果显示：(1)与菜豆黄化幼苗正常转绿过程(对照)相比,Pb或PEG胁迫导致菜豆黄化幼苗的叶绿素含量积累延迟,使叶片PSⅡ潜在最大光化学量子效率(F_v/F_m)、光适应下最大光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)、PSⅡ光适应下实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅱ))和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)显著下降,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则显著增加。(2)在菜豆黄化幼苗转绿过程中,Pb或PEG胁迫导致其交替呼吸途径容量较对照均显著上升。(3)Pb或PEG胁迫下,交替呼吸途径抑制剂［水杨基氧肟酸(SHAM,1 mmol/L)］使菜豆黄化幼苗转绿过程中叶绿素含量、F_v/F_m、F_v′/F_m′、Y(Ⅱ)和qP进一步下降, NPQ却进一步增加,说明抑制交替呼吸途径会加剧Pb或PEG胁迫对PSⅡ反应中心活性的进一步抑制,使还原力积累加剧,造成热耗散进一步增加。研究表明,Pb或PEG胁迫均显著降低了菜豆黄化幼苗PSⅡ对光能的利用率,进而阻碍了菜豆黄化幼苗转绿进程;交替呼吸途径有助于在胁迫条件下缓解PSⅡ的过度还原,可能在一定程度上缓解了Pb或PEG胁迫对其转绿进程的阻碍作用。     

3种荒漠植物光合及叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的响应及抗旱性评价

利用盆栽试验结合人工浇水后自然耗水的方法测定干旱胁迫对梭梭、白刺、沙蒿3种荒漠植物叶片水分、光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,探讨各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征、响应机制及其与土壤水分的定量关系,并用隶属函数法对其进行抗旱性排序。结果表明：(1)3种植物叶片相对含水量(RWC)随干旱胁迫天数增加持续降低,最大水分亏缺(RWD)呈波动式上升趋势。(2)3种植物总叶绿素含量(Chl)和叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)含量,以及梭梭、白刺类胡萝卜素含量均随胁迫天数增加而降低;沙蒿类胡萝卜素随土壤含水率降低逐渐升高。(3)梭梭、白刺、沙蒿叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)等主要光合气体交换参数对土壤水分表现出明显的阈值响应,适宜的土壤含水率分别为8.04%～19.33%、4.17%～19.10%、6.48%～17.51%。(4)3种植物 PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/F_m)、实际光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)及光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随干旱胁迫天数增加和光照强度增大而降低,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则呈逐渐上升趋势;干旱胁迫中后期,梭梭、沙蒿的F_v/F_m及F_v′/F_m′均下降,光合机构光合活性遭到破坏,电子传递受阻,PSⅡ反应中心受损,表现出光抑制,而白刺调节自身PSⅡ反应中心免受伤害的能力较强。(5)隶属函数法综合分析表明,3种植物耐旱能力大小依次为白刺>梭梭>沙蒿。研究发现,3种荒漠植物均可通过调节 PSⅡ反应中心开放程度与活性,对干旱胁迫表现出较强的耐性,胁迫后期植物PSⅡ反应中心关闭或不可逆失活,表现出光抑制。     

基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析（专题约稿）

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着干旱胁迫程度的递增先增加后递减,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(5)主成分分析结果表明,在油菜幼苗受到干旱胁迫时RWC、C_i、G_s、P_n、WUE、叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a含量和NPQ起主要调控作用;隶属函数法综合评价表明,3个品种油菜幼苗耐旱能力由高到低依次为‘陇油10号’＞‘陇油2号’＞‘青杂5号’。     

