花叶芋(Caladium bicolor)组培的改进及细胞组织学观察

花叶芋(Calalium bicolor),又名五彩芋,属天南星科,是一种美丽的观叶植物,原是通过块茎繁殖,但其休眠期长,增殖速度慢,因此,利用组培扩大繁殖,以满足市场需要。关于花叶芋的组培,已有不少报道,但对合适的培养基的筛选,分化的途径都还有研究的必要。为此,我们以花叶芋叶柄、叶片为材料进行了初步研究现结果如下:1.愈伤组织的诱导和培养基的改进:所用培养基中在 MS 附加2,4-D1ppm,KT 1ppm、     

青紫葛的组织培养

植物名称:青紫葛(Cissus discolor),又名青紫藤或花叶粉藤。培养材料:茎尖、茎节、节间及叶片。培养条件:基本培养基为MS培养基(无机盐减半),蔗糖2％,添加LH0.1mg/L,附加激素含量:(1)2,4-D 0.5mg/L(单位下同) BA0.2;(2)2,4-D 2.0 BA0.2;(3)BA1.0 NAA0.01;(4)DA2 NAA1.0。继代培养基为MS BA2     

影响籼稻体细胞胚胎发生几个因素的研究

以 IR36、IR50、IR52及 IR54等品种的幼穗及成熟种子为材料,研究了蔗糖浓度、2,4-D、NAA、激动素及脱落酸对体细胞胚胎发生、结构的保持及植株分化的影响。6%蔗糖有利于胚性愈伤组织的诱导;3%的有利于胚性结构的保持及植株分化。当培养基中不含2,4-D,而含激动素与 NAA 时,幼穗直接出芽;当不含激动素而含2,4-D与 NAA 时,外植体产生非胚性愈伤组织;当不含 NAA 而含2,4-D 与激动素时,外植体产生胚性愈伤组织。认为,2,4-D与激动素是籼稻体细胞胚胎发生的基本因素,而 NAA 的作用是不明显的。不同外植体(幼穗与成熟种子)的体细胞胚胎发生,对2,4-D 与激动素的反应略有不同,幼穗更为敏感。在继代培养基中,加入低浓度的脱落酸有利于胚性结构的保持。随着继代世代的延续,分化培养中愈伤组织所表现出的绿色生长点状物不能发育成完整植株。     

花叶千年木愈伤组织直接再生花序

以花叶千年木(Dracaena fragrans cv. Massangeana Hort.)的花被筒、花序分枝轴和花序轴为外植体成功地诱导了花序的直接再生. 3种外植体首先在MS附加1.0 mg/L 6-BA和0.5-0.8mg/L 2,4-D的培养基上诱导形成愈伤组织,然后转移到MS附加0.5 mg/L 6-BA和0.005～0.5 mg/L 2,4-D的培养基上分别诱导了花序的直接再生.观察了愈伤组织形成和花序分化的形态学过程.     

2,4-D和激动素对烟草愈伤组织IAA氧化酶和细胞分裂素氧化酶活性的影响

2,4-D和激动素(KT)均显著降低烟草愈伤组织中IAA氧化酶和细胞分裂素氧化酶的活性,KT的影响更显著.在MS中的愈伤组织IAA氧化酶活性最高,MS 2,4-D中的次之,MS KT和MS 2,4-D KT中的最低.愈伤组织在MS中继代6 d时,细胞分裂素氧化酶活性出现明显的高峰,在其它3种培养基中则没有.     

留兰香玻璃苗愈伤组织化再生正常植株

植物名称:留兰香(Mentha spicata)。材料类别:玻璃苗梢。培养条件:以MS为基本培养基,诱导愈伤组织添加(1)2,4一D1.0mg/L(单位下同);(2)2,4-D2.0;(3)2,4-D3.0;(4)2,4-D4.0;(5)2,4-D5.0;(6)2,4-D1.0 KT0.1。嫩梢分化培养基为(2),(6)和(7)BA2.0 IBA0.2。生根培养基为(8)1/2MS IBA0.5。培养基含蔗糖3％(生根培     

水稻花粉植株的诱导及其后代观察

研究了水稻(Oryza sativa)花药的离体培养及其花粉植株后代的表现,得到如下结果: 1.用加有2,4-D 1—5毫克/升的Blaydes培养基培养水稻花药,诱导出水稻花粉愈伤组织。采用花粉处于单核期的花药进行培养比较合适。 2.诱导愈伤组织成苗,以二次诱导法效果较好。即将愈伤组织种植在低浓度激素的培养基上(IAA 0.05—0.5毫克/升,激动素1—2毫克/升),在此培养基上分化快,芽点多,但芽不易伸长;芽点出现后再移到激素浓度较高的培养基上(IAA 2毫克/升,激动素4毫克/升),很快出现幼苗。 3.水稻花粉植株二代,田间表现和室内分析结果表明基本整齐一致,没有分离。杂种F_1花粉植株后代在许多性状上超过双亲,有选种价值。说明水稻花药培养用于育种是可能的。     

