花椒球心胚及胚乳的发生和发育

对花椒珠心胚及胚乳的发生和发育过程进行了详细的细胞学及细胞学研究。主要研究结果如下;珠心胚发生前,有性胚囊发育过程中从大孢子发生到胚囊形成的各个阶段均可发生退化,退化频率５０％,未退化的胚囊发育成熟,成熟胚囊仅含卵器和两个极核。卵器最终退化,极核不经受精自发形成胚肥。当胚乳游离核达到１５或３２个时,最早的珠心胚原始细胞由靠近胚囊球孔端的珠心细胞分化形成。随着子房生长,多个原始细胞持续不断地从珠孔端     

竹节参雌配子体发育的研究

本文报道了竹节参(Panax japonicus C.A.Mey)雌配子体(胚囊)的发育过程。竹节参大孢子母细胞减数分裂产生线形排列的大孢子四分体。胚囊发育属蓼型,由合点端大孢子发育而成。游离核胚囊时期,胚囊珠孔端的细胞器种类和数量都较胚囊合点端多;胚囊合点端相邻的珠被细胞中有含淀粉粒的小质体,与胚囊珠孔端相邻的退化中的非功能大孢子中则有含淀粉粒的大质体和大类脂体。成熟胚囊中,反足细胞较早退化;极核融合成次生核;卵细胞高度液泡化,细胞器数量较少;助细胞则有丰富的细胞器和发达的丝状器。PAS反应表明,受精前的成熟胚囊中积累淀粉粒。次生核受精后,很快分裂产生胚乳游离核,到几十至数百个核时形成胚乳细胞。卵细胞受精后则要经过较长的休眠期。     

濒危植物——长喙毛茛泽泻的受精作用及胚和胚乳的发育

长喙毛茛泽泻Ranalisma rostratum Stapf的配子融合开始较早,但精核与极核融合速度较快。精核与珠孔极核融合后即移向胚囊合点端与另一极核再融合形成初生胚乳核。初生胚乳核第一次分裂后形成两个细胞,以后珠孔端胚乳细胞再进行游离核分裂,胚乳发育属于沼生目型。开花后两天,合子分裂,八分体呈4层,每层呈两个细胞方式排列胚胎发生属于石竹型。     

白桦雌花发育、大孢子发生及胚胎发育的解剖学观察

白桦雌花从开花到雌性器官的成熟需经历1个月左右的时间,解剖学观察表明：四月下旬越冬的雌蕊原基开始了活跃的分裂和分化。子房和柱头开始生长。四月末开花,五月初授粉。此后胚珠开始长大。五月中旬即分化形成珠被,珠心,珠被为单层珠被,胚珠为厚珠心胚珠,胚珠倒生,五月中下旬,珠心内产生大孢子母细胞,一周左右发育为成熟胚囊-七细胞八核胚囊,五月末完成双受精,白桦胚胎发育经过合子,原胚,球形胚,心形胚和鱼雷形胚等时期最后发育成熟,胚乳发育与胚胎同步,即受精的极核进行几次分裂后形成核型胚乳,胚乳核不断增多,在形成心形胚后胚乳细胞形成细胞壁。     

丫蕊花的双受精及胚和胚乳发育的初步观察

丫蕊花（Ypsilandra thibetica Franch.)为珠孔受精,进入胚囊的两个精子分别与卵细胞和中央细胞进行正常的双受精,其受精作用属有丝分裂前型,受精后的初生胚乳核立即分裂,其发育方式为沼生目型,到发育后期,由游离状态的胚乳核形成胚乳细胞时,珠孔室和合点室都形成胚乳细胞,合子的休眠期很长,而且胚的发育过程较为缓慢,种子成熟时胚尚无器盲的分化,本文还观察了以上发育过程中淀粉粒,蛋白质的动态。     

