抗菌肽及其临床应用前景

传统抗生素的广泛运用导致了耐药菌株的大量增加,迫切要求新型抗生素的出现。抗菌肽是广泛存在于生物体内的小分子多肽,是天然免疫系统的重要组成部分。它不仅具有广谱杀菌作用,甚至能够抑杀真菌、寄生虫、含包膜病毒以及肿瘤细胞。抗菌肽通过与致病菌胞膜的结合形成跨膜离子通道,导致了细胞内外的离子交换最终引起细胞死亡。由于它作用迅速,选择性强,而且很少有耐药性的发生,很有可能成为新一代的抗菌药物。本文简述了抗菌肽的结构特点,抗菌作用机制,生物学功能和临床应用方面的最新进展以及进一步就抗菌肽作为新型抗生素所面临的问题进行了探讨。     

抗菌肽Cecropin及其在转基因植物抗菌中的应用

Cecropin抗菌肽,又名天蚕素,是一类具有抗菌能力的小分子多肽,热稳定性好,抗菌谱广,在各个应用领域已经得到广泛的研究。本文就Cecropin抗菌肽结构与功能的关系、作用机制和其在转基因植物抗菌领域中的应用进行综述,转基因植物表达Cecropin抗菌肽具有应用优势和实用价值,Cecropin抗菌肽分子结构与作用机制探索的深入能进一步促进转基因植物抗菌研究的发展。     

枯草芽孢杆菌HS-A38高产抗菌肽突变株的筛选及其抑菌机理的研究

本研究通过采用多种诱变方法以提高枯草芽孢杆菌HS-A38产抗菌肽能力,并研究诱变株产抗菌肽活性物质对副溶血弧菌的抑制作用机理。原始菌株经过多种复合诱变后,最终获得一株抗菌活性明显提高的诱变菌株(mut HS-301)。进一步研究采用双倍稀释法确定最低抑菌浓度,并通过扫描电镜观察、胞膜通透性和胞膜完整性的测定,初步阐述该抗菌肽的抑菌机理。结果表明:诱变菌株mut HS-301对副溶血弧菌的抑菌活性较原始菌株提高了20%;抗菌肽成品对副溶血弧菌的最低抑菌浓度为0.625 mg/m L;抗菌肽破坏了菌体细胞的形态,出现形变;随着抗菌肽作用时间的增加,胞外紫外吸收物质和胞外蛋白含量明显增加,说明抗菌肽影响了副溶血弧菌细胞膜的通透性,其胞膜的完整性遭到破坏,影响其代谢活性,从而抑制副溶血弧菌的生长。该研究表明,微生物产抗菌肽主要作用于细菌细胞膜,该产品适宜添加到水产动物养殖饲料中,对提高水产动物免疫力和预防疾病起重要作用。     

抗菌肽SMAP-29结构功能及分子设计策略

抗菌肽是生物体内产生的一种具有生物活性的小分子多肽,具有广谱抗细菌、抗病毒、抗真菌甚至抗癌作用。SMAP-29是来源于绵羊骨髓细胞,包含29个氨基酸的Cathelicidin类α-螺旋结构抗菌肽。SMAP-29具有多种生物活性,包括抗革兰氏阳/阴性菌、抗真菌、抗病毒、抗寄生虫、抗螺旋体、抗衣原体和中和内毒素活性,并且具有作用机制独特、快速杀灭细菌的特点。以下综述了SMAP-29抗菌肽家族的基因和蛋白结构、结构与活性关系、作用机制、生物功能、基因重组表达,重点阐述了SMAP-29结构、分子设计的必要性和基于     

抗菌肽构效关系及其表达策略研究进展

抗菌肽(antim icrobial peptides)是一类具有抗菌活性短肽的总称,广泛分布于原核生物与包括人类在内的真核生物体内,是宿主免疫防御系统中的重要组成部分。研究表明,抗菌肽除具有抗病毒、抗细菌、抗真菌作用外,还具有抗肿瘤作用。现从抗菌肽的结构特点与抗菌机制出发,对其构效关系及表达策略进行综述。     

抗菌肽对细菌杀伤作用的分子机制

抗菌肽是一类新型的抗菌物质,从最低等的生物病毒、细菌到高等的动植物都有广泛分布. 以往的研究主要集中于抗菌肽对细菌细胞膜的作用机制,已经构建了三种作用模式. 但近几年的研究表明,很多抗菌肽都能有效地穿过细菌的细胞膜,直接与胞内分子相互作用,并不引起膜的破裂. 抗菌肽根据其结构特点有着多种杀菌穿膜的机制,其后分别与胞内的靶分子如核酸,蛋白质,信号转导通路等互相作用,最终实现对细菌的杀伤作用.     

