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1.
日本松干蚧性信息素光学异构体的引诱活性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
祁云台  林国强 《昆虫学报》1994,37(4):393-398
对合成的日本松干蚧Matscoccus matsumurse(kuwana)性信息素4、6、10、12-四甲基-反2、反4-十三碳二烯-7-酮1所有四个光学活性异构体,进行了诱虫活性测定和林间诱捕试验。结果表明,只有6R、10R-4、6、10、12-四甲基-反2 反4-十三碳二烯-7-酮对日本松干蚧雄成虫具有强烈引诱活性,被确定为该虫天然性信息素的绝对构型。  相似文献   

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高文呈 《昆虫学报》1987,(3):271-276
黑叉胸花蝽Dufouriella ater(Dufour)在文登地区一年发生4代, 以成虫越冬, 世代重叠现象明显.成虫和若虫均可捕食日本松干蚧, 对松干蚧种群数量起着控制作用.成虫羽化后即行交配, 未经交配的雌虫不能产卵.若虫中84.6%为5龄, 仅少数为4龄虫.米蛾卵和大蜡螟卵是饲养繁殖黑叉胸花蝽成虫和若虫的良好饲料.  相似文献   

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日本松干蚧Matsucoccus matsumurae(Kuwana.)于2014年在贵州省遵义市汇川区及绥阳县首次发现,目前已导致330 ha的马尾松Pinus massoniana死亡.因该虫隐蔽性强,危害症状极易与真菌病害混淆,防治难度极大.为科学制定防控方法,从2019年4月至2021年4月,开展了日本松干蚧每个虫态的形态特征及其生物学特性研究.结果表明:贵州省发现的松干蚧为日本松干蚧,其一年发生2代,以第2代1龄若虫越冬,并以有性生殖繁衍后代,未见孤雌生殖现象,且春秋两季主要依靠风力进行自然传播,具有传播速度快、致死率高等特点.日本松干蚧系首次传入贵州并进入到北纬27°范围,加之黔中及黔北区域又是马尾松的集中分布区,须加强该区域监测预警工作,特别是加强对针叶枯黄、主梢和枝弯曲的马尾松进行识别和鉴定,适时进行卫生伐,除治濒死木,切断传播途径,做好精准防控.  相似文献   

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利用GARP生态位模型预测日本松干蚧在中国的地理分布   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23  
采用GARP生态位模型预测分析了松属植物的重要入侵害虫日本松干蚧Matsucoccus matsumurae(Kuwana)在中国的潜在地理分布。对现有分布地点的分析表明:日本松干蚧在我国的扩散蔓延有三个主要阶段, 即零散分布期、逐步扩散期和迅速蔓延期。全国范围内的预测显示:该虫可以在中国27个省、市、自治区生存,主要集中在东北和东部沿海地区;在全国扩散的趋势是向内陆发展。对辽宁省和吉林省地进一步预测分析验证了该方法的准确性,其蔓延趋势与全国的预测结果相一致;同时还确定了6个高度危险区和13个影响该虫扩散的关键区。  相似文献   

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本文采用显微观察技术及酶含量测定方法,对日本松干蚧Matsucoccus matsumurae(Kuwana)分泌蜡质的几个虫态及各虫态虫体内与蜡质合成相关的脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和脂肪酸延伸酶(FAE)的含量变化进行了研究。结果表明:雄性泌蜡主要在二龄若虫期和三龄若虫期,前者为珠形若虫,虫体分泌少量湿蜡,在体表形成薄蜡层,由气门周缘分泌蜡丝,后者泌蜡量大,为蜡丝结茧;雌性泌蜡主要在二龄若虫和雌成虫泌蜡形成卵囊期。FAS含量变化与泌蜡活动关系密切,在雄性的三龄若虫期最高,二龄若虫期次之,蛹期最低;雌性成虫泌蜡前和中期FAS含量最高,产卵完毕时最低,二龄若虫期居中;FAE含量与FAS变化相似,但在二龄若虫期也较高。这说明FAS和FAE参与了蜡质合成过程。  相似文献   

