海洋浮游生物介导的弧菌传播扩散机制研究进展

弧菌在全球范围内广泛存在，弧菌病的暴发和流行不仅给海水养殖业造成巨大的经济损失，还严重威胁人类健康。一些弧菌可以通过与环境中浮游植物和浮游动物的相互作用提高自身存活率和环境持久性，并进行跨海域传播。本文综述了海洋浮游生物作为部分弧菌物种储库的作用及影响因素，以及气候变化和人类活动等因素驱动下浮游生物间接介导的弧菌传播扩散特性；并重点介绍了弧菌特定的结构、代谢途径和次级代谢产物在其与浮游生物互作过程中发挥的独特作用及其机制；提出今后应从分子层面深入解析浮游生物与弧菌的相互作用机制，从全球尺度阐释浮游生物介导的弧菌跨海域传播机制，建立弧菌疾病传播预测模型和预警系统，为浮游生物介导的弧菌传播扩散风险的防控提供重要信息。     

豚草入侵新疆伊犁河谷的时空分布格局及扩散途径

【目的】豚草是世界范围内广泛入侵的植物,对入侵地经济发展、人体健康和生态安全产生严重危害。研究分析其入侵扩散媒介、切断其扩散来源对有效防控意义重大。【方法】通过对新疆伊犁河谷全境调查,分析豚草空间分布特征;采用空间代替时间的方法,结合地统计学,定量分析豚草不同入侵时间及生境的传播扩散特征,总结其扩散媒介和途径。【结果】豚草在伊犁河谷分布种群共计186个,其分布具有明显生境偏好,主要分布在道路两侧、河道和林下。道路两侧分布种群最多,占总分布种群点的32.34%,河道两侧分布面积最大,占伊犁河谷分布面积的69.01%。新源县是豚草的主要发生区,已形成4个严重入侵区和多个扩散源区。【结论】豚草早期扩散具有随机性,在不同生境内种群呈集中分布。不同生境中扩散媒介各有侧重,以农牧物资运输和牛羊携带为主。因此,道路和河道两侧是防控的重点,同时要加强对农牧产品调运和动物活动的监管,减少动物辅助扩散传播。研究为豚草在伊犁河谷的防控研究提供中烟基础数据。     

云南路网特征及其与紫茎泽兰传播扩散的相关性分析

公路廊道是外来植物入侵定居和扩散的主要通道之一, 公路沿线频繁的人工干扰与车辆交通, 有利于外来植物种子的传播与扩散, 同时公路和铁路有助于外来植物克服地理或生态的传播阻碍。论文分析云南省公路路网空间分布格局和公路里程与紫茎泽兰传播扩散的关系。结果表明: 云南省路网分布不均匀, 西部公路密度偏低, 中东部地区密集; 紫茎泽兰发生总面积较大的区域其公路里程和路网密度处于中等水平; 紫茎泽兰发生总面积和单位发生面积与省道里程呈显著正相关。紫茎泽兰在快速扩散期时, 省道里程对紫茎泽兰在云南的传播扩散影响最为显著。紫茎泽兰的入侵扩散还受其他人为干扰因素和生境条件的影响, 交通道路干扰可作为评价紫茎泽兰入侵扩散的一个重要指标, 同时, 公路廊道促进紫茎泽兰扩散传播的景观机制应进一步加强研究, 为公路沿线生物入侵防治提供科学依据。     

活性污泥抗生素抗性基因研究进展

抗生素抗性在全球范围内的传播扩散严重威胁人类健康。活性污泥是污水处理系统重要的处理工艺,同时也是抗生素抗性及其发生水平基因转移的一个重要储库和热区。目前,随着研究手段和技术的不断更新,活性污泥中抗生素抗性的研究不断增加,但是仍有许多科学问题亟待解决。本文主要针对活性污泥抗生素抗性的5个主要方面进行深入讨论:(1)活性污泥中抗性基因的丰度和分布的影响因素;(2)污泥抗性基因的研究方法;(3)活性污泥抗性基因的传播与扩散;(4)污泥中抗性基因环境风险评估;(5)研究展望。本综述在活性污泥抗生素抗性研究基础上,阐述了驱动抗生素抗性扩散的基本微生物生态过程研究进展,旨在为污水处理工艺的发展和优化及抗性基因控制政策的制定提供科学基础。     

啮齿动物对种子的传播

简要介绍了扩散、传播植物种子的啮齿动物种类、它们传播的植物种子种类,以及啮齿动物对植物种子扩散、传播的主动、被动方式及双方在这一体系中的互惠关系和可能存在的协同进化关系。     