鱼类抗菌肽的研究进展

鱼类抗菌肽是鱼体天然免疫的重要组成部分,其结构和组成复杂多样.根据生化和结构特点,可将它们分为4种基本类型：具有疏水或双亲性α螺旋结构的抗菌肽、含多对二硫键并可形成β折叠结构的抗菌肽、组蛋白样抗菌肽和具有糖基化修饰的抗菌肽.鱼类抗菌肽多以前肽原的形式合成,通过酶解切除信号肽和羧基端酸性片段后形成有活性的成熟肽.成熟肽具有很强的抑菌活性,其最小抑制浓度多在毫摩尔水平.目前,已克隆了多个鱼类抗菌肽基因,揭示了pleurocidin等基因家族的结构及其转录调控特点.鱼类抗菌肽的抗菌机制已建立了“桶-桶板”和“地毯”样两种模型,基本阐明了抗菌肽分子结构与抗菌功能间的关系.     

昆虫抗菌肽的生物学特点及药物研发进展

昆虫抗菌肽是由昆虫细胞特定基因编码、由细胞核糖体合成的,具有体液免疫功能的一类碱性多肽,对细菌、真菌、病毒和原虫,甚至癌细胞都具有杀伤作用,有望开发成为新一代的抗菌药物。随着抗菌肽家族的不断扩大,其各方面的研究也日益深入。简要综述了昆虫抗菌肽的种类及结构特点、作用机制、生物活性、构效关系、药物开发情况。     

昆虫抗菌肽结构与功能关系及其在分子设计中的应用

昆虫抗菌肽在自然分布广泛,结构多样,其作用机制尚未确切阐明,但其结构上的某些共同特征与其功能密切相关,同时,对其结构与功能间关系的研究有利于设计合成新的抗菌肽,为以后发现活性更强,毒性更低且作用广谱的抗菌素奠定基础。     

重组抗菌肽生物作用和机制的研究进展

抗菌肽是一类具有生物活性的小分子多肽,具有多种杀菌和抗肿瘤的活性,本文将从抗菌肽的结构、理化性质、生物活性、作用机制等方面简要概述抗菌肽的研究现状,为抗菌肽的后续开发提供一些参考。     

The molecular design of a recombinant antimicrobial peptide CP and its in vitro activity

Antibacterial peptides from various sources express different antibacterial activity. In order to obtain a high activity antibacterial peptide, the sequences of four antimicrobial peptides--Protegrin-1, 4 kDa Scorpion Defensin, Metalnikowin-2A and Sheep Myeloid Antibacterial Peptide SMAP-29--were exploited to generate a synthetic antimicrobial peptide cp gene, which was then cloned into the expression vector pPICZalpha-A. The constructed recombinant expression vector pPICZalpha-cp was transformed into Pichia pastoris X-33, in which the synthetic antimicrobial peptide (CP) could be expressed under the control of the inducible AOX1 promoter and secreted via the alpha mating factor leader of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results showed that recombinant plasmid is highly stable, and In vitro experiments showed that the recombinant antimicrobial peptide CP is heat and acid-stable, and it has high antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Only 1 microg of the recombinant antimicrobial peptide CP has an antibacterial activity equivalent to 64 U ampicillin. Thus, this recombinant antimicrobial peptide could serve as an attractive candidate for the development of therapeutic antimicrobial drugs.     

可剪切多拷贝抗菌肽融合表达载体的构建

抗菌肽是生物体防御系统产生的一类对外源病菌具有高效杀灭活性的小分子多肽, 在植物抗病基因工程中具有重要的应用价值。Thanatin是刺肩蝽(Podisus maculiventris)成虫经诱导产生的一种抗菌肽, 由21个氨基酸残基组成, 该抗菌肽对革兰阳性、革兰阴性菌以及真菌都有很强的抗菌活性。为研究该抗菌肽转入油菜对菌核病抗性提高的效果, 采用同尾酶反复酶切连接的方法构建了分别含1~5拷贝的Thanatin串联融合表达载体, 并导入农杆菌用于油菜的遗传转化。研究采用引物重叠法扩增并克隆了抗菌肽基因, 并采用了一种在植物体内可被特异性切割的短肽作为连接肽, 使多拷贝融合表达的抗菌肽在植物体内可自动剪切为有功能活性的单个抗菌肽单元, 以增加抗菌肽表达丰度和抗菌肽的稳定性。研究还采用了大豆几丁质酶的信号肽作为引导肽引导多拷贝融合表达的抗菌肽分泌到细胞间隙, 以增强抗菌肽作用效果。     

