尖吻蝮蛇毒去纤酶制剂对家兔体内外凝血作用的影响

本文报导了尖吻蝮蛇毒去纤酶(defibrase)对家兔体内外凝血作用的影响。 体外实验表明,去纤酶和凝血酶具有相同的作用,它能将血浆纤维蛋白原变成纤维蛋白,后者是非交联性的,去纤酶能降解纤维蛋白原的α—链从而使血块进一步溶解,不致产生血管内凝血。 体内实验表明,去纤酶显著延长全血凝血时间,凝血酶时间和凝血酶原时间,注射去纤酶后,家兔血液中的血浆纤维蛋白原降低,优球蛋白溶解时间显著缩短,对因子Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅹ、ⅩⅢ和血小板因子却无明显影响。 体内外实验表明,尖吻蝮蛇毒去纤酶制剂似乎具有纤溶和去纤两种性质。     

溃疡性结肠炎对凝血-纤溶系统激活现象的探讨

目的:通过对活动期和缓解期溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者凝血和纤溶系统各指标的检测和对比,探讨肠炎对凝血-纤溶系统的激活作用。方法:以20名缓解期溃疡性结肠炎患者为对照,检测20名活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者体内凝血和纤溶系统各指标,包括血小板计数、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血因子Ⅻ、Ⅺ、Ⅹ、Ⅸ、Ⅷ、Ⅶ、Ⅴ、Ⅱ,纤维蛋白原和D二聚体(D-D)。结果:活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者体内凝血因子Ⅺ、Ⅹ、Ⅸ、Ⅷ、Ⅴ、Ⅱ因子以及血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体水平显著高于非活动期患者,其他指标没有显著差别。结论:活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者凝血-纤溶系统处于激活状态,提示肠炎可以激活凝血-纤溶系统。     

尖吻蝮蛇毒无出血活性纤维蛋白溶解酶对动物凝血功能的影响

为探讨尖吻蝮蛇毒无出血活性纤维蛋白溶解酶 (NHFLE)对动物凝血功能的影响 ,作者应用家兔、大鼠作动物体内外实验观察 NHFLE对血小板聚集的影响及对凝血功能的影响 ,分别测定了纤维蛋白含量、全血凝固时间(CT)、活化的部分凝血酶原时间 (APTT)、凝血酶时间 (PT)和优球蛋白溶解时间 (ELT)、凝血酶时间 (TT)以及血小板聚集率等。结果无论是体外法还是体内法 ,尖吻蝮蛇毒 NHFLE都能明显延长 CT、 APTT、 PT、 TT,缩短 ELT的溶解时间 ,明显降低纤维蛋白原的含量 ,给药后 30 min纤维蛋白原降低最明显 ,但对血小板聚集均无抑制作…     

纤维蛋白(原)降解产物的生物学效应

血凝与纤溶的动态平衡对维持机体血管与血液的正常机能具有重要作用。血凝时产生的纤维蛋白肽及纤溶时生成的纤维蛋白(原)降解产物(FDP 或FgDP)都具有特殊的生物学活性。近年的研究发现,这些产物对某些疾病的发生发展有明显影响。随着放射免疫及单克隆抗体技术的应用,纤维蛋白(原)降解产物的生物学效应及作用机理已得到新的阐明。     

高胆固醇饲料对雄兔凝血和纤溶系统活性的影响

目的:探讨高胆回醇饲料喂养对兔血液凝血和纤溶系统活性的影响.方法:14只10～12周龄的健康雄性新西兰家兔,随机分为高胆固醇饲料喂养组(高胆固醇组)和普通饲料喂养组(对照组).高胆固醇组以含1%胆固醇的饲料喂饲,每天100 g,自由饮水,对照组给予不合胆固醇的普通饲料喂养,共喂养14周.所有雄兔均分别于高胆固醇饲料喂养前及不同饲料喂养后12周采耳缘静脉血分别测定血脂水平变化及血液凝血和纤溶系统活性变化.结果:①与对照组及基础值相比,高胆固醇组雄兔血中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、脂蛋白(a)、载脂蛋白B水平显著升高;②高胆固醇组雄兔血小板活性显著增强、凝血酶原时间及活化部分凝血酶时间缩短、纤维蛋白原含量增加;③高胆固醇组纤溶酶原活性、α2-抗纤溶酶活性较普通组增强.结论:高胆固醇饮食不仅能直接导致高脂血症的形成,还可显著增强血液凝血活性和抑制血液纤溶活性,促进动脉粥样硬化的发生发展.     

