杉木雌配子体与后胚发育过程中核酸、蛋白质和类脂的消长

在杉木胚胎分化期至成熟期,每个雌配子体总核酸和DNA,RNA含量在初期增加,后期则随着胚的分化发育逐渐下降,而蛋白质和类脂则一直上升。每胚总核酸、DNA,RNA则相应增加,而蛋白质、类脂的含量和干重亦逐渐增加。在胚分化早期RNA的迅速合成与细胞的分化及器官形成有关。但以胚干重为单位的DNA、RNA含量却随着胚的发育而有所减少;蛋白质含量先增加,至成熟后才下降。授粉前的胚珠,以及雌配子体、胚中都发现有凝集素存在。     

体细胞胚发生的生化基础

在胚性细胞分化和分裂过程中ATP酶活性和分布的动态变化表明,这些胚性细胞进行着旺盛的主动物质吸收和活跃的新陈代谢过程。在多种植物的体细胞胚发生中过氧化物酶的活性与同工酶的种类都高于对照,而且在大麦中发现过氧化物酶、酯酶和酸性磷酸酶同工酶的结合应用可以作为体细胞胚发生的标志酶。胚性愈伤组织中可溶性蛋白质含量与组分远高于或多于非胚性愈伤组织。大多数材料中都存在45kD-55kD的胚胎发生特异性蛋白质组分。而且在体细胞胚发生中蛋白质和核酸代谢动态呈规律性变化,首先是RNA合成速率增加,继而是蛋白质的迅速合成,并在胚性细胞分化和发育过程中一直保持相对较高水平,其中mRNA种类丰富,不同发育时期mRNA种类不同,因此转译形成多种蛋白质。DNA的代谢相对较稳定,但在胚性细胞系中DNA合成量仍高于非胚性细胞系。加入蛋白质或核酸合成抑制剂,不仅抑制了蛋白质和核酸的合成,同时也抑制了体细胞胚的发生与发育,而且抑制剂加和时间愈早,影响愈严重。由此表明,蛋白质与核酸的合成为体细胞胚的分化和发育奠定了分子基础。     

枸杞体细胞胚发生中DNA代谢动态的立体计量

本文以宁夏枸杞无菌苗叶片为材料,离体培养,并诱导体细胞胚胎发生。根据细胞形态计量学原理,应用数字图像处理软件计量由光学底片经A/D转换成的数字图像中的DNA大分子,对枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中DNA分子的代谢动态进行量化分析。结果表明：在整个体细胞胚发生过程中DNA代谢呈现动态变化。非胚性细胞与胚性细胞期的量化值分别为1.82%和1.91%;在二细胞胚、四细胞胚、多细胞胚时期DNA缓慢增长,随着胚性愈伤组织的发育,DNA的含量在梨形胚时期达到高峰;成熟胚的DNA含量虽有所下降,但仍维持较高水平。因此DNA的合成动态变化与体胚生长发育和细胞增殖密切相关。     

高等植物胚胎的发育生物学研究——Ⅵ.粳稻胚分化发育期间一些大分子物质的动态

鉴测了粳稻胚的发育进程及不同分化发育时期中DNA、RNA、蛋白质、淀粉含量和鲜重、干重、细胞数的变化。 开花后6～13天(胚分化第一到第四叶原基期间)胚细胞数增加时,DNA、RNA含量迅速上升。此后细胞数和DNA、RNA含量都趋于稳定,但RNA在18～25天再次增长。每胚蛋白质和干重基本上随RNA含量相应地变化。 每毫克胚于重的核酸和蛋白质含量在13天出现明显的转折。平均每细胞的DNA含量在整个发育期保持稳定,RNA第一阶段的增长只持续到分化完成的前夕,而蛋白质在25天以前一直增加。 胚内淀粉的累积在整个胚形成期呈现三段斜率不同的直线。以单位干重表示时则在8天左右和21天出现两个高峰,先于RNA和蛋白质两次积累的高峰。 在大分子物质的变化与胚胎发育进程相互关系并与籼稻比较的基础上,将稻胚发育划分为原胚期、分化期、成熟期和休止期。     