气候变化对中国东北地区日本松干蚧传播扩散的影响

基于气候资料和日本松干蚧传播资料,根据传播扩散范围及入侵地的气候特征,分析了日本松干蚧主要影响因子的年代变化对日本松干蚧在东北地区扩散的影响。结果表明:东北地区最冷月各旬及月平均最低气温总的呈升高趋势(r=0.86,P0.05),冬季极端最低气温也有缓慢上升趋势(r=0.93,P0.01),其年代间的冷暖变化与日本松干蚧在东北地区扩散有明显的相关性。1月平均最低气温和冬季极端最低气温明显升高的20世纪70年代和90年代,日本松干蚧快速扩散、危害地虫口密度大、危害程度重。日本松干蚧大范围扩散和爆发都发生在1月份最低气温较高的年份。1月最低气温和冬季极端最低气温升高是日本松干蚧在东北地区传播扩散的重要因素。复苏后的降水量、卵孵化期的空气相对湿度和夏季最高气温的年代变化对日本松干蚧扩散的影响不显著。     

环境中抗生素抗性基因的水平传播扩散

抗生素抗性基因作为一类新型环境污染物,其在不同环境介质中的传播扩散可能比抗生素本身的环境危害更大,其中,水平基因转移是抗生素抗性基因传播的重要方式,是造成抗性基因环境污染日益严重的原因之一.本文系统阐述了抗生素抗性基因在环境中发生水平转移的主要分子传播元件及其影响因素,这对于正确揭示抗性基因的分子传播机制具有重要意义.结合多重抗药性的传播扩散机制,探讨了行之有效的遏制抗生素抗性基因传播扩散的方法和途径,并针对目前的污染现状,对今后有关抗生素抗性基因水平转移的研究重点进行了展望.     

啮齿类对植物种子的传播作用

种子植物是固着生活的有机体 ,如果能成功地将种子扩散到适宜的生境 ,将会在生存竞争中获得优势。在长期的进化过程中 ,不同的植物依赖不同的媒介传播种子 ,如风传播 ,水传播 ,或自身的力量传播 (重力、弹爆力等 )。在很多情况下也依靠动物完成种子扩散 ,即所谓的动物传播。根据依赖的动物对象不同可以分为蚁传播 ,鸟传播 ,哺乳类传播 ,以及鱼传播 ,爬行类传播等。哺乳类中传播种子的类群主要包括翼手类 ,灵长类和啮齿类。由于能够飞行 ,热带食果实的蝙蝠(属翼手类 )对种子的传播作用最明显 ,研究得也最多 ,源于蝙蝠类的传播特称为ｃｈｉｒ…     

Wolbachia在蚊虫中的防控应用研究进展

蚊媒传播的疾病在世界范围内造成巨大的经济损失和健康负担。传统化学杀虫剂的不规范和过度使用导致抗药性在蚊虫种群的扩散,加剧了蚊媒传播疾病的发生,因此,研发经济安全的新型蚊媒防控方法至关重要。Wolbachia是一种专性感染节肢动物的细胞内共生菌,可以操纵蚊虫的生殖能力并具有病原体阻断作用。释放Wolbachia感染的蚊虫品系来抑制或修饰蚊虫种群的防控策略具有巨大的发展潜力。本文主要介绍了Wolbachia诱导的胞质不相容作用和Wolbachia介导的病原体阻断作用,并阐述了以这两种技术为基础的蚊虫防控策略的研究进展,包括种群抑制和种群修饰策略。     

警惕杰克贝尔氏粉蚧Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller在中国大陆扩散

杰克贝尔氏粉蚧原产于新热带区,是新近传入中国大陆的一种外来生物,主要危害水果、蔬菜、园林植物和粮食作物。该虫于2012年首次在我国海南乐东被发现,寄主植物为丝瓜;之后又在新疆乌鲁木齐的花卉市场被发现,寄主植物为来自广东或福建的盆景人参榕。杰克贝尔氏粉蚧寄主范围广泛,涉及50科200多种,且极易随农产品的贸易活动进行远距离传播扩散,对我国农林产业的安全生产构成了潜在巨大威胁。概述了杰克贝尔氏粉蚧的地理分布和生物学特征,浅析了其在我国的传播扩散趋势,并从物种鉴定、生物防治和检验检疫处理等方面提出了防控建议,以期为有效预防和控制该种粉蚧在我国的进一步传播扩散提供参考。     

基于生物防治的西花蓟马治理及思考

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）是世界性的大害虫,对温室中蔬菜花卉造成巨大的危害。20世纪70年代后在世界范围内广泛而迅速地传播蔓延,近年入侵中国。西花蓟马对农药产生了广泛的抗性,使得生物防治一直作为其综合治理中的主导措施。本文综述了世界上西花蓟马生物防治的现状,以期为中国西花蓟马的治理提供一定的借鉴作用。     

Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm: predictions from the laboratory and effects in the field

