Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G . hirsutum×G . arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G . hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

中棉×戴维逊氏棉胚胎发育的研究

以棉花栽培种中棉作母本,野生种戴维逊氏棉作父本进行杂交试验,并用中棉自交作对照,比较研究了杂交情况下花粉粒的萌发、花粉管的生长、受精作用及胚和胚乳的发育过程,得到以下结果:(1)中棉×戴维逊氏棉花粉粒的萌发及花粉管在异己花柱中的生长基本正常,有花粉管胚珠的频率约20％,为中棉自交的1/4左右;(2)在杂交情况下,有花粉管进入的胚珠基本上能实现受精;(3)杂种胚乳在授粉后7天发育异常,11天开始解体,16天才有部分胚珠的胚乳开始形成细胞壁;(4)杂种胚不分化或畸形分化,在授粉后11—22天坏死。     

棉属栽培种与野生种杂交的不亲和性

本文研究了棉属栽培种与野生种杂交的不亲和性,试验材料涉及5个染色体组,包括2个栽培种(陆地棉和中棉)和5个野生种(戴维逊氏棉、瑟伯氏棉、三裂棉、阿拉伯棉和比克氏棉)。以陆地棉作母本,异己花粉管在花柱中生长缓慢,有花粉管胚珠低于10%,陆地棉×戴维逊氏棉杂种胚在子叶期坏死。以中棉作母本,不亲和性主要表现在受精后的胚胎发育过程中。     

New red flower germplasm lines of cotton selected from hybrid of Gossypium hirsutum × G. bickii

By means of dropping GA3 (50 ppm) and NAA (40 ppm) on the hybrid boll-embryo culture in vitro, one F1 plant of G. hirsutum G. bickii was obtained; when F1 branches were grafted on upland cotton and then back-crossed with upland cotton under short-day and cooler-night condition, some BC1 seeds could be harvested. The characteristic segregation was very violent in early generation. Through 3 times of back-crossing and selecting, ten stable hybrid lines with the character of both male parent (viz. red petal-purple spot and strong fibre) and female par-ent (plant type, earliness, white fibre, lint length, etc. ) were established. These lines were assigned as HB red flow-er lines (HBRL). Transference of character of G. bickii to upland cotton was proved to be successful for the first time. These new germplasms may play an important role in both the genetic research and new cotton variety breeding.     

植物激素对促进棉花种间杂种胚胎发育的效果

本文报道了陆地棉和中棉间正、反交时,喷施植物激素(GA_3、NAA)后,对杂种胚胎发育的影响。观察发现:1.外源激素对棉花授粉受精速度的影响不显著。2.陆地棉×中棉时,外源激素显著提高了有胚胚珠百分率。胚体大小也显著增加。3.中棉×陆地棉时,外源激素能明显地促进胚的分化,使一部分杂种胚的分化接近正常状态。4.喷施外源激素是克服种间杂交不亲和性的有效途径。这是由于外源激素促进了胚乳发育的缘故。     

陆地棉-野生比克氏棉杂种红花种质系的育成

采用种间杂交新技术,得到了陆地棉×野生比克氏棉的F_1不育株,在嫁接教养及短日凉爽条件下培育,雌雄恢复了低育性,通过3次回交及对早期剧烈分离世代的选择之后,首次育成了兼具双亲特征,即既有比克氏棉的红花紫花斑及细强纤维,又有陆地棉的株型、熟期、白绒、高衣分和结铃性的稳定的杂种选系,命名为“HB红花系”,这是一种前所未有的新型种质资源,具有新品种选育及遗传研究的重要价值.     

Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G. hirsutumXG. arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G. hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

用同工酶和RAPD技术研究棉花三元杂种石远321新品种的遗传特性

石远321是从海岛棉×野生色伯氏棉×陆地棉三元杂种后代中选育而成的种间杂交新品种。其细胞学鉴定结果、形态学基本特征以及栽培特性均为陆地棉型。但在丰产性、棉纤维品 质及抗逆性等许多农艺性状和经济性状方面,该品种明显综合了多棉种多亲本的遗传特性。为了从分子水平上认识石远321的三元杂种性质及其变异水平,用等电聚焦电泳和RAPD技术,对石远321及其不同棉种亲本进行了遗传分析。主要结果如下（1）酯酶同工酶图谱分析表明,石远321与其野生棉亲本和海岛棉亲本同具有一条陆地棉亲本所没有的特异带;（2）用4个引物对石远321扩增共发现6个野生棉亲本和海岛棉亲本的特征片段;（3）通过比较石远321与其3个不同棉种亲本之间的RAPD差异,说明石远321在基因组水平上具有高度的遗传异质性。初步从分子水平上证实了石远321为上述3个棉种的种间杂交后代。     

十年来米丘林遗传学在我国的成就

今年是我国建国的十周年,也是我国政治、经济及各項建设事业大发展的第十年,这期间在党的領导下,科学事业获得前所未有的进展。先进的米丘林学说,随着全国的解放在我国得到了广泛的传播和发展。一种新的学說 ,要在資产阶级学术思想的统治