大葱胚和胚乳的发育

观察了“章丘大葱”胚珠、胚囊的结构,胚及胚乳的发育。胚发育属紫菀型,经历球胚前的原胚、球胚、椭形胚、凹形胚、长棒形胚及弯形成熟胚等各期。宿存助细胞生存到球形胚期。胚乳发育属核型。球胚晚期,在胚褒珠孔端及合点端,胚乳开始细胞化。由于游离核之间出现了垂周壁,由一层胚乳游离核形成了一层无内切向壁的“开放细胞”。“开放细胞”行平周分裂而形成两层细胞,外层为完整细胞,内层为新的“开放细胞”。如此多次分裂,向心增生胚乳细胞,最后将中央细胞填满。初始的垂周壁来自于间期游离核之间的细胞板,非“自由生长壁”但又未见明显的成膜体。初始的平周壁是正常有丝分裂的胞质分裂的结果,与成膜体,细胞板有关。在球胚晚期,胚乳细胞化后,在中央液泡内观察到游离细胞。     

大麦胚和胚乳发育的相关性及贮藏营养物质的积累

大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)开花后1d,见合子及退化助细胞,游离核胚乳尚未形成;开花后2～3d,胚为5及10个细胞,胚乳为游离核期;开花后4及5、6d,胚为梨形及长梨形,胚乳达细胞化期;开花后8d,胚为胚芽鞘期,糊粉层原始细胞产生;开花后10d,胚具1叶,糊粉层1～2层;开花后13d胚为2叶胚,亚糊粉层发生;开花后17d,3叶胚形成,糊粉层多为3层并停止分裂,菱柱形及不规则胚乳细胞分化;开花后21～29d,胚为4叶胚,胚乳进一步分化;开花后33d,胚为5叶成熟胚,胚乳亦成熟。淀粉、蛋白质在胚中积累始于开花后13d。在盾片中由基向顶发生,在胚芽鞘及叶原基中,首先在顶端出现。成熟盾片顶端的淀粉消失。开花后6d,胚乳开始积累淀粉;开花后10d,糊粉层及胚乳细胞积累蛋白质。开花17d后胚乳的蛋白质体多聚集,29d后蛋白质体显著减少。开花后17d,在盾片及糊粉层细胞中检测到油脂。果长或果长与稃片长之比和盾片长可作为不同发育期胚和胚乳的形态指标。     

长豇豆胚和胚乳的发育及营养物质积累

长豇豆(Vigna sesquipedalis (L.)Fruwirth)开花前7—10小时传粉,开花后8—10小时完成双受精。合子期珠孔端及合点部位胚囊的周界壁有壁内突。胚发育属柳叶菜型。胚柄的基部细胞及基部区域外层细胞的外切向壁发生壁内突。成熟胚中胚柄宿存。开花后9—16天为子叶细胞中淀粉积累期,开花后12—18天为蛋白质积累期。胚乳发育为核型,珠孔端胚乳细胞化,合点端保持游离核状态。胚乳外层细胞为传递型细胞,珠孔端的胚乳细胞形成折叠细胞群,亦有壁内突。心形胚期胚乳开始退化解体,成熟胚期胚乳完全消失。     

花生胚乳细胞化的超微结构观察

花生（ＡｒａｃｈｉｓｈｙｐｏｇｅａｅＬ．）心形胚期的胚乳游离核多瓣裂,或具长尾状结构。胚乳细胞质内有大量线粒体、质体、高尔基体、小泡及少量内质网。中央细胞壁有壁内突。球胚及心形胚期常见胚乳瘤。心形胚晚期,胚乳开始细胞化,胚乳细胞壁形成有３种方式,分别存在于不同的胚珠中：（１）从胚囊壁产生自由生长壁形成初始垂周壁,具有明显的电子密度深的中层,其生长主要靠末端的高尔基体小泡及内质网囊泡的融合。两相邻的自由生长壁末端或其分枝末端相连形成胚乳细胞。（２）核有丝分裂后产生细胞板,细胞板向外扩展并可分枝。间期的非姊妹核间也观察到形成了细胞板。小泡与微管参与细胞板的扩展,高尔基体和内质网是小泡的主要来源。细胞板的扩展末端相互连接,形成胚乳细胞的前身。小泡继续加入细胞板的组成,以后形成胚乳细胞壁。（３）胚乳细胞质中,出现一些比较大的不规则形的片段性泡状结构,它们可能来源于高尔基体小泡,这些片段性泡状结构随机相连形成细胞壁,未见微管参与。胚乳细胞外切向壁及经向壁上有壁内突。     