盐胁迫对朴树和速生白榆幼苗光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以1年生的朴树和速生白榆幼苗为试材,采用山东省林业科学研究院东营分院34.6‰的地下天然盐水配制所需盐水浓度,定期定量浇灌,使土壤分别达0（CK）、2‰、2.5‰、3.5‰和5‰的含盐量,各处理胁迫45 d后测定其生长量（地径、苗高）、叶绿素含量、光合参数以及叶绿素荧光特性的变化,研究不同盐胁迫处理对朴树和速生白榆生长及光合作用的影响,探究其耐盐能力。结果显示: （1）整个盐胁迫过程中速生白榆的生长量较朴树高,但随着盐胁迫强度的增加朴树幼苗叶绿素含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,速生白榆幼苗则低于CK呈下降趋势。（2）朴树和速生白榆初始荧光（F_o）、最大荧光（F_m）和PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)均表现出下降趋势,与朴树相比速生白榆的F_o、F_m和F_v/F_m下降不明显,但在＞2.5‰盐胁迫下速生白榆的非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）较朴树增加更明显。研究表明,朴树叶绿素含量在每个盐胁迫浓度下均显著高于速生白榆,但在大于2.5‰浓度胁迫下速生白榆的荧光参数变化较朴树占优势;在非环境胁迫及较低盐胁迫条件下（≤2.5‰）,朴树较速生白榆具有更好的光化学性能,但在较高盐胁迫条件下（＞2.5‰）,速生白榆光合参数及荧光参数较朴树变化稳定,能更好的适应盐胁迫环境。     

垂丝海棠应对盐碱复合胁迫的生理响应

盐碱复合胁迫是影响植物生长的主要环境因子。为了探究垂丝海棠（Malus halliana Koehen）响应盐碱复合胁迫的生理特性,利用主成分分析法明确耐盐碱阈值,以2年生垂丝海棠苗为试材,将NaCl与NaHCO₃按1：1的比例混合,通过盆栽浇灌Hogland营养液的方法,模拟5种不同浓度（0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L）盐碱复合胁迫对其光合色素、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及渗透调节物质的影响,并对其相关指标进行相关性和主成分分析。结果表明,随着胁迫强度的增大,叶绿素（Chl T）合成受阻,净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、叶片含水量（WC）下降,最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）、PSⅡ实际化学效率（φPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）被抑制;类胡萝卜素（Car）含量、水分利用效率（WUE）、电解质外渗率、非调节性能量耗散（Y（NO））升高;胁迫40 d时,初始荧光（F₀）显著升高,而调节性能量耗散Y（NPQ）、非光化学荧光淬灭系数（qN）急剧降低;脯氨酸、可溶性糖、有机酸显著积累,并在100 mmol/L浓度下达到峰值。植株的P_n与G_s、C_i、ETR、φPSⅡ呈极显著正相关,与T_r、WC、qP、Chl T呈显著正相关,与电导率、脯氨酸、Y（NO）呈显著负相关。因此,盐碱复合胁迫下,垂丝海棠叶片主要通过降低G_s、C_i、T_r、WC,提高WUE、大量积累渗透调节物质、启动热耗散机制来保持光合系统伤害与修复的动态平衡。根据主成分分析法,浓度100 mmol/L为耐盐碱阈值,同时G_s、C_i、T_r、Chl T、ETR、φPSⅡ、Y（NO）、WC、qP、电解质渗透率、脯氨酸可作为评价垂丝海棠耐盐碱能力的有效指标。     

模拟酸雨胁迫下硅对髯毛箬竹光合特性的影响

以髯毛箬竹为试验材料,研究了模拟酸雨胁迫(pH 3.0)下硅对髯毛箬竹叶片叶绿素相对含量、光合作用日变化以及叶绿素荧光特性等的影响.结果表明:20和100 mg·L^-1 Na₂SiO₃预处理可以不同程度地抑制酸雨胁迫下髯毛箬竹叶片叶绿素含量的显著下降,且以100 mg·L^-1浓度处理效果最佳,叶绿素含量可提高22.7%,而高浓度(500 mg·L^-1)预处理则无缓解作用-酸雨胁迫下,髯毛箬竹光合“午休”现象加重,日平均净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和气孔限制值(L_s)明显降低,而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)增大,经过20～100 mg·L^-1硅预处理后,P_n、G_s、L_s不同程度增加,而C_i有所降低,且以100 mg·L^-1硅预处理效果最佳,日平均P_n增加39.2%.酸雨胁迫下,箬竹PSⅡ最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、有效光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)、最大荧光产额(F_m′)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)、非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)、PSII实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)降低,暗适应和光适应下的最小荧光产额F_o、F_o′ 则升高;而100 mg·L^-1硅预处理明显抑制了胁迫下各荧光参数的变化,F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_v′/F_m′和Φ_PSⅡ分别增加35.2%、146.2%、55.0%和24.3%.说明外源适宜浓度硅预处理能有效地缓解酸雨胁迫导致的髯毛箬竹光合活性下降和光合系统损伤,从而提高胁迫下植物的光合能力.     