花叶千年木愈伤组织直接再生花序

以花叶千年木（Dracaena fragrans cv.Massangeana Hort.)的花被筒，花序分枝轴和花序轴为外植体成功地诱导了花序的直接再生，3种外植体首先在MS附加1.0mg/L6-BA和0.5-0.8mg/L2,4-D的培养基上诱导形成愈伤组织，然后转移到MS附加0.5mg/L6-BA和0.005-0.5mg/L,2,4-D的培养基上分别诱导了花序的直接再生，观察了愈伤组织形成和花序分化的形态学过程。     

水稻悬浮细胞系的建立及培养条件对生物产量的影响

在附加2,4-D的MS培养基上诱导水稻‘中花11’的愈伤组织,并用AA培养基建立了胚性悬浮细胞系。改变AA培养基中氮源、肌醇及2,4-D浓度的结果表明,5mg·L-12,4-D、100mg·L-1肌醇和150%AAN(AAN为AA培养基中的氮源浓度)悬浮细胞系的生物产量最高。     

THIDIAZURON对乌蔹莓(Cayratia japanica)体细胞胚胎发生的影响

乌蔹莓的未授粉子房外植体培养于附加不同浓度2,4-D(0,0.05,1.0,1.5,2.0mg/L单位下同)单独作用或2,4-D 与 TDZ(0.002)或 KT(0.05)结合使用的改良 MS 培养基上,诱导胚性愈伤组织。在附加2.4-D(0.5-1.0)和 TDZ 的培养基上得到最好的结果;愈伤组织诱导频率高可达86—87%。愈伤组织鲜重平均可达100mg/外植体以上。2,4-D 与 KT 结合使用时的诱导效果也较其单独使用时为好;TDZ 或 KT 与生长素结合使用时,尤其在2,4-D     

Enhanced anthocyanin synthesis in foliage plant Caladium bicolor

A protocol was developed for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of monocotyledon foliage plant Caladium bicolor cv. Jackie Suthers using leaf disc and petiole as the explants. The explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring a binary vector with the maize anthocyanin regulatory gene Lc under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. Callus formation was induced in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 0.1 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 30 g/l sucrose and kanamycin 50 mg/l for selection. Resistant calli were induced for shoot generation in MS medium with 2 mg/l 6-BA and 0.2 mg/l alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid. As much as 10% of the explants gave rise to kanamycin-resistant shoots with our procedure. Transformed plants had enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in the roots, leaves and stems (epidermis and vascular bundles). Integration of the transgene into the host genome was confirmed by genomic Southern blot hybridization, and RNA blot hybridization analysis indicated that the expression of the transgene correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. This investigation illustrates the utility of anthocyanin regulatory genes in the genetic manipulation of the color of foliage plants. It also supports the premise that the Lc gene can be used as a powerful non-destructive cell autonomous visual marker in a wide variety of plants, as exemplified by the perfect symmetrical half-green/half-red plant presumably derived from the symmetrical division of one transgenic and one non-transgenic precursor meristematic cell.     

在1/3海水培养基上筛选豆瓣菜耐盐变异体

The responses of stem segments of watercress ( Nasturtium offtcinale R. Br. ) to 6-BA, NAA and 2,4-D were studied. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-BA, 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D was used for callus initiation and maintainance. MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/L 6-BA was suitable for plant regeneration and MS medium without plant hormone supplement was used for rooting and plant propagation. For screening of salt. tolerant calli, stem segments of watercress were plated onto callus initiation medium containing 1/3 natural seawater. Seventeen out of the 325 plated explants produced calli. The growth curves demonstrated that the growth rate of salt-tolerant calli on saline medium almost matched that of the control calli on normal medium. Some of the salt-tolerant calli were transferred to the normal regeneration medium or saline regeneration medium to induce plant regeneration. In the first case, buds and shoots were regenerated in the same way as those of control calli on normal regeneration medium. More than 1 000 regenerated shoots were obtained of which 83 regenerated shoots were cut and transferred to saline MS base medium. At first, all shoot growth was inhibited, but 40 days after the transfer, rapid-growing axillary shoots were observed on 16 of the original shoots but none on the control shoots on saline MS base medium. Moreover, green spots appeared on most calli 10 days after they were transferred to saline medium, however buds appeared only on 5 calli from the 30 transferred calli and at the end only 2 rapid-growing shoots were obtained from two calli. In total, 18 variant lines were obtained through propagation of the salt-tolerant shoots on saline MS base medium. RAPD analysis was performed in 10 of the 18 salt-tolerant variant lines and DNA variation was detected in all the tested variant lines.     