蜱源抗凝血因子研究进展

蜱是一种人畜共患体表寄生虫,通过叮咬宿主和吸血,将病原体传播给宿主,引发多种疾病。凝血反应是人和动物的重要生理过程,是生理性止血的重要环节。蜱叮咬和吸食宿主血液周期长,在吸血过程中分泌多种抗凝物质,抑制凝血反应,可帮助蜱长时间保持吸血状态。目前,已知的蜱源抗凝物质依据其功能主要包括蛋白酶抑制剂、纤维蛋白(原)溶解剂、血小板聚集抑制剂和血管活性蛋白4大类。这些抗凝血物质可分别作用于凝血级联反应中内源性通路、外源性通路、共同通路中的关键步骤,以及促进纤蛋白溶解和抑制血小板激活,从而抑制宿主血管中的凝血反应。蛋白酶抑制剂主要通过抑制凝血级联反应共同通路中凝血酶和Xa因子活性;纤维蛋白(原)溶解剂引起纤维蛋白原的水解并延迟纤维蛋白凝块的形成;血小板聚集抑制剂通过降解血小板聚集激动剂,并结合血栓素A2(thromboxane A2, TXA2)和血小板上的αIIbβ3整合素抑制血小板聚集;血管活性蛋白抑制宿主血管收缩以及伤口愈合和血管生成。此外,还有一些蜱分泌的其他蛋白分子可通过不同的通路来实现抗凝血作用。本文对迄今为止各类蜱中发现的具有抗凝血活性的蛋白和小分子及其抗凝血作用机制进行总结阐述,将促进对蜱抗宿主凝血的作用机制和生理意义的理解,也为研制蜱源新型抗凝血药物、开发新的抗血栓疗法提供重要参考。     

赤爱胜蚯蚓(Eisenia Foetida Sarigny)纤溶酶的研究Ⅱ药理学作用

对蚯蚓纤溶酶进行了哈白兔体内、体外溶栓、抗凝试验,分别以蛇毒抗栓酶和尿激酶不同剂量组作对照试验,均有显著的溶解血栓功能.另外,蚯蚓纤溶酶溶解天然血块,对纤维蛋白原含量及凝血时间影响的药理学试验,结果证明蚯蚓纤溶酶具有溶栓与抗凝作用.     

烙铁头蛇毒素纤维蛋白原溶酶研究:Ⅱ.对纤维蛋白原及凝血酶的作用

烙铁头（T.mucrosquamatus）蛇毒纤维蛋白原溶酶TMVFg能水解三肽底物Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-PNA，但对凝血酶的良好底物Cbz-Gly-Pro-Arg-PNA却活性甚低。TMVFg显著延长血浆凝血酶时间、血浆复钙时间及纤维蛋白原溶液凝血酶时间。同时，TMVFg体外也能延长全血凝固时间，表明具有抗凝作用。纤维蛋白原-纤维蛋白转换实验表明：TMVFg水解纤维蛋白原产生的纤维蛋白原断片（FDP）除具有抗凝血酶，抑制纤维蛋白聚合活性外，还能促进纤维蛋白的聚合。进一步用FPLC分离TMVFg水解人纤维蛋白原混合液，得两个FDP断片功能峰，FDP组分Ⅰ和FDP组分Ⅱ。其中FDP组分Ⅰ能抑制纤维蛋白凝块形成；FDP组分Ⅱ能促进纤维蛋白凝块形成，抑制TMVA（烙铁头蛇毒血小板活化素，它可不通过ADP、花生四烯酸途径而诱导血小板聚集），但对ADP诱导的家兔血小板聚集无影响。TMVFg对凝血酶水解三肽底物Cbz-Gly-Pro-Arg-PNA及凝固纤维蛋白原的活性也有一定抑制作用。实验证明，TMVFg抗凝的主要作用机理是其水解纤维蛋白原产生的断片对纤维蛋白原凝固的抑制作用、FDP断片抗凝血酶作用及TMVFg本身对凝血酶活性的抑制所引起的，但在二者之间，前者是主要的。从研究结果发现：TMVFg水解纤维蛋白原所产生的断片有一类能加速凝血酶凝固纤维蛋白原的过程，这就发现了FDP断片的新功能。它证明了FDP断片作为血液凝固、纤溶正反馈调节因子的功能。这一类FDP断片还能抑制TMVA诱导的血小板聚集，因此，烙铁头蛇毒纤维蛋白原溶酶TMVFg将成为研究血液凝固调节系统及血小板聚集第三条途径的强有力试剂。     

