薏苡胚发育及贮藏营养物质积累的研究

薏苡（Ｃｏｉｘ ｌａｃｒｙｍ ａ－ｊｏｂｉ）胚发育分下列各期：棒形胚前的原胚期、棒形胚期、胚芽鞘期、１叶期、２ 叶期、３叶期、４ 叶期、５ 叶期及６叶期成熟胚。３ 叶期胚具１ 条不定根（种子根）,４ 叶期具２ 条,５ 叶期及成熟胚期具３ 条。不定根与胚根排成１ 纵行。营养物质最先在盾片细胞中积累。开花后９ 天的１ 叶期胚,在盾片、胚芽鞘及胚轴细胞中积累了淀粉,以后遍及成熟胚的各部分。淀粉粒含量与器官发生及生长顺序成正相关,但发育后期,盾片细胞内的淀粉粒含量下降。开花后１０ 天,盾片细胞中形成含晶体的蛋白质体,晶体含蛋白质及植酸钙镁。以后,这种蛋白质体增多、增大。同时,又形成不含晶体的蛋白质体。一定时期,含晶体的蛋白质体消失,不含晶体的蛋白质体增多,直到胚成熟。开花后１３ 天,胚芽鞘上部细胞形成蛋白质体。以后遍及成熟胚的各部分,器官发生越早,所含蛋白质体越多、越大。开花后１０ 天,盾片细胞中产生了脂体,成熟胚的盾片细胞,含有大量的脂体。还观察了胚发育各期与颖果及盾片长度的对应关系     

茴香组织培养中体细胞胚胎发生的组织细胞学研究

将茴香幼茎或叶柄的愈伤组织转入附加6-BA和低浓度2,4-D的MS培养基以后,愈伤组织逐步由松软状转变成为颗粒状的胚性愈伤组织,胚状体起源于胚性愈伤组织中的单个细胞或胚性细胞团。在含NAA和6-BA的培养基中,胚状体发育成熟,并再生小植株。茴香的胚状体主要以单细胞内起源方式发生。首先由胚状体单个原始细胞分裂形成2-细胞原胚,2-细胞原胚以三种方式进行分裂:1.T- 形分裂;2.直线形分裂;3.田字形分裂。不同的分裂方式决定了胚柄的有无。茴香胚状体的发育过程与合子胚基本相同。由原胚发育成为球形胚,依次经过心形胚和鱼雷胚阶段,形成成熟的子叶胚。在胚状体发育的每一个阶段,都有其分生组织的活动中心。球形胚期,两团分生组织位于胚体中部对应的两点;心形胚期,位于两侧和中部;鱼雷胚期,分生组织的分布在子叶形成区域呈倒“U”形,在下胚轴部位呈中空的梭形。到子叶期,分生组织从两片子叶伸向胚根,呈“Y”形分布。两子叶间产生茎生长点,由生长点分化出叶原基。胚状体最终发育成为完整植株。     

掌叶大黄胚胎学研究

掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum L.)的花药4室,单或复孢原。药壁发育为单子叶型。腺质绒毡层发育后期出现双核。小孢子四分体为四面体型,胞质分裂为同时型。成熟花粉为3细胞,表面具3条沟。子房1室,单胚珠,直生,两层珠被,由内珠被形成珠孔,厚珠心。单孢原,位于珠心表皮下。直线形或T形大孢子四分体。合点端的大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊。2个极核在受精前合并为次生核。3个反足细胞宿存。胚乳发育为核型,在球形胚末期开始形成细胞。合点端的胚乳核一直不形成细胞,而为游离核的胚乳吸器。在胚乳吸器和其它部位都发现胚乳核融合现象。胚的发育属于紫菀型。胚具小胚柄。成熟胚囊时期出现承珠盘,且存留时间很长,成熟胚期尚存痕迹。     