Structure‐activity relationship studies of shortened analogues of the antimicrobial peptide EeCentrocin 1 from the sea urchin Echinus esculentus

EeCentrocin 1 is a potent antimicrobial peptide isolated from the marine sea urchin Echinus esculentus. The peptide has a hetero‐dimeric structure with the antimicrobial activity confined in its largest monomer, the heavy chain (HC), encompassing 30 amino acid residues. The aim of the present study was to develop a shorter drug lead peptide using the heavy chain of EeCentrocin 1 as a starting scaffold and to perform a structure‐activity relationship study with sequence modifications to optimize antimicrobial activity. The experiments consisted of 1) truncation of the heavy chain, 2) replacement of amino acids unfavourable for in vitro antimicrobial activity, and 3) an alanine scan experiment on the truncated and modified heavy chain sequence to identify essential residues for antimicrobial activity. The heavy chain of EeCentrocin 1 was truncated to less than half its initial size, retaining most of its original antimicrobial activity. The truncated and optimized lead peptide ( P6 ) consisted of the 12 N‐terminal amino acid residues from the original EeCentrocin 1 HC sequence and was modified by two amino acid replacements and a C‐terminal amidation. Results from the alanine scan indicated that the generated lead peptide ( P6 ) contained the optimal sequence for antibacterial activity, in which none of the alanine scan peptides could surpass its antimicrobial activity. The lead peptide ( P6 ) was also superior in antifungal activity compared to the other peptides prepared and showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the low micromolar range. In addition, the lead peptide ( P6 ) displayed minor haemolytic and no cytotoxic activity, making it a promising lead for further antimicrobial drug development.     

九香虫抗菌肽CcAMP1的分离纯化和抗菌活性检测

【目的】从药用昆虫九香虫 Coridius chinensis 中分离纯化抗菌肽,为进一步开发九香虫抗菌肽资源及深入挖掘九香虫的药用功能奠定基础。【方法】用大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 和金黄色葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus 混合物作诱导源刺激九香虫产生抗菌肽,对血淋巴进行提取、凝胶过滤层析、固相萃取及反相色谱纯化,活性组分经质谱测定。对分离得到的这种抗菌肽进行人工合成,并进行抗菌活性检测。【结果】本研究获得一种九香虫抗菌肽CcAMP1,由17个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为1 997.37 u,带1个正电荷,表面有5个疏水氨基酸。对人工合成的CcAMP1进行抗菌活性检测表明,该抗菌肽与九香虫血淋巴一样对金黄色葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性菌和大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性菌都有较好的抗菌活性,且对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性更强。【结论】从九香虫中分离得到具有较强抗菌活性的阳离子抗菌肽CcAMP1,有较大的开发利用价值。     

Molecular engineering of antimicrobial peptides: microbial targets,peptide motifs and translation opportunities

The global public health threat of antimicrobial resistance has led the scientific community to highly engage into research on alternative strategies to the traditional small molecule therapeutics. Here, we review one of the most popular alternatives amongst basic and applied research scientists, synthetic antimicrobial peptides. The ease of peptide chemical synthesis combined with emerging engineering principles and potent broad-spectrum activity, including against multidrug-resistant strains, has motivated intense scientific focus on these compounds for the past decade. This global effort has resulted in significant advances in our understanding of peptide antimicrobial activity at the molecular scale. Recent evidence of molecular targets other than the microbial lipid membrane, and efforts towards consensus antimicrobial peptide motifs, have supported the rise of molecular engineering approaches and design tools, including machine learning. Beyond molecular concepts, supramolecular chemistry has been lately added to the debate; and helped unravel the impact of peptide self-assembly on activity, including on biofilms and secondary targets, while providing new directions in pharmaceutical formulation through taking advantage of peptide self-assembled nanostructures. We argue that these basic research advances constitute a solid basis for promising industry translation of rationally designed synthetic peptide antimicrobials, not only as novel drugs against multidrug-resistant strains but also as components of emerging antimicrobial biomaterials. This perspective is supported by recent developments of innovative peptide-based and peptide-carrier nanobiomaterials that we also review.     