血小板成分与纤溶系统的相互作用

血小板是止血和血栓形成的主要成分之一。近年发现,血小板所释放的糖蛋白(如TSP、FN,vWF)及其他成分(如血小板纤溶增强物、PAF、AA及PGs)可与纤溶系统相互作用,并通过促进或抑制血纤维蛋白溶酶原的活化而影响纤溶系统的活性。因此,阐明血小板与纤溶系统的作用机制,对于临床及基础研究均具有重要的实践意义。     

蛇毒纤维蛋白（原）溶解酶的研究进展

蛇毒纤溶酶能直接溶解纤维蛋白（原）,具有作为强力溶栓剂的潜在价值。对蛇毒纤溶酶的深入研究,不仅有助于阐明蛇伤中毒患者的凝血病理机制,而且为其开发应用提供了理论基础。文章综述蛇毒纤溶酶的研究进展及应用前景,重点阐述其分子结构、酶学特性及其与出血活性的关系     

Operation Everest II: coagulation system during prolonged decompression to 282 Torr

Thromboembolic phenomena may occur as humans ascend to high altitude. To investigate the role of the coagulation cascade and its inhibitors in these disorders, venous blood was obtained from eight subjects who participated in the Operation Everest II project. Samples were obtained before and 5 min after completion of a progressive incremental exercise test to exhaustion at sea level and atmospheric pressures of 380 (18,000 ft) and 282 Torr (25,000 ft). Plasma was analyzed for the activity or concentration of factors II, V, VII, VIII complex, IX-XIII, prekallikrein, high-molecular-weight kininogen, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 2-antiplasmin, C1-esterase inhibitor, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and protein C. Prolonged exposure to simulated high altitude did not alter the concentration of any of the coagulation factors or inhibitors. Exercise increased the circulating concentrations of the factor VIII complex at sea level, 380, and 282 Torr. However, the increment was less at the simulated high altitudes. The increase in the factor VIII complex was inversely related to arterial O2 saturation and directly related to the work load achieved and blood pH and plasma lactate concentrations. These studies suggest that the gradual development of marked chronic hypoxia does not affect the coagulation cascade.     

急进高原与平原大鼠肠道双歧杆菌的分子生物学实验对比研究

目的探讨应用荧光定量PCR法对急进高原大鼠肠道双歧杆菌数量变化的分子生物学实验研究。方法 Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为2组:平原对照组和3 848米的高原缺氧组各30只。急进海拔3 848米造成大鼠急性缺氧模型并分别于24、6、d取材,每次随机各取10只,观察肠道菌群中双歧杆菌的变化。结果高原缺氧组双歧杆菌数量明显少于平原对照组(P<0.05)。结论急进高原缺氧复杂环境下,可使肠道有益菌———双歧杆菌的数量减少,可能影响肠道微生态平衡。     

Effects of acute hypobaric hypoxia and exhaustive exercise on AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle

The present study was aimed to explore the changes of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) level in skeletal muscle after exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia and exhaustive exercise. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sea level and high altitude groups. The rats in high altitude group were submitted to simulated 5 000 m of high altitude in a hypobaric chamber for 24 h, and sea level group was maintained at normal conditions. All the rats were subjected to exhaustive swimming exercise. The exhaustion time was recorded. Before and after the exercise, blood lactate and glycogen content in skeletal muscle were determined; AMPK and pAMPK levels in skeletal muscle were detected by Western blot. The results showed that the exhaustion time was significantly decreased after exposure to high altitude. At the moment of exhaustion, high altitude group had lower blood lactate concentration and higher surplus glycogen content in gastrocnemius compared with sea level group. Exhaustive exercise significantly increased the pAMPK/AMPK ratio in rat skeletal muscles from both sea level and high altitude groups. However, high altitude group showed lower pAMPK/AMPK ratio after exhaustion compared to sea level group. These results suggest that, after exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia, the decrement in exercise capacity may not be due to running out of glycogen, accumulation of lactate or disturbance in energy status in skeletal muscle.     

谷氨酰胺对急进高原大鼠肠道微生态影响的实验研究

目的探讨谷氨酰胺对急进高原大鼠小肠黏膜形态结构及肠道微生态的影响。方法W istar大鼠50只,随机分为5组:对照组(A组)、3848米未干预组(B组)、3848米谷氨酰胺干预组(C组)、4767米未干预组(D组)和4767米谷氨酰胺干预组(E组),每组10只,急进海拔3848米和4767米造成大鼠急性缺氧模型,检测小肠黏膜上皮细胞形态结构、肠道菌群失衡及细菌易位的变化。结果高海拔缺氧组大鼠小肠黏膜变薄、肠黏膜水肿、绒毛短缩,肠道菌群失衡显著高于对照组(P0.05),且随着海拔升高,菌群失衡更明显。不同海拔高度细菌易位率也有差异。经谷氨酰胺干预后,肠道的菌群失衡及细菌易位率与高海拔缺氧组比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论急进高原缺氧环境可导致小肠黏膜损伤、肠道菌群失衡及细菌易位,肠黏膜屏障破坏,且随着海拔升高而上述改变更明显。谷氨酰胺具有保护肠黏膜屏障及调节肠道菌群失衡的作用。     

急性低氧暴露小鼠外周血代谢组变化分析

目的：探讨急性低氧对小鼠外周血代谢组的影响。方法：将14只小鼠随机分为正常组和低氧组。用基础饲料喂养2周后,将低氧组减压至6000m模拟高度停留8h,实验结束后,采集静脉血制备血浆待测。在核磁共振波谱仪进行^1H NMR检测,采用模式识别分析方法处理数据。结果：与正常组相比,低氧组乳酸含量明显增加,肉碱水平明显降低;脂类、丙氨酸、丙酮酸、谷氨酰胺、胆碱、牛磺酸和葡萄糖含量升高,缬氨酸、肛羟丁酸、谷氨酸、甘油、甘氨酸和丝氨酸含量下降。结论：急性低氧暴露使小鼠血浆碳水化合物、脂肪代谢和氨基酸代谢谱发生变化,表明低氧后能量代谢以及相关物质含量发生改变。     

棕榈酸对模拟高原低氧大鼠离体脑线粒体解耦联蛋白活性及质子漏的影响

本文旨在通过观察棕榈酸对模拟高原低氧大鼠离体脑线粒体解耦联蛋白(uncoupling proteins,UCPs)活性的影响及脑线粒体质子漏与膜电位的改变,探讨UCPs在介导游离脂肪酸对低氧时线粒体氧化磷酸化功能改变中的作用.将SpragueDawley大鼠随机分为对照组、急性低氧组和慢性低氧组.低氧大鼠于低压舱内模拟海拔5 000 m高原23 h/d作低氧暴露,分别连续低氧3 d和30 d.用差速密度梯度离心法提取脑线粒体,[3H-GTP法测定UCPs含量与活性,TPMP 电极与Clark氧电极结合法测量线粒体质子漏,罗丹明123荧光法测定线粒体膜电位.结果显示,低氧使脑线粒体内UCPs含量与活性升高、质子漏增加、线粒体膜电位降低;同时,低氧暴露降低脑线粒体对棕榈酸的反应性,UCPs活性的改变率低于对照组,且线粒体UCPs含量、质子漏、膜电位变化率亦出现相同趋势.线粒体质子漏与反映UCPs活性的Kd值呈线性负相关(P<0.01 r=-0.906),与反映UCPs含量的Bmax呈线性正相关(P<0.01,r=0.856),与膜电位呈线性负相关(P<0.01,r=-0.880).以上结果提示,低氧导致的脑线粒体质子漏增加及膜电位降低与线粒体内UCPs活性升高有关,同时低氧暴露能降低脑线粒体对棕榈酸的反应性,提示在高原低氧环境下,游离脂肪酸升高在维持线粒体能量代谢中起着自身保护和调节机制.     