新疆阿魏的胚胎学研究

采用常规石蜡制片技术,对新疆阿魏不同发育时期的花和果实进行了显微切片观察.结果表明:新疆阿魏小孢子母细胞的减数分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体型和十字交叉型,成熟花粉粒为3-细胞型.雌蕊2心皮合生成2室,中轴胎座,每子房室内产生上、下2个胚珠原基,其中,下方的原基正常发育,而上方的原基停止发育并最终解体,因此,每室仅产生一枚发育正常的倒生胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,胚囊发育为蓼型;珠被绒毡层和珠孔塞发生于大孢子四分体时期,并于四核胚囊时分化完全,八核胚囊时珠被绒毡层细胞径向延长;3个成熟的反足细胞具双核.胚乳发育为核型,细胞壁较厚,细胞排列紧密,可保护胚免受机械损伤及防止胚失水.胚乳细胞中含有大量PAS染色呈正反应的物质,一些胚乳细胞异常生长形成细胞体积大、核及核仁均较大的巨形细胞.胚胎发生为茄型,四细胞原胚为直线形,十六细胞原胚的顶部由2排各4个细胞组成.成熟种子具胚乳.     

玉米花粉胚状体发育过程中DNA,RNA蛋白质含量及合成动态变化

继代培养的玉米花粉胚状体的发育过程可划分为6个时期:胚性细胞团时期、球形胚时期、心形胚时期、梨形胚时期、子叶形胚时期以及分化期。我们应用微量生化分析技术以及放射性同位素液体闪烁计数技术研究了玉米花粉胚状体发育过程的DNA、RNA、蛋白质含量及合成动态,发现DNA、RNA和蛋白质含量在胚性细胞团期较高,然后下降,但到了分化期时又有所升高。DNA合成速度在胚性细胞团时期较高,在以后的各时期降低并保持平稳。RNA和蛋白质的合成动态呈相似的变化规律。这个结果说明DNA、RNA和蛋白质在胚状体发育早期的活跃代谢,可能与胚性细胞的快速分裂以及胚性结构的形成有关,而后期的活跃代谢可能与胚状体的分化有关。     

荞麦胚和胚乳的发育及贮藏营养物质的积累

荞麦原胚期,胚乳为游离核期。球形胚晚期,胚乳开始细胞化。心形胚期,胚囊中部形成一层“开放细胞”。鱼雷形胚期,胚囊中部有５－７层胚乳细胞。子叶弯曲胚期,胚乳全部形成胚乳细胞,具传递细胞特征的合点胚乳吸器形成。胚乳细胞的初始垂周壁来自于自由生长壁和胞质分裂形成的细胞板;初始平周壁由自由生长垂周壁分友相接形成,及有丝分裂的细胞板形成。开花后９ｄ,胚乳细胞积累淀粉,比胚细胞积累早６ｄ。开花后１５ｄ,胚乳最     

水稻愈伤组织内部胚性细胞的形成及发育

发育成胚状体的水稻愈伤组织表面胚性细胞,在继代过程中被非胚性细所包围,渐渐形成内部胚性细胞。共形态结构与表面胚性细胞相同,但周围缺乏表面细胞下面的一层至几层含丰富的淀粉粒的细胞,内部胚性细胞形成团后行然以外形成突起,产生根冠原,逐渐形成根而突出愈伤组织,内部胚性细胞可向四周同时但不同步形成根冠原,未见芽或胚状体从内部胚性细胞产生,推测胚性愈伤组织失支胚胎发生能力及分化能力可能部分与胚性细胞部分裂或分裂不旺盛、,而非胚性细胞分旺盛从而使胚性细胞被包围,。稀释有关。     

茴香组织培养中体细胞胚胎发生的组织细胞学研究

将茴香幼茎或叶柄的愈伤组织转入附加６－ＢＡ和低浓度２,４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基以后,愈伤组织逐步由松软状转变成为颗粒状的胚性愈伤组织。胚状体起源于胚性愈伤组织中的单个细胞或胚性细胞团。在含ＮＡＡ和６－ＢＡ的培养基中,胚状体发育成熟,并再生小植株。茴香的胚状体主要以单细胞内起源方式发生。首先由胚状体单个原始细胞分裂形成２－细胞原胚,２－细胞原胚以三种方式进行分裂：１。Ｔ－形分裂;２．直线形分裂;３．田字形     