高等植物胚胎的发育生物学研究——Ⅱ.水稻胚胎发育过程中的生化变化

应用微量生化分析的方法测定了开花后6～30天水稻幼胚分化过程中的DNA、RNA,蛋白质、类脂和干重的动态变化。在人工气候室条件下(25℃,10小时光照)培养的水稻,在开花后第6～15天,即从第一叶原基形成至胚分化完成期间,每胚总核酸含量不断增加。尤其是在胚发育的早期阶段,DNA、RNA含量迅速增加。此后,在开花后18～30天,核酸含量的增加逐趋减缓。在此过程中,每胚蛋白质、类脂含量和干重也相应增加。然而,以胚干重为单位的DNA、RNA含量却随胚的发育而减少。同时,蛋白质含量仍不断增加。所以,DNA、RNA相对含量的减少,可能是由于细胞内含物和结构物质的增加而引起的。至于平均每个细胞的DNA含量,在整个胚发育过程中几乎稳定;而RNA含量,在胚发育的早期阶段有所增加,以后则基本保持同样水平。在胚发育早期RNA的强烈合成可能与细胞的分化和器官形成有关。     

水稻胚与胚乳分化发育中的内源多胺

稻胚发育过程中,其内源多胺以腐胺、亚精胺为主。在幼胚分化期,腐胺和亚精胺的含量很高;幼胚分化完成时,其含量急剧下降;直至分化后期才趋稳定。在胚及胚乳发育时期,还出现一种未知多胺X_(22),其含量除在胚分化完成时较少外,在胚发育的其他各期中,含量则一直很高。DNA和蛋白质含量的变化,从分化期开始递增直至物质积累成熟期,其趋势均相同。多胺可能参与胚与胚乳中核酸和蛋白质合成的调节。     

平贝母体细胞胚胎发生中的核酸与蛋白质合成研究

在获得比较理想的平贝母体细胞胚胎发生体系的基础上,我们应用放射性同位素液体闪烁计数技术测定了平贝母体细胞胚胎发生过程中球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚、子叶胚和成熟胚等时期的DNA、RNA和蛋白质合成动态,实验表明,从球形胚到子叶胚,核酸与蛋白质的合成速度递增。在子叶胚前期RNA合成达到高峰,在子叶胚期蛋白质合成达到高峰,在子叶胚后期DNA合成达到高峰,核酸与蛋白质合成速度的变化与胚体细胞增殖及器官分化相关联。     

枸杞组织培养中形态发生与核酸蛋白质合成动态的研究

应用放射自显影技术观察枸杞叶片组织培养中形态发生与核酸、蛋白质合成动态之间的关系。结果表明,培养初期,先以外层少数叶肉细胞开始RNA和蛋白质的合成,接着DNA也开始合成。在分生细胞团及愈伤组织形成过程中,三种大分子的合成一直处于相当活跃的状态。当愈伤组织分化为芽时,DNA和RNA的合成明显下降,而蛋白质的合成还很旺盛.     

辣椒花药培养胚状体发生的组织学和细胞学研究

采用荧光显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜技术．系统研究了辣椒花药培养胚状体发生的组织学和细胞学变化特征。辣椒单个花药中花粉发育具有强烈的不同步性。随着培养时期的变化．不同时期花粉的百分率也发生变化。处于单核靠边期的小孢子培养以后按两种发育途径之一进行发育。在多数情况下,孢子体不对称分裂,产生典型双核花粉。胚性花粉粒是由营养核的重复分裂形成的。当小孢子从四分体中释放出来．特殊类型的外壁已经形成。在随后的花粉发育过程中．小孢子体积增大,外壁继续加厚。培养24h后,小孢子体积增大。胚性发生的小孢子表现出两种不同的形态变化。当胚状体发育到心形胚时．胚状体的表皮细胞排列规则。用光学和电子显微镜分析了小孢子胚状体形态形成过程．及胚状体诱导后细胞组织发生的一系列结构变化的时序性特征,这些变化主要影响质体、液泡室、细胞壁和细胞核,进一步分化的程序模拟合子胚的发育。     

