高原青少年最大有氧能力的研究

采用自行车递增负荷运动试验,对青海西宁地区(海拔2260m)86名13～16岁男女中学生的最大摄氧量,无氧阈以及血氧饱和度等指标进行了测定。结果表明,高原青少年的最大摄氧量较低,而无氧阈则较高。血氧饱和度随负荷增加逐渐降低,在接近极限负荷时迅速下降,提示高原低氧是限制最大运动能力的主要因素。无氧阈较高说明高原青少年组织细胞利用氧的能力提高,这是对高原低氧环境长期适应的结果。     

无氧代谢阈值与竞走比赛成绩的关系

本文旨在研究无氧代谢阈值与竞走比賽成绩的相关性,并比较无氧代谢阈值和最大氧耗在与比赛成绩相关程度上的差别。受试者为8名男竞走运动员和12名女竞走运动员。他们的无氧代谢阈值和最大氧耗在竞走比赛前的8至7天内测定,无氧代谢阈值用逐级增加负荷量期间气体交换参数的改变特征加以判定。结果表明,男女运动员的无氧代谢阈值以单位体重氧耗量表示分别为38.4±6。3和31.7±8.9毫升/公斤/分,最大氧耗分别为64.5±7.8和53.3±8.9毫升/公斤/分。无氧代谢阈值无论与男子50公里或女子5公里和10公里竞走比赛成绩均呈现了明显相关,相关系数(r)分别为-0.866(P<0.01),-0.863(P<0.01)和-0.674(P<0.05);然而,最大氧耗仅与女子5公里比赛成绩有相关性联系(r=-0.672,P<0.05)。结果提示,无氧代谢阈值较之最大氧耗更能反映各个体的竞走比赛能力,它可能是一个评估和预测竞走比赛水平的生理学指标。     

世居及移居高原青少年最大有氧能力的特征

本文报道海拔３４１７ｍ和４２８０ｍ地区世居藏族和移居汉族青少年运动状态下心肺功能的对比研究。结果显示：３４１７ｍ和４２８０ｍ世居藏族的最大氧耗量、无氧阈值及最大心输出量都明显大于汉族,血氧饱和度（Ｓａｏ２）随运动负荷的增加而降低。海拔３４１７ｍ藏、汉族的△Ｓａｏ２分别为７．４６％和１０．０３％,４２８０ｍ处为８．５７％和１３．７５％,最大心率随海拔升高而下降。研究提示,藏族青少年有较高的最大有氧能力,反映了他们对低氧环境的适应优势。     

狗在急性低氧后复氧过程中的心脏功能损伤

六条在心脏上装有高精度压力传感器及微型超声测距探头的慢性实验狗,经两个星期的手术恢复期后,于Halothane麻醉下,给予低氧气体吸入,使动脉血氧饱和度从对照时的99.8±0.1％降到60.7-4.4％。低氧时,左心室功能随着动脉血氧饱和度的下降,表现为中度低氧时增强、严重低氧时减弱的变化。复氧时,出现与低氧时不相同的左心室功能异常,如心动过速、严重心律紊乱、后负荷增高、舒张期末室壁厚度显著增加,室壁舒-缩厚度差减小、室壁舒缩的不匀质性以及极低的心肌顺应性等。这些结果表明,在急性低氧后的复氧过程中,左心室功能存在着一种“复氧损伤”。     

心肺功能运动试验用于急性高山病的评价

为了进一步探讨急性高山病(AMS)的生理学评价指标,先对15名男性健康青年在海拔2261及3417m处进行心肺功能运动试验.结果观察到低氧通气及心搏反应以及动脉血氧饱和度(Sao_2)变化出现较早且敏感。随后对90名男性进入海拔4520m及攀登5620m过程中发生AMS时进行症状学调查,并证实静息动脉血氧分压(Pao_2)和肺泡一动脉氧阶差(AaDO_2)大小与AMS严重程度关系密切。在运动负荷(Vo_(2submax))时,测定静息及运动时最大心率差值(HRD)、动脉二氧化碳分压差值(Paco_2D)及动脉血氧饱和度差值(Sao_2D),由此求得HRD/Sao_2D及Paco_2D/Sao_2D两项指标,分别反映低氧心搏及通气反应能力。对AMS的判别具有敏感性,与以症状学判别相比,总吻合率达92.2％。     

训练专一性对无氧阈测定的影响

本文对以上肢训练为主的15名优秀皮划艇运动员和以下肢训练为主的14名优秀中长跑运动员在两种常规负荷方式下的无氧阈及最大吸氧量进行了测定分析,以探讨训练专一性对无氧阈测定的影响。采用踏车式功量计和活动平板方式逐级递增负荷,通过与Apple Ⅱ_E辅助联机的Jaeger EOS自动分析系统,以通气和气体交换指标的变化,无创性地测定无氧阈和最大吸氧量。结果表明,训练专一性会影响无氧阈测定结果。欲测得最高的无氧阈值,实验室测试手段就应当尽量模拟训练时的运动形式。此外,能敏感地反映出运动训练专一性适应的是无氧阈时的吸氧量绝对值(1/min),而不是无氧阈的相对值(％Vo_2max)。     