干旱胁迫下喷施黄腐酸对燕麦光合及其抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了揭示黄腐酸对干旱胁迫下燕麦光合及其抗氧化酶活性的影响机理,该研究选用燕麦品种‘燕科2号’为材料,采用盆栽试验,以正常供水(田间持水量的75%)为对照(CK),设干旱胁迫处理(田间持水量的45%,D0)、D0 + 喷施不同浓度黄腐酸(0、200、400、600、800、1 000 mg/L)处理(D1~D5),测定各处理燕麦干鲜重、光合性能及其抗氧化酶活性。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗地上部鲜重和干重、叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)均显著降低,并导致叶片F_v/F_m、qP、ETR和Φ_PSⅡ显著下降,使叶片抗氧化酶 SOD、POD、CAT活性分别显著提高25.68%、19.98%和7.29%。(2)与D0相比,D0 +喷施600 mg/L黄腐酸后,燕麦幼苗地上部鲜重和干重分别显著提高了28.59%和39.13%,叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素和P_n、G_s、T_r及F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、ETR分别显著增加了25.17%、21.03%、47.37%和74.38%、26.47%、43.34%及6.49%、69.57%、70.71%,C_i和F_o、NPQ分别显著降低了19.52%和13.32%、43.75%。(3)干旱胁迫下喷施不同浓度的黄腐酸均使幼苗叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性较D0处理显著增加,其中喷施600 mg/L黄腐酸的叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性最高,分别较D0处理显著增加了12.19%、76.57%和55.26%。研究认为,叶面喷施适宜浓度黄腐酸能够显著提高干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的光合作用及其抗氧化能力,缓解干旱对燕麦幼苗的伤害,进而促进燕麦幼苗的生长,且以叶面喷施600 mg/L黄腐酸效果最佳。     

不同叶型维西堇菜叶片结构及光合特征比较

为探讨叶片斑纹的光合适应意义,该文选择有斑和无斑两种叶型的维西堇菜(Viola monbeigii)作为研究材料,采用石蜡切片制片和显微镜观察叶片结构及GFS 3000便携式光合测量仪测量光合参数并进行比较。结果表明:(1)两种叶型维西堇菜气孔均为不等型气孔,有斑叶片上、下表皮气孔密度、栅栏组织(PT)厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织的比值(PT/ST)均显著低于无斑叶片; 而上表皮气孔较大,表现出更适应弱光环境的结构特征。(2)两种叶型维西堇菜暗呼吸速率(R_d)、初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光产量(F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)、非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学反应量子效率(Yield)均无显著差异,有斑植株叶片叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率(P_max)显著低于无斑植株; 有斑叶片表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)在光合有效辐射(PAR)处于400～2 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1之间时显著低于无斑叶片,无斑植株的光饱和点(LSP)高于有斑植株,而补偿点(LCP)较低。综上认为,无斑植株PAR利用范围较宽,光合适应能力更强,有利于维西堇菜充分利用环境中有限的资源,保障物种生存; 有斑植株具有较适应弱光胁迫的特征,表明叶片斑纹的出现可能是维西堇菜适应林缘弱光环境的一种策略。     