何首乌胚和胚乳的发育

何首乌为直生胚珠,双珠被。胚发育属于柳叶菜型。心形胚柄最为发达,鱼雷形胚期胚柄奶化。早期胚胎发育营养的主要来源可能是合了中积累的淀粉和胚柄吸收来的营养。成熟胚中积累了大量的蛋白质和淀粉粒。胚乳发育属核型。从球形胚期起,胚乳细胞化过程由珠孔端向合点端逐渐推进。初始垂周壁源于姊妹核间的细胞反或非姊妹核间由次生成膜生的细胞板。初始平周壁源于有丝分裂所产生的细胞板。心形胚期,除合点端保持游离核胚乳吸器外,     

谷子胚和胚乳的发育

合子的第一次分裂为斜的横分裂,胚发育至棒状原胚后,胚顶端一侧的细胞加速分裂形成一团分生组织细胞,由这团分生组织分化盾片、胚芽鞘、胚芽生长点和胚根。胚体的其它部分参与部分盾片和胚根鞘的构成。胚柄不参与胚的组成,胚无外胚叶,胚胎发育属禾本型。核型胚乳。从胚囊壁产生的自由生长壁把胚乳游离核隔开形成一层胚乳细胞。然后这层细胞平周分裂使胚乳细胞变成二层,以后的胚乳细胞增殖以细胞有丝分裂方式进行。胚乳的最外层     

水稻双胚苗无融合生殖胚胎学研究初报

将子房整体染色透明观察后,通过筛选材料石蜡切片的方法,研究发现水稻双胚苗品系APⅣ中,存在低频率的无融合生殖。开花前珠心细胞特化并分裂发育形成不定胚。随着珠心组织的退化,不定胚长八胚囊腔中,以球形胚形式存在。开花后4天,球形胚开始分化。球形胚在胚囊中可以和合子胚并存,也可以单独存在。但双胚主要来自受精的助细胞或合子胚纵裂。开花后3—4天,在胚乳腔中着色深的球状结构是胚乳部份脱落形成的,不是不定胚。珠孔端反足细胞团不能形成胚。     

短柄五加胚和胚乳发育的研究

短柄五加胚发育属茄型,棒形胚后期胚柄最为发达,球形胚胚柄开始退化,心形胚期胚柄解体。胚乳发育属核型,当胚乳游离核为２００￣３００个时,以自由生长细胞壁的方式进行胚乳细胞化。胚乳细胞进一步增殖以有丝分裂方式进行,球形胚时,胚乳细胞最外层细胞特化为分泌层,胚乳细胞贮藏蛋白质和脂类物质。在胚乳游离核为３２￣６４个时,单珠被的内表皮层分化为珠被绒毡层。合子分裂后,珠被绒毡层发育最为充分;棒形胚后期,珠被绒     

莲胚发育与核酸,蛋白质含量的变化

莲胚发育达到最大鲜重(开花后21d)前,胚轴和子叶的DNA,RNA都持续增长。开花13d后,蛋白、淀粉等贮藏物质显著积累,核酸增长速度加快。成熟胚轴的DNA和RNA含量很高,而子叶中积累大量的淀粉、可溶性糖和蛋白质。发育前期胚乳的生长速度较快,开花后16d左右鲜重和物质积累达到高峰。胚生长后期胚乳逐渐败育,贮藏物质和结构物质都减少,膨大的子叶逐步取代了胚乳的地位。 莲胚生物大分子物质含量的模式属于双子叶植物类型。讨论了莲胚细胞多倍化的问题。     

柽柳胚和胚乳发育的观察

利用常规石蜡制片技术,对柽柳（Tamarix chinensis Lour.）胚和胚乳的发育过程进行了观察。结果表明,胚发育属茄型,其基细胞先行纵裂。胚柄基部发育迅速,具吸器作用,球形胚期胚柄最为发达,其细胞质丰富,贮藏淀粉类物质,至晚心形胚期胚柄依然存在。助细胞被受精产生多胚现象。胚乳发育属核型,初生胚乳核常常晚于合子分裂,胚乳核的分裂速度慢于胚体细胞的分裂速度。当胚乳游离核为 32个时,以自由生长细胞壁的方式进行胚乳细胞化。胚乳细胞进一步增殖极少。珠心细胞只有两层,细胞核大,胞质丰富,内含贮藏物质,至心形胚期逐渐解体。     