Cyclic Tritrpticin Analogs with Distinct Biological Activities

Tritrpticin is a Trp-, Arg-, and Pro-rich cathelicidin peptide with promising antimicrobial activity. Cyclic analogs of tritrpticin were designed using two different approaches: circularization of the backbone by a head-to-tail peptide bond (TritrpCyc) or disulfide bridging between two Cys residues introduced at the termini of the peptide (TritrpDisu). Compared to the parent peptide, TritrpCyc has greatly improved therapeutic potential, showing stronger bactericidal activities and diminished hemolytic activity. Unexpectedly, the opposite effect was observed for TritrpDisu, which has lost its antimicrobial activity and is very hemolytic. In a membrane mimetic environment, NMR spectra show that TritrpDisu adopts an amphipathic turn-turn structure similar to linear tritrpticin. The structure of membrane-bound TritrpCyc has some similarity to that of TritrpDisu; however, the lipid interactions were not sufficient to restrain the structure of the former peptide in a single well-defined conformation. To help explain the distinct biological properties of the analogs, experiments investigating alternative antimicrobial targets were pursued: the membrane bilayer, lipopolysaccharides, and DNA. Although the hemolytic activity of TritrpDisu can be explained by the peptide’s ability to induce higher leakage from the model mammalian membranes, TritrpCyc and TritrpDisu show no significant differences in these functional assays. Overall, our studies show that TritrpCyc holds great promise as a candidate for further development toward antimicrobial therapy.     

粉纹夜蛾离体细胞抗菌肽的抗菌谱测定

用热灭活的大肠杆菌DHSQ诱导粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)离体细胞产生抗菌肽,用三氯乙酸沉淀法提取出该活性物质,采用琼脂糖孔穴扩散法和生长抑制测定法测定其抗菌谱,发现该抗菌物质具有较广的抗微生物活性,其中特别是对革兰氏阴性菌中的沙门氏茵和大肠杆茵,酵母菌中的白色念珠菌,植物病源真茵中的花生白绢病茵和小麦赤霉病茵具有较强的抑菌活性,从而表明该物质是一种既抗细菌,又抗真菌的抗微生物肽。     

An antimicrobial peptide with antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori

An antimicrobial peptide named odorranain-HP was identified from skin secretions of the diskless odorous frog, Odorrana grahami. It is composed of 23 amino acids with an amino acid sequence of GLLRASSVWGRKYYVDLAGCAKA. By BLAST search, odorranain-HP had similarity to antimicrobial peptide odorranain-W1 but it has a different GLLR N-terminus. The cDNA encoding odorranain-HP was cloned from the cDNA library of the skin of O. grahami. This peptide showed antimicrobial activities against tested microorganisms. Interestingly, odorranain-HP could exert antimicrobial capability against Helicobacter pylori, along with its antimicrobial activities similar to odorranain-W1. This is the first report of naturally occurring peptide with anti-H. pylori activity from amphibian skins.     

Design,expression, and characterization of the hybrid antimicrobial peptide T‐catesbeianin‐1 based on FyuA

The overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, which presents an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents. At present, antimicrobial peptides have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers. However, antimicrobial peptides often affect a broad range of microorganisms, including the normal flora in a host organism. In the present study, we designed a novel hybrid antimicrobial peptide, expressed the hybrid peptide, and studied its specific target. The hybrid peptide, named T‐catesbeianin‐1, which includes the FyuA‐binding domain of pesticin and the peptide catesbeianin‐1, was designed and expressed in Pichia pastoris X‐33. Then, we determined the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and specific target of the peptide. T‐catesbeianin‐1 has strong antimicrobial activity and binds to FyuA to inhibit or kill Escherichia coli present in clinical specimens and mixed‐species culture. In summary, these findings suggested that T‐catesbeianin‐1 might be promising and specific antibiotic agent for therapeutic application against fyuA⁺ E. coli.     

Identification and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide from the venom of the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum

A novel antimicrobial peptide, named Bicarinalin, has been isolated from the venom of the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum. Its amino acid sequence has been determined by de novo sequencing using mass spectrometry and by Edman degradation. Bicarinalin contained 20 amino acid residues and was C-terminally amidated as the majority of antimicrobial peptides isolated to date from insect venoms. Interestingly, this peptide had a linear structure and exhibited no meaningful similarity with any known peptides. Antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and S. xylosus strains were evaluated using a synthetic replicate. Bicarinalin had a potent and broad antibacterial activity of the same magnitude as Melittin and other hymenopteran antimicrobial peptides such as Pilosulin or Defensin. Moreover, this antimicrobial peptide has a weak hemolytic activity compared to Melittin on erythrocytes, suggesting potential for development into an anti-infective agent for use against emerging antibiotic-resistant pathogens.