石刁柏胚乳愈伤组织内胚胎发生的组织细胞学观察

石刁柏(Asparagus officinalis L.)的幼嫩胚乳接种于MS+NAA 5ppm+6-BA 1ppm和MS+NAA 1ppm+6-BA 0.5ppm的培养基上诱导产生愈伤组织。将愈伤组织转移到MS+6-BA 1ppm+NAA 0.5ppm的分化培养基上,培养30天后即可形成胚状体,组织细胞学观察表明:胚状体起源于愈伤组织内或近表层的单个胚性细胞。在胚状体发生的早期阶段,观察到与柳叶菜型和藜型胚胎发育大致相似的细胞分裂方式,从而出现了T型或线型的四个细胞的原胚。在多细胞原胚及球形胚期具有单列或不规则排列的多细胞胚柄。石刁柏胚乳愈伤组织中的胚胎发生是不同步的,在同一块愈伤组织的切片中可以观察到不同发育阶段的胚状体。在外形上还可以观察到一个子叶、两个子叶或四个子叶等多种不同形态的胚状体。一部份胚状体能发育成完整小植株。     

杜仲胚发育过程的研究

西安地区栽培杜仲,4月中旬传粉,下旬受精。合子休眠35天左右。6月初形成原胚,6—8月胚分化发育,10月种子成熟。合子在休眠期,其体积增长1—1.5倍,极性渐显著。合子经两次横分裂,形成线形排列的四细胞原胚。其后基细胞衍生的细胞参与胚体的形成,胚的发育属藜型。胚柄单列细胞,靠珠孔端一个形大,具吸器作用。胚的后期发育与一般双子叶植物相同。     

黄花油点草胚胎发育研究

利用石蜡切片技术对百合科植物黄花油点草[Tricyrtis maculata(D.Don)Machride]双受精、胚及胚乳发育进行了研究,以明确其胚胎发育的特征,为百合科植物的系统研究提供生殖生物学资料。结果表明:(1)黄花油点草为珠孔受精;进入胚囊的2枚精子分别与卵细胞和中央细胞进行正常的双受精,其受精作用属有丝分裂前型。(2)受精后的初生胚乳核立即分裂,其发育方式为核型胚乳;早期的游离胚乳核沿胚囊的边缘分布,胚囊中央部位主要为胚乳细胞质,随着游离胚乳核数量的增加,胚乳核慢慢充满整个胚囊;当发育至球形胚早期阶段,在各胚乳核周围产生胚乳细胞壁,形成完整的胚乳细胞。(3)合子有较长的休眠时间,胚的发育方式为茄型;合子第一次有丝分裂为横裂,分裂后形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞经过3次横裂,形成一列胚柄细胞;顶细胞经过分裂形成胚体,依次形成球形胚、棒状胚和盾形胚。(4)种子成熟时胚无器官分化;成熟种子由种皮、胚和胚乳三部分组成。     

Reproductive development of initial sporophytes in Pinus sylvestris L

The reproductive development of Pinus sylvestris from generative primordia to sporophyte initial (embryo tier of 16-celled proembryo) was studied. In the reproductive cycle, three types of stages are distinguished and described in association with: 1) hereditary program formation; 2) a new reproductive initial origin, and 3) increase in propogative energy. The layout of disposition of these stages in the reproductive cycle is given.     