Crops engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provide an effective management tool for many key insect pests. However, pest species have repeatedly demonstrated their ability to adapt to management practices. Results from laboratory selection experiments illustrate the capacity of pest species to evolve Bt resistance. Furthermore, resistance has been documented to Bt sprays in the field and greenhouse, and more recently, by some pests to Bt crops in the field. In 2009, fields were discovered in Iowa (USA) with populations of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, that had evolved resistance to maize that produces the Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Fields with resistant insects in 2009 had been planted to Cry3Bb1 maize for at least three consecutive years and as many as 6years. Computer simulation models predicted that the western corn rootworm might evolve resistance to Bt maize in as few as 3years. Laboratory and field data for interactions between western corn rootworm and Bt maize indicate that currently commercialized products are not high-dose events, which increases the risk of resistance evolution because non-recessive resistance traits may enhance survival on Bt maize. Furthermore, genetic analysis of laboratory strains of western corn rootworm has found non-recessive inheritance of resistance. Field studies conducted in two fields identified as harboring Cry3Bb1-resistant western corn rootworm found that survival of western corn rootworm did not differ between Cry3Bb1 maize and non-Bt maize and that root injury to Cry3Bb1 maize was higher than injury to other types of Bt maize or to maize roots protected with a soil insecticide. These first cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm provide an early warning and point to the need to apply better integrated pest management practices when using Bt maize to manage western corn rootworm.     

Action windows for optimum control of rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Different assemblages of primary and secondary pest grasshopper species were found in 5 different rangeland plant communities in western North Dakota. The action window for their control (i.e., the interval when control is likely to be efficacious) with short-lived insecticides can be visualized in terms of time, grasshopper phenology, or plant phenology. Action windows ranged from 14 d duration in habitats dominated by western wheatgrass to 38 d duration in habitats dominated by needle-and-thread or by crested wheatgrass. Action windows opened 11-15 d later in rhizominous grass habitats than in bunchgrass habitats because of increased presence of late-hatching secondary pest species. In all habitat types, action windows closed primarily in response to imminent oviposition by a ubiquitous primary pest species, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). In all habitat types, action windows tended to open during seed development of 2 common and conspicuous grasses, needle-and-thread and green needlegrass. No such consistent indicator for closure of action windows was detected.     

Pest phenology and evaluation of traps and pheromone lures for monitoring flight activity of obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Minnesota apple orchards

The efficacy of two trap designs (Pherocon 1C "wing" trap versus Pherocon VI "delta" trap) and two pheromone blends for monitoring obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), was evaluated in Minnesota apple orchards during the 2001 and 2002 field seasons. Two distinct flight periods of C. rosaceana were recorded yearly in Minnesota. Overwintered C. rosaceana larvae resumed activity in the spring at approximately 60 degree-days (DD) base 10 degrees C, whereas adult emergence began approximately 275 DD base 10 degrees C. To determine the optimal pheromone blend for monitoring C. rosaceana in Minnesota, traps were baited with either a three-component pheromone blend (Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, and Z11-14:OH) produced by females in eastern North America, or a four-component blend (Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, and Z11-14:Al) commonly produced by females in western North America. Of the four pheromone-baited traps evaluated, delta traps baited with the four-component western pheromone lure captured the highest number of C. rosaceana males, followed by wing traps baited with western lure. Male C. rosaceana were less attracted to traps containing the three-component eastern lure, and both lure types seemed to be considerably selective against sympatric redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). These results suggest that the pheromonal response of the predominant endemic population of C. rosaceana in Minnesota is similar to the response of the pest in many parts of western North America. The delta trap baited with western pheromone lure of C. rosaceana is recommended for monitoring the pest in Minnesota, and the results are discussed in relation to the development of effective management strategies against this important pest of apple.     

外来入侵害虫西花蓟马防控技术研究与示范

针对入侵害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)在我国部分地区暴发成灾的形势,公益性行业科研专项"外来入侵害虫西花蓟马防控技术研究与示范"项目组在除西藏、台湾、香港和澳门以外的30个省、区和直辖市开展了西花蓟马的调查、监测、预警和综合防控技术研究与示范。结果表明西花蓟马在北京、云南、浙江、山东等14个省市发生危害,尤以云南和北京两地最为严重,在全国呈快速蔓延趋势。明确了西花蓟马在我国的成灾机制;建立了西花蓟马高效诱捕技术;筛选出4种对西花蓟马具有显著控害潜力的本土天敌昆虫及病原微生物;筛选出5种对西花蓟马高效、对环境友好的防治药剂;明确西花蓟马重要发生区域北京和云南种群对主要化学药剂的抗性和机制;分别组建了基于农业措施防治、色板与引诱剂应用的引诱技术、生物防治和高效环保化学农药综合应用的10套西花蓟马防控技术体系,在我国北京、云南、山东和浙江等西花蓟马主要发生区域累计推广面积2.65万公顷,有效控制了西花蓟马的为害和扩散蔓延。     