离体培养下大豆体细胞胚胎发生的组织学研究

大豆胚状体可以直接从未成熟的子叶表皮及表皮下面1—3层细胞发生。这些细胞经过脱分化后,首先形成细胞质浓厚、核大的胚的发生细胞,胚发生细胞再分裂形成胚性细胞团,胚性细胞团再继续分裂形成胚状体。胚状体的发育过程和合子胚一样,经过球形、心形,鱼雷期和子叶期等诸阶段发育成小植株。此外,在诱导胚状体发生过程中,还观察到另一值得注意的现象:在未成熟胚的子叶表皮下面1至较深处的数层细胞,也转变成分生状细胞团,这些分生状细胞团呈不规则状,从其起源看,可称它们为内生“胚状体”,这些内生“胚状体”培养至20天,即停止生长发育。     

Protein synthesis and differentiation in a clonal line of teratocarcinoma and in preimplantation mouse embryo.

Undifferentiated cells of a clonal line of teratocarcinoma can differentiate in vitro into embryoid bodies with morphological and biochemical features of early mouse embryo. During the first step of differentiation protein synthesis has been analysed by 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis. While new proteins are synthesized, the synthesis of others turned off with the appearance of endodermal cells in embryoid bodies. We have compared protein synthesis during teratocarcinoma differentiation and during early mouse embryogenesis at three stages of mouse preimplantation embryo. The results demonstrate that only the late blastocyst protein synthesis pattern shows most of the polypeptides identified in the differentiated protein synthesis pattern of teratocarcinoma. In contrast, protein synthesis during the early stages of mouse embryonic development is very different from protein synthesis in undifferentiated teratocarcinoma.     

Influence of clinorotation on embryoid body morphology

The compensatory effects of gravitation at early stages of embryonic development have been investigated using the slow clinorotation of embryoid bodies generated from R1 mouse embryonic stem cells. An analysis of semithin sections (1–2μm) and an electron microscopy study of embryoid bodies revealed cells at different stages of maturation. A significant decrease (compared to the control) in embryonic stem cells undergoing apoptosis, as well as in noticeably reduced hollow areas, were found in clinorotated embryonic bodies. We propose that the lack of large cysts may be caused by the delay in initial differentiation and morphogenesis stages associated with autophagy processes in embryonic bodies.     

Wnt2 coordinates the commitment of mesoderm to hematopoietic, endothelial, and cardiac lineages in embryoid bodies

Our recent gene expression profiling analyses demonstrated that Wnt2 is highly expressed in Flk1(+) cells, which serve as common progenitors of endothelial cells, blood cells, and mural cells. In this report, we characterize the role of Wnt2 in mesoderm development during embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation by creating ES cell lines in which Wnt2 was deleted. Wnt2(-/-) embryoid bodies (EBs) generated increased numbers of Flk1(+) cells and blast colony-forming cells compared with wild-type EBs, and had higher Flk1 expression at comparable stages of differentiation. Although Flk1(+) cells were increased, we found that endothelial cell and terminal cardiomyocyte differentiation was impaired, but hematopoietic cell differentiation was enhanced and smooth muscle cell differentiation was unchanged in Wnt2(-/-) EBs. Later stage Wnt2(-/-) EBs had either lower or undetectable expression of endothelial and cardiac genes compared with wild-type EBs. Consistently, vascular plexi were poorly formed and neither beating cardiomyocytes nor alpha-actinin-staining cells were detectable in later stage Wnt2(-/-) EBs. In contrast, hematopoietic cell gene expression was upregulated, and the number of hematopoietic progenitor colonies was significantly enhanced in Wnt2(-/-) EBs. Our data indicate that Wnt2 functions at multiple stages of development during ES cell differentiation and during the commitment and diversification of mesoderm: as a negative regulator for hemangioblast differentiation and hematopoiesis but alternatively as a positive regulator for endothelial and terminal cardiomyocyte differentiation.     