Selection of NaCI Tolerant Calli and Regeneration of Plants in Maize

The embryonic calli produced from immature embryos of inbred “Huangzhao-4” of maize, that had been maintained for half a year, were transferred to media supplemented with different NaC1 concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30g/L) for callus selection. NaCl tolerant calli were established through three generations of selections. The growth and frequency of survival calli were affected significantly by NaCl concentration. The proliferetion of NaCl-tolerant calli was relatively good on medium containing of 10g/L NaC1. From these calli, plant lets could be produced on differentiation medium. On medium supplemented with 10g/L of NaC1 the plantlets could normally grow to transplantation. In NaCl-tolerant calli cultured on medium containing 10g/L of NaC1, the contents of free amino acids, free proline, Na+, K+ were 18.0%,87.3%,661.9%,25.5% respectively higher than those in un-selected calli grown on subculture medium, but Ca2+ content decreased significantly. On medium containing 10g/L of NaC1, cells and their organelles in NaCl-tolerant calli had normal morphology and structure, and vigorous metabolism, but in un-selected calli, the majority of cells turned to wards dying. Although tolerant plants regenerated and their filial ones had grown in non-salted soil, their progenies retained the property tolerance, but showed segregation of the degrees of tolerance. In 10g/L NaC1 solution, the seeds of progenies from one plant regenerated could germinate normally, and grow into healthy seedlings. Therefore, the NaCl-tolerant calli and plantlets that we have obtained NaCl-tolerant variants.     

A procedure for regenerating Japonica and Indica varieties of rice from protoplasts

Fertile rice plants have been regenerated from protoplasts of two japonica rice varieties (Radon and Baldo) using a protocol initially developed for plant regeneration from protoplasts of an indica rice. Embryogenic calli were developed from immature embryos of Radon and Baldo rice on a callus induction medium, and then used to establish cell suspensions. Protoplasts were isolated from the cell suspensions, and cultured on a Millipore filter placed on a Kao/agarose medium that contained cell clusters from suspensions of IR52 or IR45. The protoplasts grew vigorously on Kao medium and developed into embryogenic calli within two to three weeks. Somatic embryo development occurred during a subsequent transfer of the calli to an LS medium for two to three weeks. The calli were then transferred to MS or N6 plant regeneration medium, and within one to three weeks, plants regenerated from 21 to 32% of the Radon calli, and 33 to 35% of the Baldo calli. Based upon these results and the previous success in regenerating an indica variety from protoplasts, this procedure has great promise for regenerating a range of rice varieties, and probably for regeneration of other monocotyledonous plants from protoplasts     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature seed-derived calli of rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.)

A procedure for plant regeneration from immature seed-derived calli of rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) via somatic embryogenesis is described. Embryogenic calli were initiated from immature seeds 2–3 weeks after anthesis on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators. Induced calli had a white, friable and nodular appearance with several proembryos. These calli were subcultured at 20-day intervals on MS medium containing 0.1–0.2 M galactose on which they grew rapidly; but somatic embryogenesis was inhibited. Somatic embryos were again induced from the subcultured calli after transferring to MS medium containing 0.1 M M fructose or sucrose but lacking growth regulators. After transferring these embryos (1–2 mm) to MS medium containing 0.1 M sorbitol, 3% of them germinated and grew into plantlets which showed sustained growth on the MS medium containing only 0.1 M sorbitol as the sole carbon source.     

Somatic Embryogenesis and Cytological Variation in Protoplast Culture of Levisticum officinale Koch

Protoplasts were isolated from spongy calli in a well growing state. Protoplasts were induced to undergo sustained divisions and to form colonies in the liquid C81V medium supplemented with 2,4-D and kinetin. When protoplast derived colonies were transferred onto agarsolidified medium, the spongy, white calli developed. After being subcultured on N6 medium plus 6BA and IBA, the light-yellow, granular embryogenic calli emerged on the protoplast regenerated callus surface. A large number of plantlets were obtained on MS medium with NAA and IBA via somatic embryogenesis Cytological observation on the donor calli used for protoplast isolation and plantlets regenerated from protoplasts were carried out. Remarkable variation of nucleus morphology and chromosome numbers were observed in donor calli. However, the cytological abnormalities in plantlets regenerated from protoplasts were comparatively less seen. The reason are discussed.     

