外源CaCl2对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗氮代谢的影响

为了研究CaCl₂对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗根、茎、叶的氮代谢影响,探索钙缓解幼苗NaCl胁迫的作用途径。该研究以酸枣幼苗为试验材料,检测不同浓度CaCl₂(0、5、10、20 mmol/L)对NaCl(150 mmol/L)胁迫下幼苗叶片H₂O₂、O^-·₂含量,根、茎、叶中硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性及游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、硝态氮含量的影响,并采用主成分分析法筛选出评价CaCl₂缓解NaCl胁迫效应的生理指标。结果表明：与NaCl胁迫相比,盐胁迫幼苗叶片的H2O₂、O^-·₂积累量在5、10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理下显著减少;GOGAT活性在5、10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理下的植株根和茎内以及各浓度 CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高, GS、NR活性在10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根内和10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的茎内以及5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高;可溶性蛋白含量在5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根、茎、叶内均显著升高,游离氨基酸含量在10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根和茎内以及10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高,硝态氮含量在10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根和茎内以及5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高。研究发现,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对酸枣幼苗造成明显过氧化伤害,抑制了体内氮代谢;外源CaCl₂可通过促进幼苗根和茎内GS/GOGAT循环对NH₄⁺的同化作用,提高叶片NR活性,加快硝态氮的转化速率,从而增强幼苗对NaCl胁迫的适应性,并以10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理缓解效果最佳;游离氨基酸、GOGAT、NR可以作为CaCl₂缓解幼苗NaCl胁迫伤害的评价指标。     

胞外ATP对AlCl3诱导的细胞死亡过程中胞内H2O2和Ca2+水平的影响及其生理机制分析

该实验以烟草悬浮细胞 BY 2 为材料,在烟草悬浮细胞中分别加入0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 mmol·L^-1AlCl₃,以等体积去离子水处理的悬浮细胞液为对照,并依据前述实验结果选择0.15 mmol·L^-1 AlCl₃,分别添加5 mmol·L^-1 DMTU(H₂O₂ 抑制剂)、20 μmol·L^-1CaCl₂、15 μmol·L^-1 LaCl₃(Ca²⁺通道抑制剂)和50 μmol·L^-1 ATP设计多项处理,分析胞外ATP(eATP)对铝离子(Al³⁺)胁迫引起的植物细胞死亡及其胞内H₂O₂、Ca²⁺的影响,以揭示Al³⁺胁迫下植物调节细胞死亡的可能机制,进一步扩展对eATP功能的认知。结果显示：(1)随着 AlCl₃ 胁迫浓度的提高,细胞死亡水平和胞内H₂O₂水平上升,而胞内Ca²⁺和eATP水平则逐渐降低。(2)外援施加H₂O₂抑制剂 DMTU(二甲基硫脲)和Ca²⁺能够有效缓解AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡水平的上升;而Ca²⁺通道抑制剂LaCl₃(三氯化镧)则加剧了AlCl₃胁迫下的细胞死亡。(3)在AlCl₃胁迫下对细胞添加外源ATP,能够缓解AlCl₃胁迫下胞内H₂O₂水平上升和Ca²⁺水平下降的同时,并显著降低AlCl₃胁迫导致的细胞死亡。研究表明, Al³⁺以剂量依赖的模式提升细胞死亡和细胞内H₂O₂的水平并降低胞内Ca²⁺和eATP水平,AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡受到H₂O₂和Ca²⁺水平变化的调节,eATP可以通过调节H₂O₂与Ca²⁺水平缓解AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡。推测Al³⁺胁迫可能通过抑制钙离子通道而破坏了细胞内H₂O₂和Ca²⁺之间的协同关系,外源ATP对Al³⁺诱导H₂O₂上升的缓解作用可能是由于其提升了细胞的抗氧化能力。     