丫蕊花的双受精及胚和胚乳发育的初步观察

丫蕊花（Ypsilandra thibetica Franch.)为珠孔受精,进入胚囊的两个精子分别与卵细胞和中央细胞进行正常的双受精,其受精作用属有丝分裂前型,受精后的初生胚乳核立即分裂,其发育方式为沼生目型,到发育后期,由游离状态的胚乳核形成胚乳细胞时,珠孔室和合点室都形成胚乳细胞,合子的休眠期很长,而且胚的发育过程较为缓慢,种子成熟时胚尚无器盲的分化,本文还观察了以上发育过程中淀粉粒,蛋白质的动态。     

掌叶大黄胚胎学研究

掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum L.)的花药4室,单或复孢原。药壁发育为单子叶型。腺质绒毡层发育后期出现双核。小孢子四分体为四面体型,胞质分裂为同时型。成熟花粉为3细胞,表面具3条沟。子房1室,单胚珠,直生,两层珠被,由内珠被形成珠孔,厚珠心。单孢原,位于珠心表皮下。直线形或T形大孢子四分体。合点端的大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊。2个极核在受精前合并为次生核。3个反足细胞宿存。胚乳发育为核型,在球形胚末期开始形成细胞。合点端的胚乳核一直不形成细胞,而为游离核的胚乳吸器。在胚乳吸器和其它部位都发现胚乳核融合现象。胚的发育属于紫菀型。胚具小胚柄。成熟胚囊时期出现承珠盘,且存留时间很长,成熟胚期尚存痕迹。     

墨兰雌配子体和胚胎发生

墨兰的胚珠倒生型,具薄珠心和二层珠被。胚囊发育为葱型,成熟胚囊为８核,从传粉型受精约１００ｄ,正常双受精。初生胚乳细胞分裂为具２－６个核的胚乳。胚具５－６细胞的胚柄。传粉到种子成熟约８个月,成熟种子只具单层细胞的种皮和一个未分化的球形胚,胚柄及胚乳都消失。     

大叶杨配囊及胚珠的形成和发育

本文应用细胞化学方法研究了大叶杨胚珠、胚囊的形成和发育过程中核酸、蛋白质及不溶性多糖的分布和消长。大孢子母细胞、大孢子四分体及功能大孢子中含较少不溶性多糖,但却含丰富的RNA和蛋白质。功能大孢子经分裂发育成八核的蓼型胚囊。四核胚囊开始积累细胞质多糖,成熟胚囊中除反足细胞外充满淀粉粒。反足细胞形成后不久即退化。助细胞具多糖性质的丝状器,受精前两个助细胞退化。卵细胞核对Feulgen反应呈负反应。二极核受精前由胚囊中部移向卵器,与卵器接触后融合形成次生核。发育早期的胚珠为厚珠心,双珠被。晚期,内珠被退化,故成熟胚珠为单珠被。四核胚囊时期,珠孔端珠心组织退化,胚囊伸向珠孔形成胚囊喙。合点端珠心组织含丰富的蛋白质和核酸,这一性质与绒毡层性质相似,可能涉及胚囊的营养运输。胚囊的营养来源于子房和胎座细胞内贮存的淀粉粒。     

蒙古黄芪的胚胎学

蒙古黄芪(Astragaius monghocus Bge.)雄性原为花药表皮下单列细胞,小孢子四分体为四面体型,胞质分裂为同时型。单子叶型花药壁。分泌型绒毡层,其细胞核始终一个,细胞里含有一至多个草酸钙晶体。二细胞型花粉:单室子房,多胚珠,弯生,双珠被,厚珠心。蓼型胚囊。雌性孢原为珠心亚表皮下多细胞。直线形大孢子四分体,合点端第一、或第二、或第三个大孢子有功能。成熟胚囊具有盲囊结构;花粉管通过退化助细胞进入胚囊。双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型;胚的发育为柳叶菜型。核型胚乳。胚乳细胞在球形胚时期开始形成。在胚乳发育过程中,合点端胚乳游离核存在着聚集、合并、无丝分裂和胚乳细胞内多核合并等现象。     

Embryological Studies on Sagittaria guayanensis H. B. K. Subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin (Alismataceae)