High Frequency Induction of Somatic Embryoid of Rice in Suspension Culture

On MS and B5 basic media the mature seed of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was induced to produce somatic embryoid. The results showed that the rate of occurrence of somatic embryoid varied with the variety of rice and the concentration of 2,4-D was important to the occurrence of somatic embryoid. For those varieties of rice suitable for induction, the induction factors such as KT, zeatin, BAP, ABA, osmotic pressure and so forth were stringently required at different stages of somatic embryoid development, and they also influenced the formation of somatic embryoid. The results of various layered cultures of embryonic calli proved that the somatic embryoid was derived from the surface layer callus containing embryonic cells. At the induction stage no somatic embryoid was formed in callus. The rate of somatic embryoid formation was over seventy per cent on liquid differentiation medium I.     

Gold nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering for noninvasive molecular probing of embryonic stem cell differentiation

This study reports the use of gold nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for probing the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, including undifferentiated single cells, embryoid bodies (EBs), and terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were successfully delivered into all 3 mES cell differentiation stages without affecting cell viability or proliferation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the localization of GNPs inside the following cell organelles: mitochondria, secondary lysosome, and endoplasmic reticulum. Using bright- and dark-field imaging, the bright scattering of GNPs and nanoaggregates in all 3 ES cell differentiation stages could be visualized. EB (an early differentiation stage) and terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes both showed SERS peaks specific to metabolic activity in the mitochondria and to protein translation (amide I, amide II, and amide III peaks). These peaks have been rarely identified in undifferentiated single ES cells. Spatiotemporal changes observed in the SERS spectra from terminally differentiated cardiomyocyte tissues revealed local and dynamic molecular interactions as well as transformations during ES cell differentiation.     

DNAase activities in embryonic chicken lens: in epithelial cells or in differentiating fibers where chromatin is progressively cleaved.

Lens is an organ composed of a layer of epithelial cells and a mass of fibers. During terminal differentiation, epithelial cells from the equatorial region elongate into fibers, nuclei change shape, the chromatin appears much condensed in the last step of differentiation and the DNA breaks down into nucleosomes. The pattern of DNAase activities has been recorded at different chick embryonic stages (11 and 18 days) using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with DNA substrate in the gel matrix. Two DNAases (30 and 40 kDa) have been observed in lens epithelia and fibers at both stages. However, the activities of both of the enzymes are augmented in fiber cells. The 30 kDa DNAase requires and Ca2+ and Mg2+ (5-15 mM) to hydrolyze the DNA substrate while the 40 kDa-activity is inhibited by added divalent cations (5-15 mM). The 30 kDa protein is inhibited by Na+ and is probably an endonuclease. Both nuclease activities probably are involved in the cleavage of fiber chromatin into nucleosomes during lens terminal differentiation, but variables such as chromatin configuration, unmasked DNA sequences, presence of cations, and pH gradients probably determine the extent of involvement of each DNAase.     

Isolation, culture, and characterization of embryonic cell lines from vitrified sheep blastocysts

This study was conducted to isolate, to culture, and to characterize embryonic cell lines from in vitro produced vitrified sheep blastocysts. Embryos were produced and vitrified at the expanded blastocyst stage. Ten inner cell masses arising from day 6-7 blastocysts were isolated by immunosurgery, disaggregated, and cultured onto mitomocin-C-inactivated mouse STO fibroblasts (MIF). After 5 or 6 days of culture the primary cell colonies were disaggregated, seeded in a new MIF, and cultured for 3 or 4 days to form new colonies called Passage 1. These cells were then disaggregated and cultured for other two passages. The primary cell colonies and Passage 2 colonies expressed stage specific embryonic markers SSEA-1, SSEA-3, and SSEA-4, and were alkaline phosphatase positive. In the absence of feeder layer and human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), these cells differentiated into variety of cell types and formed embryoid bodies. When cultured for an extended period of time, embryoid bodies differentiated into derivatives of three embryonic germ (EG) layers. These were characterized by detection of specific markers for differentiation such early mesoderm (FE-C6), embryonic myosin (F1-652), neural precursor (FORSE-1), and endoderm (anti-cytokeratin 18). To our knowledge, this is the first time that embryonic cell lines from in vitro produced and vitrified ovine blastocysts have been isolated and examined for detection of SSEA markers, and embryoid bodies have been cultured and examined for specific cell surface markers for differentiation.