蚕豆幼苗光合特性对土荆芥挥发性物质胁迫的响应

以蚕豆(Vicia faba)为受体,采用盆栽试验评价了入侵植物土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides)挥发油及其两个主要成分α-萜品烯和对伞花素对受体光合特性的影响。结果表明:土荆芥挥发油及其两个主要成分不同程度地影响了蚕豆叶片的特性。挥发油处理显著降低了净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和叶绿素含量,但增加了胞间CO₂浓度(C_i),这种效应表现为剂量和时间双重效应,高剂量挥发油处理的这种效应是不可逆的; 与对照相比,α-萜品烯处理组的P_n、F_v/F_m和ΦPSⅡ降低,C_i、G_s和T_r上升,停止处理后,各参数均趋于对照水平; 整体来看,对伞花素对蚕豆幼苗的光合特性影响不大。上述研究结果说明,土荆芥化感胁迫对受体光合特性的影响是诸多化感物质协同作用的结果,并非由单一组分决定。     

红芽芋驯化苗对盐胁迫的光合及生理响应

为探讨江西铅山红芽芋的耐盐机制,以其组培移栽驯化苗为材料,研究了盐胁迫对其生物量积累、光合特性、荧光特性等抗逆生理特性的影响。结果表明:（1）红芽芋幼苗生物量和根冠比在低盐胁迫下（50 mmol·L^-1）得到显著促进,而在高盐胁迫下（100～250 mmol·L^-1）受到显著抑制。（2）低盐胁迫幼苗的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、气孔限制值（L_s）、水分利用效率（WUE）和瞬时羧化效率（CUE）比对照（0 mmol·L^-1）显著增加,细胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）比对照显著下降,蒸腾速率（T_r）与对照无显著差异;高盐胁迫幼苗的P_n、L_s、WUE、CUE和G_s较对照显著下降,C_i比对照显著增加。（3）低盐胁迫幼苗的最大荧光（F_m）、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率（F_v/F₀）和光化学猝灭系数（q_P）比对照显著增加,初始荧光（F₀）较对照显著下降,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率（F_v′/F_m′）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）与对照无显著差异;而高盐胁迫幼苗的F₀、F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v/F₀、Φ_PSⅡ、F_v′/F_m′和q_P均较对照显著下降,NPQ比对照显著增加。（4）各盐胁迫幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白含量以及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性与对照相比先升后降,并以低盐下最高;可溶性总糖和脯氨酸含量均比对照显著增加;丙二醛含量和质膜透性相对值在低盐胁迫下无显著变化,而在高盐下显著增加;叶绿素含量和根系活力在低盐胁迫下无显著变化,而在高盐胁迫后开始显著下降。研究发现,江西铅山红芽芋移栽驯化苗的耐盐阈值为 50 mmol·L^-1,其能够诱导提高叶片可溶性蛋白含量和主要保护酶活性,稳定质膜透性、叶绿素含量和根系活力,增加PSⅡ潜在光化学效率,提高PSⅡ的电子传递活性,维持PSⅡ实际光化学效率,有效启动非辐射热能量耗散机制来保护了光合机构,最终提高净光合速率,增加生物量。     

Spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of large chlorophyll a/b ratios

A practical spectrofluorimetric calibration method at room temperature is described for determining large chlorophyll a/b ratios on direct extracts from plant material of pigments in 80% aqueous acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N,N-dimethylformamide. The method is based on the work of Boardman and Thorne [Boardman NK and Thorne SW (1971) Biochim Biophys Acta 253: 222–231] who used diethyl ether as solvent. We repeated the calibration in diethyl ether and find significantly different parameters for the calibration curve. The range of standards in this work included solutions with chlorophyll a/b ratios of 10–125 in dimethyl sulfoxide, and of 10–220 in the other solvents. Fluorescence emission spectra were found to be a highly sensitive method for assessing chlorophyll purity. We determined the limits of sensitivity for each solvent from the calibration data. The empirically determined slope of the calibration curve was shown to be related to intrinsic properties of the chlorophylls in solution; this allows predictions of the performance of the method in other solvents.     

Conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a precedes magnesium dechelation for protection against necrosis in Arabidopsis

Chlorophyll is a deleterious molecule that generates reactive oxygen species and must be converted to non‐toxic molecules during plant senescence. The degradation pathway of chlorophyll a has been determined; however, that of chlorophyll b is poorly understood, and multiple pathways of chlorophyll b degradation have been proposed. In this study, we found that chlorophyll b is degraded by a single pathway, and elucidated the importance of this pathway in avoiding cell death. In order to determine the chlorophyll degradation pathway, we first examined the substrate specificity of 7‐hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase. 7‐hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase reduces 7‐hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a but not 7‐hydroxymethyl pheophytin a or 7‐hydroxymethyl pheophorbide a. These results indicate that the first step of chlorophyll b degradation is its conversion to 7‐hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a by chlorophyll b reductase, although chlorophyll b reductase has broad substrate specificity. In vitro experiments showed that chlorophyll b reductase converted all of the chlorophyll b in the light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex to 7‐hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a, but did not completely convert chlorophyll b in the core antenna complexes. When plants whose core antennae contained chlorophyll b were incubated in the dark, chlorophyll b was not properly degraded, and the accumulation of 7‐hydroxymethyl pheophorbide a and pheophorbide b resulted in cell death. This result indicates that chlorophyll b is not properly degraded when it exists in core antenna complexes. Based on these results, we discuss the importance of the proper degradation of chlorophyll b.     

两种生境条件下6种牧草叶绿素含量及荧光参数的比较

昆仑山前山牧场海拔较高, 策勒绿洲海拔相对较低, 两者生境差异较大。以昆仑山前山牧场和策勒绿洲边缘两种不同生境条件下生长的6种牧草: 冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、矮生高羊茅(Festuca elata)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus )、红豆草(Onobrychis pulchella)及和田大叶(Medicago sativa var. luxurians)为试验材料, 研究了不同生境条件下牧草叶片叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光动力学参数的变化情况。结果显示: (1)在两种生境条件下, 昆仑山前山牧场生境生长的牧草叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素的含量明显较高, 生长在策勒绿洲生境的牧草品种叶绿素a/b值较高; (2)昆仑山前山牧场生境牧草最大荧光、光系统II (PSII)最大光化学效率、PSII潜在活性和单位面积反应中心的数量的值明显高于策勒绿洲生境品种, 而初始荧光、单位反应中心吸收的光能、单位反应中心捕获的能量、单位反应中心耗散的能量、荧光诱导曲线初始斜率值则低于策勒绿洲生境品种。因此, 两种生境下环境因子发生了改变, 对牧草产生综合的胁迫作用; 策勒绿洲生境明显对牧草生长产生了抑制, 策勒绿洲生境牧草的色素含量降低以及PSII的机构遭到损坏, 导致反应中心一部分失活或裂解, 剩余有活性的反应中心的效率增加, 昆仑山生境则相对比较适宜牧草生长; 两种生境不同牧草叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度不同。     

Accumulation of the NON‐YELLOW COLORING 1 protein of the chlorophyll cycle requires chlorophyll b in Arabidopsis thaliana

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are interconverted in the chlorophyll cycle. The initial step in the conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a is catalyzed by the chlorophyll b reductases NON‐YELLOW COLORING 1 (NYC1) and NYC1‐like (NOL), which convert chlorophyll b to 7‐hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a. This step is also the first stage in the degradation of the light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex (LHC). In this study, we examined the effect of chlorophyll b on the level of NYC1. NYC1 mRNA and NYC1 protein were in low abundance in green leaves, but their levels increased in response to dark‐induced senescence. When the level of chlorophyll b was enhanced by the introduction of a truncated chlorophyllide a oxygenase gene and the leaves were incubated in the dark, the amount of NYC1 was greatly increased compared with that of the wild type; however, the amount of NYC1 mRNA was the same as in the wild type. In contrast, NYC1 did not accumulate in the mutant without chlorophyll b, even though the NYC1 mRNA level was high after incubation in the dark. Quantification of the LHC protein showed no strong correlation between the levels of NYC1 and LHC proteins. However, the level of chlorophyll fluorescence of the dark adapted plant (F_o) was closely related to the accumulation of NYC1, suggesting that the NYC1 level is related to the energetically uncoupled LHC. These results and previous reports on the degradation of chlorophyllide a oxygenase suggest that the a feedforward and feedback network is included in chlorophyll cycle.     