This paper deals with the embryological characteristics of Sagittaria guayanensis H. B.K. subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin. The anther wall development follows the Monocotyledonous type. The cytokinesis of microspore mother cell in meiosis is of the Successive type. The tetrads of microspores show an isobilateral arrangement, and the mature pollen grains are 3-celled. The ovule is bitegminous, pseudo-crassinucellate and anatropous. The megaspore mother cell originates directly from a single archesporial cell. The mature embryo sac consists of 7 cells including 8 nuclei and conforms to the Allium type. The two polar nuclei do not fuse into a secondary nucleus before fertilization. Instead, one sperm fuses with the micropylar end polar nucleus first , and the fertilized polar nucleus then migrates to the chalazal end, where it fuses with the second polar nucleus, forming the primary endosperm nucleus. The embryo development conforms to the Caryophyllad type. The mature embryo is U-shaped and forms the embryonic shoot apex accompanied by two leaves. The endosperm development corresponds to the Helobial type. The primary endosperm nucleus (invariably lying in the chalazal part of the embryo sac) divides and forms two chambers:large micropylar one and small chalazal one. The chalazal endosperm chamber remains binucleate, while, in the micropylar chamber free nuclear divisions occur and then cellnlarization takes place. During the embryo formation the endosperm gradually degrades and can not be found in the mature seed. The subgenus Lophotocarpus is different from the subgenus Sagittaria in some embryological aspects, especially in the structure of mature embryo sac and the double fertilization process.     

高山红景天胚胎学研究

高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor.)具8个雄蕊,每个雄蕊有4个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型。形成的四分体为四面体形。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、二层中层和绒毡层五层细胞组成,其发育方式为基本型。腺质型绒毡层,有些绒毡层细胞分裂形成不规则双层,少数细胞双核。二细胞型花粉。雌蕊由4心皮组成。边缘胎座,倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,胚珠发育中形成珠心喙。大孢子四分体线形或T -形,合点大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中,卵细胞核、助细胞核均位于细胞的合点端,珠孔端具液泡;极核融合为次生核,并位于卵细胞合点端附近; 3个反足细胞退化。双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。胚的发育为石竹型;基细胞侵入珠孔端,形成囊状吸器。细胞型胚乳;初生胚乳核分裂形成两个细胞,其珠孔端的细胞发育成胚乳本体,合点端的细胞直接发育成具一单核的合点吸器。     

Origin of facultative heterochromatin in the endosperm ofGagea lutea (Liliaceae)

Summary Facultative heterochromatin occurs not only in certain animals in connection with sex determination but also in members of at least one plant genus,Gagea (Liliaceae s. str.), but here in the course of embryo sac development, fertilization, and endosperm formation. The present contribution intends to provide undebatable photographic and cytometric evidence, previously not available, for the events in the course of which three whole genomes in the pentaploid endosperm nuclei ofGagea lutea become heterochroma-tinized. In this plant, embryo sac formation usually follows the Fritillaria type, i.e., the embryo sac is tetrasporic, and a 1 + 3 position of the spore nuclei is followed by a mitosis in which the three chalazal spindles fuse and two triploid nuclei are formed. A triploid chalazal polar nucleus is derived from one of these, which contributes to the pentaploid endosperm. These nuclei in the chalazal part of the embryo sac show stronger condensation compared with the micropylar ones. The pycnosis of the triploid polar nucleus is maintained and even enhanced during endosperm proliferation, while the micropylar polar nucleus and the sperm nucleus maintain their euchromatic condition. The origin of the heterochromatic masses in the endosperm nuclei from the three chalazal genomes of the central cell is unambiguously evident from the distribution of heterochromatic chromosomes in the first endosperm mitosis and the following interphase. DNA content measurements confirm a 3 2 relationship of heterochromatic and euchromatic chromosome sets, which is usually maintained up to the cellularized endosperm. Pycnotic nuclei in the chalazal part of megagametophytes are characteristic of several embryo sac types, but only forGagea spp. it is documented that such nuclei can take part in fertilization and endosperm formation.Dedicated to Professor Walter Gustav Url on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

The Fertilization and the Development of Embryo and Endosperm in an Endangered Plant—Ranalisma rostratum Stapf (Alismataceae)