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东北地区植被物候对气候变化的响应   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
使用1982—2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据和气候数据,借助GIS空间分析和统计分析方法,分析了东北地区不同植被物候期与气候变化的关系。结果表明:22年东北地区年均温度以升高趋势为主,年降水量以减少趋势为主;针叶林、针阔叶混交林、阔叶林、草甸和沼泽植被生长季开始日期提前受春季温度升高影响显著(P<0.05)。春季降水对植被生长季开始日期变化影响较小,仅对针叶林生长季开始日期的推迟有显著的影响(P<0.05)。植被生长季结束日期受温度变化影响较小,仅草原植被生长季结束日期提前受秋季温度降低影响显著(P<0.05)。降水对东北地区植被生长季结束日期的变化影响高于温度。随着秋季降水量的减少,针阔叶混交林、草原和农田植被生长季结束日提前(P<0.05)。草丛生长季结束日期提前受夏季降水减少的影响显著(P<0.05);农田生长季结束日期提前亦受夏季和9月降水量减少的显著影响(P<0.05)。阔叶林和沼泽植被生长季延长受春季温度升高影响显著(P<0.05);灌丛植被生长季缩短受春季降水量减少影响显著(P<0.05);草丛和农田植被生长季延长受夏季降水量增加影响显著(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

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中国东北地区植被NDVI对气候变化的响应   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
结合1982—2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据集和GIS技术,应用基于像元的相关分析方法,分析了东北地区植被NDVI对气候变化的响应。结果表明:1)1982—2003年,东北地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,而年降水量呈下降趋势;东北地区植被NDVI与年平均气温呈显著正相关的像元占12.84%,主要分布在松嫩平原南部、三江平原中部和西辽河平原,植被类型为农田、阔叶林、草原。植被NDVI与年平均气温几乎不存在显著负相关性;植被NDVI与年降水呈显著和极显著正相关的像元比例为4.55%,主要植被类型为草原和农田;植被NDVI与年降水量呈显著负相关的像元比例为7.52%,主要植被类型为针叶林和阔叶林。2)东北地区植被与生长季气温显著正相关和显著负相关的比例分别为3.96%和4.35%;植被与生长季降水显著正相关和显著负相关的比例分别为8.81%和8.54%。3)东北地区58.21%的植被像元与春季气温显著或极显著正相关,主要分布在大兴安岭中部、小兴安岭、长白山及完达山-张广才岭等地区,主要植被类型为阔叶林、农田、针叶林和草甸;植被NDVI与春季气温几乎不存在显著负相关性。植被NDVI与春季降水呈显著正相关和显著负相关的比例分别为4.81%和1.67%。4)东北地区植被NDVI与夏季气温和降水呈显著相关的比例明显少于春季,与夏季气温正相关的比例为7.61%,与夏季降水显著负相关的比例为6.29%。秋季气温和降水对东北地区植被NDVI影响较小,其中植被NDVI与秋季气温显著正相关的像元占植被像元总数的6.05%,几乎不存在与秋季气温显著负相关的植被像元;植被NDVI与秋季降水显著负相关的比例为5.43%,几乎不存在与秋季降水显著正相关的植被像元。  相似文献   

10.
红火蚁入侵对棉花粉蚧近距离扩散的促进作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
[背景]红火蚁与棉花粉蚧入侵到同一地区,因侵入生境重叠而相遇,进而产生互惠关系。这种互惠关系对红火蚁、棉花粉蚧的生存、扩散传播、入侵的意义和作用规律、机制等是需要解释的生态学问题。[方法]采用田问试验生态学的方法,通过迁移红火蚁蚁巢、向扶桑上接粉蚧等观察研究了红火蚁入侵对棉花粉蚧近距离扩散的影响。[结果]随着离蚁巢距离的增大,扶桑上工蚁数量逐渐减少,距离为1.0、2.0m时数量较多;发生该蚁区域距蚁巢2.0、3.0m扶桑感染粉蚧比率(75%、45%)显著高于无红火蚁区(25%、10%),其感染比率与工蚁数量呈显著正相关,符合方程Y=0.0042X+0.1992。[结论与意义]红火蚁入侵促进了棉花粉蚧的近距离扩散,扩散范围在2—3m。研究结果可为深入了解红火蚁与棉花粉蚧协同入侵规律等提供支持。  相似文献   

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气候变化对中国东北主要森林类型的影响   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
程肖侠  延晓冬 《生态学报》2008,28(2):534-543
应用林窗模型-FAREAST,模拟未来气候变化对中国东北主要类型森林演替动态的影响.根据大气环流模型ECHAM5-OM和HadCM3预测的气候变化资料,模拟选择了目前气候情景、增暖情景、增暖且降水变化情景3种气候情景.结果表明:维持目前气候不变,东北森林树种组成和森林生物量基本维持动态平衡.气候增暖不利于东北主要森林类型生长,主要针叶树种比例下降,阔叶树比例增加;温带针阔混交林垂直分布带有上移的趋势;增暖幅度越大,变化越明显.气候增暖基础上考虑降水变化,东北森林水平分布带有北移的趋势,降水对低海拔温带针阔混交林影响不大.  相似文献   