硫对成熟期烤烟叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通通过液培试验,研究了硫浓度(0.01-32 mmol/L)对成熟期烤烟叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,成熟期烤烟叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量随硫浓度的升高而逐渐增加,但各处理差异未达到显著水平。在2-32 mmol/L处理之间,烤烟叶片的有效量子产量（EQY）、最大量子产量（Fv/Fm）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）随硫浓度增加而降低,非光化学猝灭（NPQ）、非光化学过程中的基本量子产量（Fo/Fm）、PSⅡ水裂解端失活程度（Fo/Fv）和PSⅡ反应中心关闭程度（1-qP）随硫浓度增加而升高,2 mmol/L处理的质体醌库（Fv/2）低于4 mmol/L处理外,但其它处理的均随硫浓度升高而降低。0.01 mmol/L处理烤烟叶片的EQY、Fv/Fm和ETR低于2-8 mmol/L处理,但高于16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理,其NPQ、Fo/Fm、Fo/Fv和1-qP变化趋势则与之相反;0.01 mmol/L处理的Fv/2低于4 mmol/L处理的,但高于2 mmol/L及8-32 mmol/L处理;低硫处理烤烟EQY、Fv/Fm和ETR的降低可能不是由Fv/2引起的,而是由于1-qP升高引起的。但16 mmol/L和32 mmol/L处理Fv/Fm 、ETR、EQY降低可能是1-qP与 Fv/2共同作用的结果。     

Effects of nickel hyperaccumulation on physiological characteristics of Alyssum murale grown on metal contaminated waste amended soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of nickel concentration on physiological characteristics of Alyssum murale when grown in a soil mixed with sewage sludge (at the rate of 2.8%). Two types of sludge were used: agricultural sewage sludge (S1) and industrial sewage sludge with an increasing nickel concentration (S2, S3, and S4). Results showed that Ni in shoots was higher than Ni in roots. A. murale is able to concentrate up to 12730 mg/kg Ni in leaves. The highest dry matter yield was observed with plants grown with agricultural sewage sludge. An addition of S2 and S3 increased shoot biomass. However, application of S4 reduced 40% shoot dry weight as compared to the control Ni treatment did not affect all chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The F(v)/F(m) ratio was stable between Ni treatments. Photosynthesis rate (A) increased with agricultural sewage sludge, but remained stable with variable Ni rates from the industrial sludge. The chlorophyll content increased with S1, S2 and S3 but it remains constant with S4 when compared to the control Therefore, high nickel concentration did not affect the function of the photosynthetic machine of A. murale.     

Green thoughts in a green shade

The author gives an autobiographical sketch of his path to chlorophyll research, and describes some results. The discussion is largely focused on long wavelength forms of chlorophyll and how they might be generated by self-assembly. Dimers or oligomers, (Chl)_n, result from coordination interactions between the central magnesium atom of one macrocycle and nucleophilic side chains of another i.e., keto C=OMg in the case of Chl a. Coordination interactions mediated by a water molecule coordinated to Mg in one macrocycle and to a nucleophilic group in another e.g., MgO(H)HO=C keto, form aggregates with very different structures and properties; where more than one strong nucleophile or hydrogen bonding group is present in the chlorophyll, e.g., the formyl group in Chl b, the acetyl group of Bchl a, or the hydroxyethyl group of Bchl c, they may also participate in direct coordination interactions with Mg as well as hydrogen bonding to water coordinated to Mg. The magnetic resonance properties of Chl a/water aggregates have provided the basis for the special pair concept for the primary electron donor in photosynthesis. Structural information derived from small angle neutron scattering studies on chlorophyll aggregates is now providing an experimental basis for comprehensive models that integrate antenna and photoreaction center chlorophyll functions.This article was written at the invitation of Govindjee. It has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government under contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.     

Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants

Chlorophyll (Chl) has unique and essential roles in photosynthetic light-harvesting and energy transduction, but its biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation is also associated with chloroplast development, photomorphogenesis and chloroplast-nuclear signaling. Biochemical analyses of the enzymatic steps paved the way to the identification of their encoding genes. Thus, important progress has been made in the recent elucidation of almost all genes involved in Chl biosynthesis and breakdown. In addition, analysis of mutants mainly in Arabidopsis, genetically engineered plants and the application of photo-reactive herbicides contributed to the genetic and regulatory characterization of the formation and breakdown of Chl. This review highlights recent progress in Chl metabolism indicating highly regulated pathways from the synthesis of precursors to Chl and its degradation to intermediates, which are not longer photochemically active.     

植物叶绿素合成、分解代谢及信号调控

叶绿素(Chlorophyll, Chl)合成是决定植物光合效率的重要性状, 是决定作物产量的重要因素。参与植物Chl合成、分解代谢及信号调控的基因数目众多, 其中任何一个基因发生突变都有可能引起Chl含量的变化, 从而表现为各种叶色异常甚至导致植株死亡。自然或人工创造突变体, 对于Chl相关基因的功能分析非常必要。目前, Chl突变体己广泛应用于基础研究和生产实践。文章就该研究领域内的最新研究进展进行了概述。     

Phosphorescence of protochlorophyll(ide) and chlorophyll(ide) in etiolated and greening bean leaves

The assignment is presented for the principal phosphorescence bands of protochlorophyll(ide), chlorophyllide and chlorophyll in etiolated and greening bean leaves measured at -196°C using a mechanical phosphoroscope. Protochlorophyll(ide) phosophorescence spectra in etiolated leaves consist of three bands with maxima at 870, 920 and 970 nm. Excitation spectra show that the 870 nm band belongs to the short wavelength protochlorophyll(ide), P627. The latter two bands correspond to the protochlorophyll(ide) forms, P637 and P650. The overall quantum yield for P650 phosphorescence in etiolated leaves is near to that in solutions of monomeric protochlorophyll, indicating a rather high efficiency of the protochlorophyll(ide) triplet state formation in frozen plant material. Short-term (2–20 min) illumination of etiolated leaves at the temperature range from -30 to 20°C leads to the appearance of new phosphorescence bands at about 990–1000 and 940 nm. Judging from excitation and emission spectra, the former band belongs to aggregated chlorophyllide, the latter one, to monomeric chlorophyll or chlorophyllide. This indicates that both monomeric and aggregated pigments are formed at this stage of leaf greening. After preillumination for 1 h at room temperature, chlorophyll phosphorescence predominates. The spectral maximum of this phosphorescence is at 955–960 nm, the lifetime is about 2 ms, and the maximum of the excitation spectrum lies at 668 nm. Further greening leads to a sharp drop of the chlorophyll phosphorescence intensity and to a shift of the phosphorescence maximum to 980 nm, while the phosphorescence lifetime and a maximum of the phosphorescence excitation spectrum remains unaltered. The data suggest that chlorophyll phosphorescence belongs to the short wavelength, newly synthesized chlorophyll, not bound to chloroplast carotenoids. Thus, the phosphorescence measurement can be efficiently used to study newly formed chlorophyll and its precursors in etiolated and greening leaves and to address various problems arising in the analysis of chlorophyll biosynthesis.Abbreviations Pchl protochlorophyll and protochlorophyllide - Chld chlorophyllide - Chl chlorophyll