NO和H2O2诱导大豆根尖和边缘细胞耐铝反应的作用

 NO和H₂O₂是参与植物抗非生物胁迫反应的重要信号分子, 为了确定NO和H₂O₂在大豆(Glycine max)根尖和根边缘细胞(root border cells, RBCs)耐铝反应中的作用及其相互关系, 以‘浙春3号’大豆为材料, 研究了铝毒胁迫下大豆根尖内源NO和H₂O₂的变化, 以及外源NO和H₂O₂诱导大豆根尖和RBCs的耐铝反应。结果表明, 50 μmol·L^–1 Al处理48 h显著抑制大豆根的伸长, 提高Al在根尖的积累, 同时显著增加根尖内源NO和H₂O₂含量。施加0.25 mmol·L^–1外源NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]·2H₂O, sodium nitroprusside, SNP)和0.1 mmol·L^–1H₂O₂, 能有效地缓解Al对大豆根伸长的抑制、根尖Al积累和RBCs 的死亡, 该缓解作用可以被0.05 mmol·L^–1 NO清除剂2-(4- 羧基苯)-4,4,5,5- 四甲基咪唑-1- 氧-3- 氧化物, 钾盐(C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₄·K, carboxy-PTIO, cPTIO)和150 U·mL^–1 H₂O₂清除酶(catalase, CAT)逆转。并且外源NO能够显著促进根尖H₂O₂的积累, 而外源H₂O₂对根尖NO的含量无显著影响。这表明NO和H₂O₂是诱导大豆根尖及RBCs耐铝反应的两种信号分子, NO可能通过调控H₂O₂的形成, 进而诱导大豆根尖及RBCs的耐铝反应。     

SelS高表达保护人脐静脉内皮细胞免于H2O2诱导的细胞损伤

采用以下方法探讨SelS在内皮细胞中的表达和作用：将SelS基因克隆到真核表达载体pLNCX2，RT-PCR、XhoⅠ/ClaⅠ双酶切以及DNA序列分析验证目的基因；利用脂质体转染技术将pLNCX2-SelS或pLNCX2转染至人脐静脉内皮细胞(ECV₃₀₄细胞)，RT-PCR检测重组基因SelS的表达；MTT方法检测转染后过氧化氢(H₂O₂)对内皮细胞增殖能力的影响；硫代巴比妥酸法测定暴露于H₂O₂中不同转染组细胞脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量. 结果表明：成功构建真核表达载体pLNCX2-SelS；转染后重组SelS mRNA表达水平是内源性水平的1.76倍；H₂O₂对ECV₃₀₄细胞损伤后，高表达SelS组细胞活性增强、H₂O₂诱导产生的丙二醛减少. 上述结果表明，高表达SelS可保护内皮细胞免于H₂O₂诱导的细胞损伤，其作用机制与抗氧化有关.     

外源H2O2对盐胁迫下小白菜种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

以小白菜"甜脆青"为试材,研究不同浓度（5、10、25、50和100 mmol/L）过氧化氢（H₂O₂）浸种处理对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下小白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫明显抑制小白菜种子的萌发状况和幼苗生长,发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗根和芽长度和鲜重均明显降低,根和芽中CAT的活性及K⁺含量明显受到抑制,渗透调节物质、活性氧和MDA含量显著增加。不同浓度H₂O₂浸种处理提高了NaCl胁迫下小白菜种子发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,促进小白菜根和芽的生长,增强了NaCl胁迫下根和芽中SOD、CAT和APX的活性及K⁺含量,降低O₂^-·产生速率及H₂O₂和MDA含量,进一步促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的增加,降低体内Na⁺含量。其中以10 mmol/L H₂O₂处理缓解盐胁迫效果最好,明显缓解NaCl胁迫对小白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制。     

水稻CPR5基因参与氧化胁迫响应

为探讨水稻(Oryza sativa L.)中CPR5 基因的功能,以其cDNA 文库为基础进行序列比对,并将1 个同源性较高的序列命名为OsCPR5.生物信息学分析表明,OsCPR5 的开放阅读框长度为1551 bp,编码516 个氨基酸.软件预测该编码蛋白可能是1 个具有5 个跨膜区的膜蛋白和核定位蛋白.组织表达和亚细胞定位分析表明,OsCPR5 在根中的表达水平较高,且广泛分布在细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核上.逆境胁迫分析实验表明,植物激素脱落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)、过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H₂O₂)、氯化钠(NaCl)、甲基紫精(Methyl viologen, MV)等环境胁迫可诱导OsCPR5 的上调表达,其中氧化胁迫相关的MV 和H₂O₂ 处理效果最为明显.拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)转基因株系atcpr5/OsCPR5 在浓度为0.5 μmol L^-1、 1.0 μmol L^-1 的MV以及6 mmol L^-1、 8 mmol L^-1 的H₂O₂ 处理下,种子萌发率明显高于atcpr5 突变体.这揭示了OsCPR5 基因在植物抗氧化胁迫响应中具有一定的作用.     