Sex-related patterns of body tolerance to repeated acute hypobaric hypoxia

The individual differences in the response of male and female rats to repeated exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia were experimentally studied. The time of attitudinal reflex maintenance and recovery in a rotating decompression chamber as well as the value of hypoxic hypothermia after decompression to a simulated altitude of 11200 m were used to evaluate the tolerance to hypoxia. Males demonstrated a slightly higher reactivity than females. At the same time, a more efficient adaptation to hypoxia conserved the body’s compensatory capacity and rapidly restored the functions affected by repeated exposure to the extreme factor. Such long-term adaptation was observed in initially low-resistant females, which could increase their resistance to repeated exposures to the stress factor.     

Shift of anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in the rats acclimatized to hypoxia

1. Metabolic acclimatization by repeated exposure to a simulated altitude of 4000, 5000 and 6000 m for 2 hr per day throughout 2 to 11 days was evaluated by the increased formation of ketone bodies as a marker of fatty acid oxidation and the decreased production of lactate and uric acid, the indicators of anaerobic metabolism in rats exposed to an altitude of 8000 m. 2. Pre-exposure of rats to an altitude of 5000 m and over caused an acclimatization to hypoxia. The rise of the altitude to which rats were pre-exposed reduced the period until the acquisition of metabolic acclimatization. 3. Acclimatized rats showed an increased activity of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase without changes in glycolytic enzyme activity in skeletal muscle, heart and liver. 4. Acclimatization to high altitude hypoxia is concluded to involve a shift of the anaerobic glycolysis to aerobic metabolism by the increase in the oxidative enzymes.     

缺氧条件下冻伤对大鼠微循环液血灌流量的影响

本文采用体重２００±２０ｇ健康雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠,随机分为平原冻伤（ＦＮ）组,急性缺氧冻伤（ＦＡＨ）组和缺氧习服缺氧冻伤（ＦＨＡＣ）组,实验观察了大鼠右后肢重度冻伤前后各组大鼠双后肢皮肤微循环灌流量的改变,结果表明,平原冻伤使大鼠以后肢微循环灌流量明显减少,提示局部重度冻伤对微循环的影响不只局限于冻区也涉及到对侧肢体,冻冻前ＦＡＨ组大鼠微循环灌流量已明显低于ＦＮ组,表明生缺氧时血容量进行代偿性的     

Effects of short-term and prolonged aerogenic hypoxia on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the brain,liver, and biological fluids of young rats

Posthypoxic fluctuations in the levels of two excitatory amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, may be related to changes in mechanisms(s) which are responsible for their reuptake. As gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) plays a role in mediating the uptake of glutamate and aspartate into various compartments of the brain, we studied changes in the activity of this enzyme in main regions of the brain in young and adult rats. We found a posthypoxic increase in bound GGT activity in some brain regions of 18-day-old animals after acute exposure, but no changes were observed after prolonged altitude hypoxia, with the exception of a decrease in cortical GGT activity. In contrast, acute hypoxia decreased GGT activity in the cortical capillaries to 59%, but prolonged hypoxic exposure was ineffective. However, the activity of soluble GGT in the cerebrospinal fluid of both groups of rats was several-times elevated in comparison with controls. At the same time, bound GGT activity was increased in the liver after acute or prolonged altitude hypoxia. The soluble GGT activity in plasma was only increased after prolonged exposure. Ninety days after prolonged hypoxic exposure the bound GGT activity was reduced in all brain regions to about 60–70% of controls (significantly higher in females than in males) as long-term developmental sequel from early postnatal hypoxia.