Observations on the Rate of Early Embryogenesis and Cytomixis in Spring Wheat

The rate of early embryogenesis and cytomixis of spring wheat has been observed. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 2 h. after pollination, the two sperms entered into the egg nucleus and the polar nucleus respectively; after 6 h. triple fusion has been completed, a male nucleolus is discernible in egg nucleus. Twenty-four h. after pollination, 2-celled proembryo can be detectable, after 6 d the differentiation in some embryo has initiated. Three d after pollination, the formation of endosperm cells are proceeding, upto 6 d, the embryo sac are full of endosperm cells. After pollination through full development, the degeneration of the antipodals appears, 4 d later the structure of cell and nucleus disappeared. Only naked nucleoli and chromatin mass are remained. After 8 d the degeneration of antipodals almost has completed. Cytomixis has been seen in the cell of nucellus, endosperms, ovary, proembryo and differentiated embryo and it frequently appeared near the proembryo.     

韭菜胚囊发育与胚胎发生

韭菜胚囊发育为葱型,胚胎发生属柳叶菜型。成熟胚囊中,三个反足细胞形态上常类似卵器,其中二个呈助细胞状,一个呈卵细胞状。卵状反足细胞可分裂成多细胞原胚,但随着胚乳的发育而退化。在未受精胚囊中,卵细胞和卵状反足细胞均可分裂,它们的发生过程与合子胚相似,但因无胚乳哺育,均不能继续发育。论证了反足细胞胚的性质,初步探讨了胚乳与反足细胞无配子生殖的关系。     

Distribution of Gibberellins A7 and A4 in Tobacco Proembryos Using Immunoelectron Microscopy

The ovules of Nicotiana tabacum var. macrophylla 8 days after pollination were fixed successively with 2% EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl) carbodiimide) and a mixture solution of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, then slightly postfixed in 0.5 % osmium solution. UI- trathin sections of 6-, 9- or 12- celled proembryos embedded in Epon 812 resin were stained in an anti-GA MAb and sheep anti-mouse IgG-colloidal gold (10 nm). This MAb specifically recognizes methyl esters of GA7 and GAn. Therefore, it could be used as a probe to localize GA7 and GAn in cells after EDC fixation. The 12-celled proembryo is composed of a 9-celled embryo and a 3-celled suspensor. Wide distribution of GA7 and GAn was observed in all proembryo cells and most organelles at subeellular level, including walls, plasmodesmata, plasma membrane, cytoplasmic matrix, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei. Clusters of gold granules were found in nuclear envelope, nucleomatrix, nucleolus, chromosome, cytoplamic matrix. In a region composed of cytoplasmic matrix, a vacuole and a mitochondrium, such concentrated gold granules were particularly obviously observed. There appeared a gradient distribution of GA7 and Gan from embryo cells decreasingly to suspensor cells. GA7 and GAn could be translocated via intercellular walls, plasmodesmata and vesicles between embryo and suspensor. 1he authors suspect the direction of GA translocation in proembryo may be from suspensor to embryo. To author's knowledge, this is the first report to indicate subcellular and gradient distributions of bioactive gibberellins in plant proembryos.     

Embryological Studies of Codonopsis pilosula Nannf.

This paper reports the studies of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, development of female and male gametophytes, fertilization, and development of embryo and endosperm, The anther wall consists of four layers, i.e. epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. Part of the tapetum cells originates from the primary parietal cells, and the other part comes from the basic tissue of the anther partition. Tapeta? cells are uninucleate or binucleate, and belong to the secretory type. Microsporocyte originates directly from the primary sporogenous cell, Cytokinesis is of the simultaneous type. Arrangement of microspores in tetrad is isobilateral. Mature pollen grain is of the 2-celled type. The ovary is tricarpellum, trilocular with many ovules. The ovule is mono-integinous, tenui-nucellar and anatropous. The embryo sac originates from the single-archesporial cell. The one chalazal megaspore in linear tetrad is the functional megaspore. The development of embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. Before fertilization, two polar nuclei fuse in to a secondary nucleus and the antipodal cells degenerate. Fertilization is porogamy, fusion of one sperm with secondary nucleus is faster than that of one sperm with egg nucleus. The development of endosperm is of the cellular type. The first three divisions of endosperm ceils are regular. Two endosperm cells near the ends of chalaza and the micropyle develop into haustorium without division. The haustoria gradually degenerate at the late stage of globular embryo. The mature seeds contain abundant endosperm. The development of embryo is of the Solanad type. The suspensor consists of 12–20 cells. The optimum development of the suspensor is at the early stage of the globular embryo. It begins to degenerate after late globular stage. The embryo develops from proembryo, heartshaped embryo, dicotyledenous- to mature embryo.     