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廖梦娜  李艳玲 《生态学报》2018,38(4):1458-1469
全球气候变暖和人类活动加剧已经导致中国大量湖泊生态系统功能退化,而目前对东北地区湖泊生态系统变化的认识主要源于短期的监测。以东北镜泊湖为例,通过沉积记录和现代监测资料,分析一个多世纪以来以硅藻群落为代表的湖泊生态系统对气候波动和区域人类活动的响应过程。研究结果表明,在人类干扰显著加强之前,风力扰动是镜泊湖硅藻群落变化的一个重要因子,表现为Aulacoseira属种取代小型浮游种(Cyclostephanos、Stephanodiscus和Discostella)成为优势种。20世纪70年代以来,Asterionella formosa、Nitzschia palea和Fragilaria crotonensis的相继增加则反映了流域农业活动加剧、农业化肥大量施用以及污水排放导致的湖泊营养水平升高。温度的持续上升已经引起东北地区一些湖泊硅藻群落结构发生显著变化,但镜泊湖的硅藻记录却未显示这一气候变化的信号。考虑湖泊-流域形态和人类活动的不同,研究认为近几十年气候变化对镜泊湖硅藻群落结构的影响被强烈的人类干扰所掩盖而未显现出来。  相似文献   

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The dispersal capabilities of intertidal organisms may represent a key factor to their survival in the face of global warming, as species that cannot adapt to the various effects of climate change will have to migrate to track suitable habitat. Although species with pelagic larval phases might be expected to have a greater capacity for dispersal than those with benthic larvae, interspecies comparisons have shown that this is not always the case. Consequently, population genetic approaches are being increasingly used to gain insights into dispersal through studying patterns of gene flow. In the present study, we used nuclear single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing to elucidate fine‐scale patterns of genetic variation between populations of the Black Katy Chiton, Katharina tunicata, separated by 15–150 km in south‐west Vancouver Island. Both the nuclear and mitochondrial data sets revealed no genetic differentiation between the populations studied, and an isolation‐with‐migration analysis indicated extensive local‐scale gene flow, suggesting an absence of barriers to dispersal. Population demographic analysis also revealed long‐term population stability through previous periods of climate change associated with the Pleistocene glaciations. Together, the findings of the present study suggest that this high potential for dispersal may allow K. tunicata to respond to current global warming by tracking suitable habitat, consistent with its long‐term demographic stability through previous changes in the Earth's climate. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106 , 589–597.  相似文献   

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The land snail faunas of 26 forest sites and two open rocky sites in the Crimean Mountains were sampled in 2011. Of the 40 species found within the forests (about half the known fauna of Crimea as a whole), 28 were species with wide western Palaearctic distributions, and only eight were endemic to Crimea. While there were significant differences in the faunas of different sampling areas, these seemed to be a consequence of ecological differences among them rather than a product of geographical isolation and differentiation. Endemic species were large, and not entirely restricted to forest; known endemics not found in these forests are mainly typical of more open habitats. There is no local radiation of small species living in damp forest litter, as with Leiostyla species in the Transcaucasian forest refugium, and families such as the Clausiliidae with many endemic forest species in both Transcaucasia and the Carpathians are sparsely represented. The one endemic clausiliid genus, Mentissa, occurs in open as well as in wooded habitats. The present faunas are rather poor considering the soil conditions and climate, and the forests hold widespread species often associated with open habitats elsewhere. While there is evidence that these mountains provided a refuge for many animals and plants during glacial episodes further north, the forest snail fauna suggests that full forest cover did not survive throughout the Pleistocene. Rather, the present fauna contains endemics that survived in other habitats and widespread species with good powers of passive dispersal. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109 , 424–433.  相似文献   

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全球气候变化下中国亚热带地区柑桔气候适宜性   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
选取亚热带地区273个气象站1961—2008年逐日气象资料,结合IPCC SRES A2情景下未来亚热带地区温度、降水模拟数据,应用作物气候适宜度模型,对中国亚热带地区柑桔的气候适宜性变化进行了研究。结果表明:柑桔气候适宜度变化受到温度的主导,其空间分布趋势同温度适宜度变化基本一致;未来气候情景下柑桔气候适宜度变化大致呈纬度地带性分布,随着纬度的升高其气候适宜度变化由下降变为上升,可以分为强下降型(Ⅰ)、弱下降型(Ⅱ)、弱上升型(Ⅲ)和强上升型(Ⅳ)4种类型;基本上以温州-金华-浦城-乐平-英山-武汉-石门-吉首-武冈-通道-独山-望谟-广南-屏边-澜沧一线为界,其南气候适宜度有所下降,其北有所上升;亚热带西部柑桔气候适宜度上升较大。  相似文献   