细胞氧化损伤时8-羟基鸟嘌呤的测定

利用H₂O₂易通过细胞膜而到达核这一特点,初步探讨了不同浓度H₂O₂对HL-60细胞DNA的氧化损伤程度.发现H₂O₂浓度在0.4 mmol/L以上时,作用8～24 h可以用气相色谱/火焰离子检测器(GC/FID)检测到氧化损伤标志产物——8-羟基鸟嘌呤(8-oh-G),并观测到在0.4～0.8 mmol/L H₂O₂作用一定时间时,8-羟基鸟嘌呤含量随H₂O₂浓度升高而升高.     

Smac/DIABLO在过氧化氢所致C2C12肌原细胞凋亡中的作用

为探讨Smac/DIABLO在过氧化氢(H₂O₂）所致C₂C₁₂肌原细胞凋亡中的作用,采用Hoechst 33258染色,观察H₂O₂ (0.5 mmol/L)处理C₂C₁₂肌原细胞不同时间后,细胞核形态学改变并计算凋亡核百分率,DNA抽提及琼脂糖电泳观察凋亡特征性梯状带,利用细胞成分分离后蛋白质印迹分析H₂O₂是否导致Smac/DIABLO从线粒体释放,采用Caspase检测试剂盒及蛋白质印迹分析Caspase-3和Caspase-9的活化,转染Smac/DIABLO基因,观察Smac/DIABLO过表达对H₂O₂所致的C₂C₁₂肌原细胞凋亡的影响.结果表明:H₂O₂处理1 h后,Smac/DIABLO从C₂C₁₂肌原细胞线粒体释放入胞浆,2 h更明显;H₂O₂处理4 h后,Caspase-3和Caspase-9活化,12 h达高峰;H₂O₂处理24 h后,C₂C₁₂肌原细胞显示特征性的凋亡形态改变,凋亡核百分率明显升高,DNA电泳出现明显“梯状”条带.与单纯过氧化氢损伤组相比,Smac/DIABLO高表达的C₂C₁₂肌原细胞经过氧化氢损伤组的Caspase-3和Caspase-9的活化、凋亡核百分率的升高、“梯状”条带的出现均更明显.结果表明,H₂O₂可导致Smac/DIABLO从C₂C₁₂肌原细胞线粒体释放,促进Caspase-9和Caspase-3的活化而促进细胞凋亡的发生.     

PKCγ过表达诱导C3H10T1/2细胞生长失控的初探

通过DNA重组构建蛋白激酶C_γ(PKC_γ)亚类的重组质粒并经基因转染技术和DNA印迹、蛋白质印迹与PKC活性分析,获得了过表达PKC_γ的C₃H₁₀T_1/2细胞——NCP4.NCP4细胞生长速率提高,流式细胞光度术检测表明,NCP4细胞G1期百分率下降,S期和G2+M期百分率升高,与对照组细胞相比,血清依赖性明显下降,贴壁依赖性降低,在软琼脂中形成小集落,出现部分转化表型.进一步检测,首次观察到NCP4细胞中癌基因c-sis表达明显增强,这可能是NCP4细胞血清依赖性下降的分子机理之一.实验表明,在正常C₃H₁₀T_1/2细胞中PKC_γ的过表达可直接导致细胞增殖加速并可诱导出现部分转化特征.     