Ranalisma rostratum Stapf is a rare and endangered species． This paper deals with the fertilization and the development of embryo and endosperm in this plant．The embryogenesis is of Caryophyllad type and the development of endosperm belongs to Heobial type．Before fertilization,the two polar nuclei are located respectively at both ends of embryo sac. In most angiosperms with two polar nuclei,the polar nuclei may fuse eiher before fertilization to form a secondary nucleus or during fertilization called triple fusion． In Ranalisma rostratum Stapf, however, it is found that only in case when the micropylar polar nucleus is fertilized,it can move to the chalazal end and fuse with the chalazal polar nucleus．This phenomenon is very rare and the process must take more time to fulfil fertilization both polar nuclei． This feature of fusion of polar nuclei is therefore thought as a primitive character from the view of phylogeny．     

喉毛花的胚胎学研究

本文首次系统地记载了喉毛花属的胚胎发育过程,并以此为依据讨论了该属的分类等级和系统位置。喉毛花花药四室;药壁发育属双子叶型;绒毡层单型起源,细胞具单核,属腺质绒毡层;一层中层细胞;花药壁表皮层宿存,纤维状加厚和膨大;药室内壁减缩。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列为四面体型;成熟花粉为3-细胞型。子房为2心皮、l室,典型的侧膜胎座,胚珠8列,胚珠胎座靠近两心皮腹缝线。薄珠心,单珠被,倒生胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子呈直列式排列,其中合点端的大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。极核在受精前融合为次生核。反足细胞宿存、分裂为8～12个,每个细胞均多核和异常膨大,反足细胞形成的吸器明显。异花传粉,珠孔受精。花粉管通过破坏一助细胞进入胚囊。受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子体融合类型。胚乳发育为核型,每核含2～3核仁。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆I变型,成熟种子胚只发育至球形胚阶段。反足细胞在合子分裂之后才开始退化,在胚的发育过程中反足细胞在胚乳层之外形成一层染色深、类似“外胚乳”的结构。比较喉毛花、龙胆属、假龙胆属以及肋柱花属的胚胎学特征表明喉毛花与假龙胆属的亲缘关系最近,在分类等级上作为一个独立的属较为合适,在系统位置上它比假龙胆属更为原始。     

苦瓜胚胎学研究

以石蜡制片法对苦瓜(Momordi cacharantia L.)进行了胚胎学研究。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型,形成四面体型四分体和左右对称型四分体。成熟花粉为二细胞型。子房三室,双珠被,厚珠心,倒生胚珠。大孢子四分体为线形,合点端功能大孢子发育成为蓼型胚囊。中央细胞细胞质中有大量贮藏物质存在。极核在受精时融合。双受精过程属有丝分裂前配子融合类型。3个反足细胞随受精过程进行而退化。胚胎发生为柳叶菜型。核型胚乳,合点端具胚乳吸器。     

Development of Embryo and Endosperm and Nutrient Accumulation in Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruwirth

The structure of embryo sac, fertilization and development of embryo and endosperm in Vigina sesquipedalis (L.) Fruwirth were investigated. Pollization occures 7–10h before anthesis, and fertilization is completed 10 h after anthesis. After fertilization, wall ingrowths are formed at the micropylar and chalazal ends of the embryo sac. Embryo development conforms to the Onagrad type, and passes through 2 or more celled proembryo, long stick-shaped, globular, heart shaped, torpedo, young embryo, growing and enlarging embryo and mature embryo. Wall ingrowths are formed on the walls of basal cells and outer walls of the cells at basal region of suspenser. The suspensor remains as the seed reaches maturity. The starch grains accumulate in the cells of cotyledons by 9–16 days after anthesis, and proteins accumulate by 12–18 days after. The endosperm development follows the nuclear type. The endosperm ceils form at the micropylar end, and remain free nuclear phase at chalazal end. The outer cells are transfer cells. Those cells at the micropylar end form folded cells with wall ingrowths. At heartembryo stage, the endosperm begins to degenerate and disintegrates before the embryo matures.