湖南省茶树害虫地理区划分析

通过湖南省茶树害虫的系统调查,查明湖南省茶树害虫(害螨)共302种,根据其在湖南省各地(市)的分布,编成"0,1"分布数据表,然后进行聚类分析.根据聚类结果,参考地理、气候、茶树的种植历史和种植面积以及其他动物类群方面的研究和前人的工作,把湖南省茶树害虫分成4个区:湘北环湖平原丘岗区,湘中、湘东丘陵区,湘西山区,湘南山地丘陵区,并分别叙述了各区的特点.     

气候变暖情境下松材线虫在我国的适生区范围

基于历史气象数据(1971—2000),利用CLIMEX软件对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus在我国的潜在适生区进行了预测,结果显示:松材线虫在我国的适生范围广、适生程度高,全国除黑龙江、吉林省无适生区外,其余各省市区均有适生区域,其中约2/3的适生区为高度适生区,覆盖整个南方地区,分布北界达内蒙古通辽地区,西至西藏的日喀则地区;进一步结合英国气候变化研究中心提供的气候变暖情境下未来气候模拟数据TYNSC2.0,利用CLIMEX软件预测出未来30年内(2010-2039)松材线虫在我国的潜在适生区,结果发现同历史气候条件下相比,未来30年内松材线虫在我国的适生分布区将呈现范围增加、适生程度增加、向北扩散的趋势,其中分布北界将到达吉林省西部,分布西界则与历史气候条件下预测结果相差无几。     

Invasion biology,ecology, and management of Frankliniella occidentalis in China

Frankliniella occidentalis is an economically important invasive pest worldwide, which can damage various horticultural crops and ornamental plants. F. occidentalis was first intercepted in Kunming, Yunnan province in 2000, and first reported to establish a population in Beijing, China in 2003. Since then, this pest is currently distributed across tens of provinces in mainland China and cause increasingly serious damage and loss. To control this pest, invasion biology, monitoring, and integrated pest management have been generally and intensively studied for 15 years in China. Furthermore, western flower thrips (WFT) as an important invasive insect pest, the research achievements on WFT has contributed to the promotion of technological innovation and development for invasive alien species management strategies and techniques in China. This review provides an overview for research on the biology, ecology, prevention, and management of this pest during 15 years in China. Meanwhile, China's “4E action” strategy on F. occidentalis is also discussed in this review.     

葡萄斑叶蝉的生物学特性及防治

葡萄斑叶蝉在豫西各地每年发生3代,以成虫在落叶下、杂草丛等越冬。发生盛期在7月下旬及8月上旬。可采用以下方法防治：秋末清扫落叶并销毁;成虫产卵盛期人工摘虫叶;喷洒20％杀灭菊酯3000倍稀释液或50％辛硫磷2000倍稀释液,杀虫效果可达90％。     

Cereal yield losses caused by lepidopterous stemborers at different nitrogen fertilizer rates in Ethiopia

Abstract: Field trials were carried out at three locations in the cool‐wet western and one location in the semiarid eastern ecozones of the Amhara State of Ethiopia to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on pest infestation and yield losses caused by lepidopterous stemborers in maize and sorghum. Three N fertilizer levels, i.e. 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha for maize, and 41, 64, and 87 kg/ha for sorghum, were compared with a zero N treatment. The dominant pest species were the noctuid Busseola fusca (Fuller) and the invasive crambid Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Leaf N content was positively related to N fertilizer dosage. In general, pest density, parasitism, plant growth and borer damage variables increased with crop growth stage. On sorghum, in the cool‐wet western Amhara, increasing levels of N fertilizer also tended to increase pest density, plant growth and damage variables. In the semiarid ecozone, parasitism by the exotic parasitoid Cotesia flavipes Cameron tended to increase with N level. In the cool‐wet ecozone, sorghum yields increased by up to 74% because of fertilization; losses caused by stemborers decreased linearly with N dosage from 49% to 36%. In maize, because of low borer densities, there were no discernable trends for pest infestation and yield losses. In the cool‐wet ecozone, sorghum yields were positively related to insecticide application and plant height, and negatively to damage variables such as tunnelling and peduncle damage. In semiarid eastern Amhara, the effects of fertilizer on pest, damage and yield were low on both crops because of the higher soil fertility. The results indicate that the profitability of nitrogen fertilizer as an integrated pest management tactic in the control of cereal stemborers depends, among others, on the severity of borer damage and the soil fertility status prevailing in an area. It is concluded that N fertilizer helps minimize the impact of borers on grain yields, especially on sorghum and in the cool‐wet ecozone.