Equilibrium and kinetics of the unfolding and refolding of Escherichia coli Malate Synthase G monitored by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy

The equilibrium and kinetics studies of an 82 kDa large monomeric Escherichia coli protein Malate Synthase G (MSG) was investigated by far and near-UV CD, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. We find that despite of its large size, folding is reversible, in vitro. Equilibrium unfolding process of MSG exhibited three-state transition thus, indicating the presence of at least a stable equilibrium intermediate. Thermodynamic parameters suggest this intermediate resembles the unfolded state. However, the equilibrium intermediate exhibits pronounced secondary structure as measured by far-UV CD, partial tertiary structure as delineated by near-UV CD, compactness (m value) and exposed hydrophobic surface area as assessed by ANS binding, typically depicting a molten globule state. The stopped-flow kinetic data provide clear evidence for the presence of a burst phase during the refolding pathway due to the formation of an early Intermediate, within the dead time of the instrument. Refolding from 4 M to various lower concentrations until 0.4 M of GdnHCl follow biphasic kinetics at lower concentrations of GdnHCl (<0.8 M), whereas monophasic kinetics at concentrations above 1.5 M. Also, rollover in the refolding and unfolding limbs of chevron plot verifies the presence of a fast kinetic intermediate at lower concentration of GdnHCl. Based upon the above observations we hereby propose the folding pathway of a large multi-domain protein Malate Synthase G.     

Tables and Procedures for the Determination of Power and Sample Sizes in Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Variance and Regression

The available power tables for use in experimental design only serve for limited practical purposes, since they are restricted to very few levels of significance such as .01, .05, and .10. With these values, however, usually no correction for cumulating error probabilities, for example, by the Dunn-Bonferroni method, can be achieved, because (very) low values of a and sometimes even of α are necessary. Therefore, power tables are presented that encompass a wide range of different values for a (.0005 to .40), for power (.50 to .9995), and for 45 different values of the degrees of freedom for the numerator of the F ratio (u = 1 to 150). Four of the 16 tables are printed. Their use is demonstrated for some paradigmatic problems in univariate and multivariate analyses of variance and regression.     

光学量,光子量和单位在激光生物学中的应用

激光生物学是光子学和生物学相结合的交叉边缘学科,根据《光及有关电磁辐射的量和单位》国际标准（ＩＳＯ／ＤＩＳ３１－６,１９９０）和我国国家标准（ＧＢ３１０２．６,１９９３）,本文讨论了在激光生物学中常用的光学量、光子量和单位。     

Analysis of telomeric DNA: Current approaches and methods

Terminal parts of linear chromosomes in eukaryotes are represented by telomeric DNA and associated proteins. Length, sequence and structure are the major parameters of telomeric DNA. The present review describes a set of molecular, cellular and genetic methods used to study the parameters of telomeric DNA.     

害虫区域性生态调控的理论、方法及实践

本文在分析害虫生态调控的生态学基础上 ,论述了害虫区域性生态调控的原理与方法 ,并以华北棉田害虫管理实践为例 ,介绍了害虫区域性生态调控的实施过程     

桃果实细胞内糖酸分布对果实甜酸风味的影响

以成熟‘白凤’桃果实为实验材料,采用区室化分析方法计算细胞内液泡、细胞质和细胞间隙中各糖酸组分的含量,并用调查问卷的方式对成熟桃果实甜酸风味进行评价打分,研究果肉细胞内各糖酸组分含量及其分布对果实甜酸风味的影响。结果表明:(1)成熟桃果实中可溶性糖(蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇)在液泡、细胞质和细胞间隙的含量分别为27.3、11.6和9.0mg·g-1,有机酸(苹果酸、柠檬酸、奎宁酸和莽草酸)含量分别为2.09、0.94和0.35mg·g-1;蔗糖和苹果酸含量分别占果实可溶性糖和有机酸含量的80.6%和77.0%,是成熟桃果实中糖和酸的主要储存形式。(2)果实细胞内各糖酸组分通过细胞膜的渗透速率明显高于液泡膜。(3)块状处理桃果实液泡、细胞质与细胞间隙中的糖含量比、酸含量比及糖酸比分别为3.0∶1.3∶1.0、6.0∶2.7∶1.0、13.9∶12.4∶23.1,而匀浆处理果实的细胞结构被破坏,其不同细胞器中的比例分别为1.0∶1.0∶1.0、1.0∶1.0∶1.0、14.0∶14.0∶14.0;块状果实风味评价得分(2.99)明显高于匀浆处理果实(1.98)。研究认为,桃果实细胞中液泡、细胞质和细胞间隙之间糖酸含量以及糖酸比的差异可能是导致果实甜度风味变化的重要原因。     