天蓝苜蓿单细胞培养植株再生

采用了改良K8p和Ay3两种培养基,对天蓝苜蓿进行单细胞培养并得到再生植株。来自天蓝苜蓿胚轴愈伤组织的细胞系,在单细胞培养中的愈伤组织分化率明显高于来自子叶愈伤组织的细胞系。改良K8p培养基较之Ay3培养基更利于天蓝苜蓿单细胞培养。生物素、泛酸钙和葡萄糖对细胞系的细胞分裂、愈伤组织诱导和分化有促进作用。赤霉素促进再生幼芽向植株发育。     

High frequency plant regeneration of garlic (Allium sativum L.) calli immobilized in calcium alginate gel

Calli obtained from a shoot-tip of garlic,Allium sativum L., were encapsulated using a calcium alginate gel. Some of the encapsulated calli were cultured on a 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 10⁻⁵ M kinetin, and 5×10⁻⁶ M NAA, whereas the remainder was stored for 40 days at 4°C. All the naked calli regenerated on the solid medium, while 95% of the encapsulated calli regenerated, and 88% of the encapsulated calli regenerated after 40 days of storage at 4°C. The capsule matrix delayed the germination time of the encapsulated calli, yet activated the shoot formation of the artificial garlic seeds. The shoot length of the encapsulated garlic calli was much longer than that of the naked garlic calli. The encapsulated garlic calli were dried in a laminar airflow cabinet and the conversion frequency of the dried artificial garlic seeds on a 1/2 MS medium remained at 93% with a water loss of less than 50%.     

The Effect of High-Concentration Auxin and Plant Regeneration in the Immature Embryo Culture of Soybean

Using immature embryos of soybean as explants, green structures and somatic embryoids were able to be induced on higher auxin-containing media. Genotypes, developmental degree of the embryos, origin of the explants and medium compositions all affected the occurrence of the structures and calli. After the green structures were transferred to high 2,4-D containing medium (30 mg/l) calli were reinduced. These calli were maintained on the same medium without being subcultured for 2 months and then transferred to lower hormone-containing media. After 2 weeks, a great number of new green structures in the same shapes were induced. It was shown that high level of 2,4-D played a unique role in lasting the morphogenesis ability of the cultures. When the green structure were cultured on low hormone-containing media they developed new leaves and formed leaf clusters while the apical did not develop. In order to stimulate the apical development the medium containing 2 mg/l GA3 and 0.1 mg/l IBA was used and some plantlets were obtained. The different effects of NAA and 2,4-D on the explants and calli were studied. Calli induced from the cotyledon of immature seeds (416 mm) had a regeneration ability stronger than that from the seedlings. The calli induced by use of the medium containing high concentration of 2,4-D (5–30 mg/l) have higher potentialities in producing green structures. In contrast, the calli induced by high concentration of NAA (10 mg/l) were highly root-morphogenetic. The explants and the calli cultured on the medium containing 5 mg/l 2,4-D could be maintained for a long term without being subcultured frequently.     

耐盐药蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale Weber)愈伤组织筛选及生理生化特性分析

为获得耐1.5% NaCl的药蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale Weber)愈伤组织, 以药蒲公英叶片外植体为材料诱导愈伤组织。以NaCl为选择因子, 从愈伤组织直接筛选。在选择培养基上, 大部分愈伤组织褐化死亡, 个别褐化死亡的愈伤组织周围有少量新的细胞团长出, 将其转接到新鲜的选择培养基上, 每3周继代一次, 经3个月继代筛选获得了耐1.5% NaCl的药蒲公英细胞团。以普通愈伤组织为对照, 发现随着NaCl浓度升高, 耐盐愈伤组织的相对生长率下降但显著高于对照; 且随着盐胁迫处理时间延长持续升高, 而普通愈伤组织对照几乎停止生长, 说明耐盐愈伤组织具有相对稳定的耐盐性。在蛋白水平上, 耐盐愈伤组织与对照愈伤组织差异明显, SDS-PAGE分析显示: 耐盐愈伤组织比对照多出一条34 kD大小的蛋白带, 且30 kD、18 kD左右的蛋白带明显上调。相同处理条件下耐盐愈伤组织脯氨酸的增加幅度高于对照。盐胁迫条件下, 耐盐愈伤组织的超氧化物歧化酶(Super oxidase dimutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性明显高于对照,且随着处理时间的延长和盐浓度的增加呈现升高的趋势, 而对照则呈现先升高后下降的趋势。结果说明耐盐愈伤组织一方面通过小分子有机溶质如脯氨酸的方式调节其渗透平衡, 另一方面还可通过提高抗氧化能力降低盐分造成的次级伤害。积累蛋白也可能是耐盐愈伤组织调节渗透平衡的一种方式。通过生理生化分析确定我们获得的耐盐愈伤组织为耐盐变异体。