高原（2260m）女子公路自行车运动员的通气无氧阈、乳酸阈和最大氧耗量的研究

采用实验室递增负荷运动试验和运动现场血乳酸的测定,研究了高原（２２６０ｍ）女子公路自行车运动员的通气无氧阈、乳酸阈及最大氧耗量。结果发现,通气无氧阈时的氧耗量为２．０３ｌ／ｍｉｎ,功率为１３１．４Ｗ;乳酸阈（以运动速度表示）为３３．０ｋｍ／ｈ。通气无氧阈时对应的心率（１３７次／ｍｉｎ）低于乳酸阈的心率（１５３次／ｍｉｎ）。最大氧耗量的绝对值（２．８ｌ／ｍｉｎ）和相对值（４７．４ｍｌ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ）分别比平原运动员低２２．２％和２２．９％,但与平原运动员高原训练期间的测试值（２．８ｌ／ｍｉｎ）比较,高原与平原运动员最大氧耗量的差异消失。在相同氧耗量（２．８ｌ／ｍｉｎ）条件下运动时,高原运动员完成的功率（２５１Ｗ）低于平原运动员（２７４Ｗ）。     

低氧暴露诱导肌萎缩发生的机制探讨

高海拔地区常伴随着诸多不利环境因素,使初上高原者处于应激状态,对机体代谢系统产生一系列不良影响,其中之一就是诱发骨骼肌萎缩。肌萎缩是一种肌肉功能减退的反应,表现为肌纤维横截面积减小,肌纤维类型转变和肌肉力量、耐力下降。高原环境造成的肌萎缩与低氧环境密切相关。高原训练是竞技体育中一种提高氧运输能力、心脏供血能力及最大摄氧量的有效训练方式,但此过程中造成的骨骼肌质量丢失会影响运动员力量和耐力的发挥,不利于运动表现;同时,随着高原旅游和低氧减肥的兴起,世居平原大众进入高原后发生的肌量丢失和肌力下降也会影响其健康状态。低氧暴露所诱发的肌萎缩程度由低氧浓度和暴露时长所决定,是一个多器官、多组织参与的整体调控骨骼肌蛋白代谢失衡的过程,且在不同类型的肌纤维中表现不同。但目前关于低氧暴露导致肌萎缩的机制还不完全清楚。因此,本文将就该问题相关研究进展进行综述,以期进一步阐明低氧诱导肌萎缩的生物学机制,从而利用低氧刺激更好地提高运动成绩和服务大众健康。     

成人急性低氧通气压抑中的内啡肽作用

本工作设想,内啡肽参与了成人急性低氧通气压抑机制。受试者均为健康成年男子。6名受试者吸入中度低氧混合气(12.8％O_2)30min;7名吸入重度低氧混合气(10.8％O_2)20min,其中6名并在重度低氧下吸入三口纯氮气。吸入低氧气前先由静脉注入生理盐水(对照)或纳洛酮(中度低氧5mg,重度低氧10mg)。观察低氧时的通气反应、终末潮气二氧化碳分压(P_(ETCO2)、动脉血氧饱和度和外周低氧通气敏感性以及纳洛酮对上述测定的影响。结果表明,纳洛酮使重度低氧下的通气压抑明显减弱,低氧第3～15分钟的通气水平明显高于对照实验;而P_(ETCO2)明显低于对照值。但纳洛酮对中度低氧下的通气压抑无明显作用。此外,纳洛酮显著增强外周低氧敏感性。结果提示,在重度低氧下,内啡肽参与了成人低氧通气压抑机制,并对外周低氧敏感性有抑制作用。     

急性低氧对高原土生动物藏系绵羊血气的影响

为了探讨急性低氧时藏系绵羊(Ovis aries)的血气特点,揭示其低氧适应机制,将7只雄性藏系绵羊和5只雄性移居绵羊分别置于高低压氧舱内,测定模拟海拔0、2 300和4 500 m时各动物清醒状态下的血气指标。用热稀释法测定心输出量。使用血气分析仪和EG7血样板,测定动脉及混合静脉血的血气指标,按Ficks方法计算氧耗量。结果显示,随着模拟海拔高度的升高,藏羊和移居羊的动静脉血氧饱和度(So2)、氧分压(Po2)、二氧化碳分压(Pco2)都呈明显下降趋势(P<0.05),血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、血液pH、心输出量及氧耗量虽无明显的差异性改变,但它们在4 500 m处的绝对值是增加的。在相同海拔,藏羊的Hb明显低于移居羊(P<0.05),4 500 m时藏羊的动脉血氧饱和度(Sao2)及组织摄氧量显著高于移居羊(P<0.05)。表明藏羊在急性低氧时表现出的高Sao2及高组织摄氧量,低Hb、低pH是它适应高原低氧的生理基础。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.