漆树胚,胚乳发育及花果生长的相关性研究

漆树为倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,具承珠盘及拟珠孔塞,胚囊发育为蓼型,核型胚乳,胚发育为柳叶菜型,后历经棒状形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和成熟胚各期。花和果实生长与胚及胚乳发育有密切的相关性,胚内具原始的乳汁道系统为重要特征。一些胚珠内无胚或胚乳早期退化引起胚败育是造成种子空籽原因之一。     

冠果草的胚胎学研究

冠果草花药壁的发育为单子口十型,绒毡层为周原质团型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体呈左右对称式排列,成熟花粉为三细胞型。双珠被,假厚珠心,倒生胚珠。胚囊发育为葱型,成熟胚囊的特点是两个极核分别位于中央细胞两端,不融合成次生核。受精过程中,一个精于与卵核融合形成合子,另一精子先与珠孔端极核融合,之后受精极核再移动到合点端与另一极核融合,形成初生胚乳核。胚的发育为石竹型。成熟胚呈马蹄形,具有2片真叶。胚乳发育为沼生目型。随着胚的发育,胚乳细胞逐渐解体,成熟种子中无胚乳。     

Embryological Studies on Sagittaria guayanensis H. B. K. Subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin (Alismataceae)

This paper deals with the embryological characteristics of Sagittaria guayanensis H. B.K. subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin. The anther wall development follows the Monocotyledonous type. The cytokinesis of microspore mother cell in meiosis is of the Successive type. The tetrads of microspores show an isobilateral arrangement, and the mature pollen grains are 3-celled. The ovule is bitegminous, pseudo-crassinucellate and anatropous. The megaspore mother cell originates directly from a single archesporial cell. The mature embryo sac consists of 7 cells including 8 nuclei and conforms to the Allium type. The two polar nuclei do not fuse into a secondary nucleus before fertilization. Instead, one sperm fuses with the micropylar end polar nucleus first , and the fertilized polar nucleus then migrates to the chalazal end, where it fuses with the second polar nucleus, forming the primary endosperm nucleus. The embryo development conforms to the Caryophyllad type. The mature embryo is U-shaped and forms the embryonic shoot apex accompanied by two leaves. The endosperm development corresponds to the Helobial type. The primary endosperm nucleus (invariably lying in the chalazal part of the embryo sac) divides and forms two chambers:large micropylar one and small chalazal one. The chalazal endosperm chamber remains binucleate, while, in the micropylar chamber free nuclear divisions occur and then cellnlarization takes place. During the embryo formation the endosperm gradually degrades and can not be found in the mature seed. The subgenus Lophotocarpus is different from the subgenus Sagittaria in some embryological aspects, especially in the structure of mature embryo sac and the double fertilization process.     

刺梨胚及胚乳的发育

本研究对单瓣刺梨胚及胚乳的发育过程进行了观察,获得如下主要结果:1.刺梨胚的发育属于紫菀型的一种变异类型。原胚发育早期,在胚体顶端具有明显的胚芽原细胞。成熟胚为典型的双子叶植物胚的形态,在子叶中贮藏大量的蛋白质粒。2.刺梨的胚乳属核型。经游离核时期以后形成胚乳细胞。紧邻胚囊周界壁的表层胚乳细胞可以进行平周分裂,产生层叠状的胚乳周缘层。此种后形成的胚乳,我们称之为次生胚乳。当次生胚乳形成时,其余的胚乳细胞逐渐解体,最后几乎完全消失。次生胚乳只在合点处解体,其余保留至种子成熟。3.发现了开花后一些胚珠中无胚或胚和胚乳在发育早期退化的现象,可认为是刺梨种子不育的一个重要原因。