Glycoalkaloid and nitrate content of potatoes as affected by method of selenium application

A comparison of two methods of selenium application, banding and foliar spray, of sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) on total glycoalkaloid (TGA) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) was studied during each of two consecutive years. The levels of application used were 0.0, 1.6 (0.75), 3.36 (1.5), and 5.6 (2.5) kg/ha (ppm soil). Both TGA and NO₃-N were significantly reduced by application of 1.5 and 2.5 ppm of sodium selenite. Tuber selenium levels were significantly increased at all levels of application, using either banding or foliar spray, but were well below the toxic range for human consumption. Banding resulted in greater uptake of Se, and greater decreases in TGA and NO₃-N as compared to foliar spray.     

Comparison of the elution characteristics of individual forms of lovastatin in both isocratic and gradient modes and HPLC-PDA method development for pure and fermentation-derived lovastatin

The elution characteristics of lovastatin were studied by varying the composition of mobile phase in both isocratic and gradient elution modes to comprehend the role of organic modifier and acidifier on the overall analysis time and retention time of individual forms of lovastatin. Acetonitrile has influenced on the overall analysis time, whereas the acidifier determines the retention time of hydroxy acid form of lovastatin and the retention time gap between the individual forms. A combination of acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (60:40, v/v) in isocratic elution mode eluted both hydroxy acid and lactone forms of lovastatin at 4.5 and 5.4?min, respectively. This appears to be a better approach for the separation of pharmaceutical and clinical lovastatin samples. At isocratic elution mode, a mixture of acetonitrile and either 0.05% TFA or 0.1% H₃PO₄ of 60:40 (v/v) has eluted both hydroxy acid and lactone forms of lovastatin at 10?±?0.5 and 17?±?0.5?min, respectively. This is suitable for the fermentation-derived samples or for the complex mixtures of structural analogs. The fermentation broth (pH not adjusted) extracted with ethyl acetate at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) at 60°C for 30?min was the optimal extraction condition for lovastatin.     

植物的水容特征与其耐旱性的关系

在自然风晾条件下,研究了不同植物器官的相对含水量、水势及比水容之间的相互关系。结果表明：植物叶片阻止体内蒸腾失水的能力大小顺序依次为：花生（Arrachishypogaea）＞甘薯（Ipomoeabatatas）＞大豆（Glycinemax）＞玉米（Zeamays）,各植物茎的保水能力相差不大;甘薯的茎、叶在风晾4h后仍未永久凋萎,其他植物的茎、叶在风晾1～3h就出现永久凋萎;花生、甘薯、大豆和玉米叶片风晚3～4h后,其水势的下降幅度分别为：1．00,1．30,1．80和2．70mPa,花生、甘薯、大豆茎的水势下降幅度分别为：1．95,1.40和1．30mPa;植物茎、叶的水势与其相对含水量具有较好的对数关系;植株茎、叶的比水客值范围在0．0258～0．6835mPa-1之间,叶片的比水容大于茎的比水容。因此,植物的水容特征表明不同植物茎、叶的保水、释水能力不同,因而其耐旱、抗旱性不同。玉米和大豆的耐旱性小于花生、甘薯的耐旱性。     

Enhanced ototoxicity of gentamicin and salicylate caused by Mg deficiency and Zn deficiency

In rats, Mg deficiency caused a moderate hearing loss, measured by means of evoked potentials at 10 and 20 kHz, which was repaired after refeeding a normal diet. Application of 700 mg/kg salicylic acid or injection of 5×100 mg/kg gentamicin also caused a reversible hearing loss in normally fed rats. Treatment of Zn-deficient rats with salicylic acid produced a stronger although reversible hearing loss than in normally fed salicylate-treated rats. Treatment of Mg-deficient rats with gentamicin induced a strong hearing loss that was nearly complete and irreversible in 9 of 25 rats.