过氧化氢对培养心肌细胞损伤作用的研究

氧化应激时产生大量的自由基,造成心肌细胞的损伤.过氧化氢(H₂O₂)是有机体氧化代谢产物,同时是一种活性氧.应用不同浓度的H₂O₂,分别于不同作用时间,动态观察其对心肌细胞的损伤作用.从实验结果看到,低浓度的H₂O₂（＜0.1 mmol/L）作用2 h,使心肌细胞产生早期的生物化学的改变,如MDA产生堆积和细胞周期时相改变（G1期细胞增加,G2期细胞减少）,此时心肌酶基本无泄漏,心肌细胞的死亡率很低,HE形态学观察基本无改变;随着H₂O₂浓度的增加（1～5 mmol/L）和作用时间的延长,进一步诱导细胞损伤加剧,LDH释放和MDA积累明显升高,细胞死亡率也明显增加,已具有统计学意义.同时可观察到其病理形态学的坏死性改变;当10 mmol/L H₂O₂作用时,细胞大量死亡,形态学可见细胞极度收缩、脱落,形成大面积的细胞脱失区.因此,H₂O₂作为一种活性氧自由基,依其浓度和作用时间不同可造成不同程度的心肌细胞的损伤.辣根过氧化物酶作为一种自由基清除剂,可明显减少H₂O₂活性氧自由基对心肌细胞的损伤作用.     

Transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel on ZrO2 supported La2O3 catalyst

ZrO₂ supported La₂O₃ catalyst prepared by impregnation method was examined in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. It was found that the catalyst with 21 wt% loaded La₂O₃ and calcined at 600 °C showed the optimum activity. The basic property of the catalyst was studied by CO₂-TPD, and the results showed that the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was related to their basicity. The catalyst was also characterized by TG–DTA, XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM, and the mechanism for the formation of basic sites was discussed. It was also found that the crystallite size of support ZrO₂ decreased by loading of La₂O₃, and the model of the solid-state reaction on the surface of La₂O₃/ZrO₂ catalyst was proposed. Besides, the influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was investigated.     

Study on the heterogeneous degradation of chitosan with H2O2 catalyzed by a new supermolecular assembly crystal: [C6H8N2]6H3[PW12O40]·2H2O

A new supermolecular assembly crystal, [C₆H₈N₂]₆H₃[PW₁₂O₄₀]·2H₂O (DMB-PWA), was synthesized with phosphotungstic acid (PWA) and 1,2-diaminobenzene (DMB) under hydrothermal conditions and was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. DMB-PWA could effectively catalyze oxidative degradation of chitosan with H₂O₂ in the heterogeneous phase. The optimum degradation conditions were determined by orthogonal tests as follows: amount of chitosan 1.00 g, 30% (wt %); H₂O₂, 3.0 mL; dosage of catalyst, 0.06 g; reaction temperature, 85 °C; and reaction time, 30 min. The water-soluble chitosan with a viscosity-average molecular weight (M_v) of 4900 was obtained under the optimum degradation conditions and was characterized by FTIR, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection spectra (UV-vis DRS), and X-ray powder diffraction analysis.     

Glucose biosensor based on the room-temperature phosphorescence of TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite

The direct immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD) on TiO₂/SiO₂ nanocomposite and its application as glucose biosensor were investigated. The room-temperature phosphorescence of TiO₂/SiO₂ nanocomposite can be quenched by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The detection of glucose may be accomplished by monitoring the formation of hydrogen peroxide which generated in the oxidation process of glucose with the catalysis of GOD. To our surprise, by using a 96-hole polyporous plate accessory of fluorescence spectrophotometer, the biosensor exhibits excellent linear response to glucose concentrations ranging from 1.0 × 10⁻⁹ to 1.0 × 10⁻² M with a detection limit of 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁰ M. The TiO₂/SiO₂ nanocomposite can be used as both supporting material and signal transducer. The phosphorescence intensity and color of the biosensor change obviously and even could be observed with naked eyes by continuous addition of glucose. Based on the room-temperature phosphorescence of TiO₂/SiO₂ nanocomposite, a new method of solid substrate-room-temperature phosphorimetry (SS-RTP) for glucose determination is proposed. A glucose biosensor was fabricated with wide determination concentration range, low detection limit, high sensitivity, and fast response time. And the biosensor has been successfully applied to the determination of glucose in human blood serum. The coacervation of GOD enzyme and its interaction with TiO₂/SiO₂ nanocomposite enlarge the surface area and enhance the chemical stability of GOD. The nice biocompatibility, large surface area, good chemical stability and nontoxicity of the TiO₂/SiO₂ nanocomposite have made this material suitable for functioning as biosensor.     