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利用中国558个气象台站1961-2007年地面气象观测资料,分析了不同区域农业气候资源变化的差异,并分析和比较了1961-1980年(时段Ⅰ)和1981-2007年(时段Ⅱ)的农业气候资源变化特征.结果表明: 与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ中国年均气温增加了0.6 ℃,喜凉作物生长期内≥0 ℃积温和喜温作物生长期内≥10 ℃积温分别平均增加123.3和125.9℃·d;1961-2007年,年均气温增幅最大的区域是东北地区,喜温作物生长期内≥10 ℃积温增幅最大的是华南地区.对全国而言,与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内日照时数分别减少了125.7、32.2和53.6 h;1961-2007年,长江中下游地区年日照时数的减幅最多,喜凉和喜温作物生长期内日照时数减少量最大的地区分别是华北和华南地区;在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内,中国的降水量和参考作物蒸散量总体均表现为减少趋势,其中,华北地区在全年、喜凉和喜温作物生长期内降水量的减幅均最大,长江中下游地区参考作物蒸散量在全年和喜温作物生长期内的减幅最大,西北地区参考作物蒸散量在喜凉作物生长期内的减幅最大.研究期间,中国气候在全年和喜温作物生长期内总体表现为暖干趋势,其中,喜温作物生长期内西南、华北和东北地区为暖干趋势,长江中下游、西北和华南地区为暖湿趋势,喜凉作物生长期内华北地区为暖干趋势,西北地区为暖湿趋势.  相似文献   

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We identify two processes by which humans increase genetic exchange among groups of individuals: by affecting the distribution of groups and dispersal patterns across a landscape, and by affecting interbreeding among sympatric or parapatric groups. Each of these processes might then have two different effects on biodiversity: changes in the number of taxa through merging or splitting of groups, and the extinction/extirpation of taxa through effects on fitness. We review the various ways in which humans are affecting genetic exchange, and highlight the difficulties in predicting the impacts on biodiversity. Gene flow and hybridization are crucially important evolutionary forces influencing biodiversity. Humans alter natural patterns of genetic exchange in myriad ways, and these anthropogenic effects are likely to influence the genetic integrity of populations and species. We argue that taking a gene-centric view towards conservation will help resolve issues pertaining to conservation and management. Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays A systemic view of biodiversity and its conservation: Processes, interrelationships, and human culture Abstract.  相似文献   

19.
1. Some species have expanded their ranges during recent climate warming and the availability of breeding habitat and species' dispersal ability are two important factors determining expansions. The exploitation of a wide range of larval host plants should increase an herbivorous insect species' ability to track climate by increasing habitat availability. Therefore we investigated whether the performance of a species on different host plants changed towards its range boundary, and under warmer temperatures. 2. We studied the polyphagous butterfly Polygonia c-album, which is currently expanding its range in Britain and apparently has altered its host plant preference from Humulus lupulus to include other hosts (particularly Ulmus glabra and Urtica dioica). We investigated insect performance (development time, larval growth rate, adult size, survival) and adult flight morphology on these host plants under four rearing temperatures (18-28.5 degrees C) in populations from core and range margin sites. 3. In general, differences between core and margin populations were small compared with effects of rearing temperature and host plant. In terms of insect performance, host plants were generally ranked U. glabra > or = U. dioica > H. lupulus at all temperatures. Adult P. c-album can either enter diapause or develop directly and higher temperatures resulted in more directly developing adults, but lower survival rates (particularly on the original host H. lupulus) and smaller adult size. 4. Adult flight morphology of wild-caught individuals from range margin populations appeared to be related to increased dispersal potential relative to core populations. However, there was no difference in laboratory reared individuals, and conflicting results were obtained for different measures of flight morphology in relation to larval host plant and temperature effects, making conclusions about dispersal potential difficult. 5. Current range expansion of P. c-album is associated with the exploitation of more widespread host plants on which performance is improved. This study demonstrates how polyphagy may enhance the ability of species to track climate change. Our findings suggest that observed differences in climate-driven range shifts of generalist vs. specialist species may increase in the future and are likely to lead to greatly altered community composition.  相似文献   

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