Kinetic studies of the reduction of hexaaquacobalt(III) perchlorate by a cobaloxime, [Co(dmgBF2)2(H2O)2]

The reaction of with Co(dmgBF₂)₂(H₂O)₂ in 1.0 M HClO₄/LiClO₄ was found to be first-order in both reactants and the [H⁺] dependence of the second-order rate constant is given by k_2obs = b/[H⁺], b at 25 °C is 9.23 ± 0.14 × 10² s⁻¹. The [H⁺] dependence at lower temperatures shows some saturation effect that allowed an estimate of the hydrolysis constant for as K_a = 9.5 × 10⁻³ M at 10 and 15 °C. Marcus theory and the known self-exchange rate constant for Co(OH₂)₅OH^2+/+ were used to estimate an electron self-exchange rate constant of k₂₂ = 1.7 × 10⁻⁴ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for .     

MeJA诱导的拟南芥保卫细胞H2O2积累与质膜H+-ATPase的关系

茉莉酸类物质(JAs)作为与昆虫啃噬及损伤相关的植物激素和信号分子在植物防御反应中起重要作用,但是茉莉酸引起的早期防御反应的机理仍不清楚。该研究以拟南芥叶片保卫细胞为材料,结合非损伤微测(NMT)及激光共聚焦技术探讨了茉莉酸诱导的保卫细胞中质膜H+-ATPase与H2O2积累的调控关系。结果表明:茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理导致H+迅速跨膜外排和H2O2积累,H+外排和H2O2积累能够被钒酸钠抑制,而二苯基碘(DPI)处理则对MeJA诱导的H+跨膜外排无显著影响。研究结果证明,在MeJA诱导的早期信号事件中,质膜H+-ATPase的激活先于H2O2的产生。     

Antibacterial properties of recombinant human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2

Human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A₂ (hnpsPLA₂) is a group IIA phospholipase A₂ which plays an important role in the innate immune response. This enzyme was found to exhibit bactericidal activity toward Gram-positive bacteria, but not Gram-negative ones. Though native hnpsPLA₂ is active over a broad pH range, it is only highly active at alkaline conditions with the optimum activity pH of about 8.5. In order to make it highly active at neutral pH, we have obtained two hnpsPLA₂ mutants, Glu89Lys and Arg100Glu that work better at neutral pH in a previous study. In the present study, we tested the bactericidal effects of the native hnpsPLA₂ and the two mutants. Both native hnpsPLA₂ and the two mutants exhibit bactericidal activity toward Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, they can also kill Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium. The two mutants showed better bactericidal activity for E. coli at neutral pH than the native enzyme, which is consistent with the enzyme activities. As hnpsPLA₂ is highly stable and biocompatible, it may provide a promising therapy for bacteria infection treatment or other bactericidal applications.     

血红蛋白A2现象发生机制的研究——“红细胞HbA2”为HbA2与HbA的结合产物

为了弄清血红蛋白A₂现象的发生机制,我们对“红细胞HbA₂”的化学组成进行了分析。“红细胞HbA₂”的双向电泳结果表明,它含有两种血红蛋白成分:一种相当于HbA,另一种很可能是溶血液HbA₂。其单向二次电泳结果也证明,它是由溶血液HbA₂和HbA所组成。结果初步说明,盘红细胞中HbA₂可能与HbA结合存在。两者可能有相互作用,也许这是产生血红蛋白A₂现象的原因。     

Activation of cyclooxygenases by H2O2and t-butylhydroperoxide in aged rat lung

The arachidonate cascade is important for the generation of reactive species (RS), and cyclooxygenase (COX) is a key enzyme of this cascade. Tissues of 24-month-old rat lung showed a 2-fold increase in RS, malondialdehyde and thromboxane B₂ than those of 6-month-old rat. We found that the effects of 50 µM H₂O₂ and 200 µM t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) specify on COX activity, and that their effects increased cytosolic COX activity in a concentration-dependent manner (1–50 µM) in 24-month-old rat. Our results suggested that COX activators such as t-BHP and H₂O₂, which are located in cytosol, are essential for the activation of COX in aged lung.