Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G . hirsutum×G . arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G . hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

比克氏棉渐渗到陆地棉的花色基因的遗传分析

比克氏棉的红花大基斑性状渐渗到陆地棉,并选育出了稳定的红花大基斑陆地棉纯系（ＨＢＲＬ）。报道了这些红花（Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_３）大基斑（Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_２）陆地棉纯系的遗传连锁实验和连锁分析结果。大基斑（Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_２）对小基斑（Ｒ_２）和无基斑（ｒ_２）为显性,Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_２与Ｒ_２等位,Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_２、Ｒ_２和ｒ_２构成了复等位基因系列。Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_２与Ｌｃ_１连锁,Ｒ．Ｃ％＝３７．３１±２．４４．Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_２与Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_３紧密连锁,并且Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_３对Ｙ_１和ｙ_１具有显性上位作用。建议从比克氏棉渐渗到陆地棉的大基斑的基因符号定为Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_２,红花瓣的基因符号定为Ｒ~（ｂｉｃ）_３。     

棉花矮化突变体的遗传分析

陆地棉科遗２号×中棉完紫的种间杂交衍生后代群体中分离出一株矮秆小叶突变体,经多年选择育成了矮早棉１号。在北京气候条件下,矮早棉１号成熟时,株高只有４５ｃｍ,不到正常陆地棉的１／２。遗传分析揭示矮早棉１号的矮化早熟特性系由两对隐性基因控制,其基因符号定名为ｄ_１和ｄ_２,矮早棉１号为双隐性纯合子,基因型为ｄ_１ｄ_１ｄ_２ｄ_２。正常陆地棉ＴＭ－１、中棉所１２及中棉所１６均为显性纯合子,基因型为Ｄ_１Ｄ_１Ｄ_２Ｄ_２。控制棉花株高的两对基因Ｄ_１／ｄ_１和Ｄ_２／ｄ_２间表现重叠作用。矮早棉１号在棉花早熟育种中有重要价值。     

棉属海岛棉×拟似棉F_1不育性研究

本文研究了棉属海岛棉［ＧｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍｂａｒｂａｄｅｎｓｅＬ．,（ＡＤ）２］ｘ拟似棉［Ｇ．ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｕ１ｂｒ）Ｓｔａｎｄｌｅｙ,Ｄ６］Ｆ_１植株的减数分裂及不育花粉的形成过程。Ｆ_１花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期Ｉ平均染色体构型为２４．８６Ⅰ＋６．９８Ⅱ＋０．０５Ⅲ。Ｆ_１不育的根本原因在于减数分裂中期染色体不能正常配对,引起部分染色体滞后及染色体不均等分配,从而产生多分孢子和微核,最终导致不育花粉的产生,并讨论Ｄ６与（ＡＤ）２间的亲缘关系以及克服Ｆ_１不育的方法。     

Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G. hirsutumXG. arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G. hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

用同工酶和RAPD技术研究棉花三元杂种石远321新品种的遗传特性

石远321是从海岛棉×野生色伯氏棉×陆地棉三元杂种后代中选育而成的种间杂交新品种。其细胞学鉴定结果、形态学基本特征以及栽培特性均为陆地棉型。但在丰产性、棉纤维品 质及抗逆性等许多农艺性状和经济性状方面,该品种明显综合了多棉种多亲本的遗传特性。为了从分子水平上认识石远321的三元杂种性质及其变异水平,用等电聚焦电泳和RAPD技术,对石远321及其不同棉种亲本进行了遗传分析。主要结果如下（1）酯酶同工酶图谱分析表明,石远321与其野生棉亲本和海岛棉亲本同具有一条陆地棉亲本所没有的特异带;（2）用4个引物对石远321扩增共发现6个野生棉亲本和海岛棉亲本的特征片段;（3）通过比较石远321与其3个不同棉种亲本之间的RAPD差异,说明石远321在基因组水平上具有高度的遗传异质性。初步从分子水平上证实了石远321为上述3个棉种的种间杂交后代。     

棉花种间杂交技术创新及育种程序的建立

创立的棉属种间杂交新方案对克服杂交不孕及F1不育性取得重大进展;获得了栽培种间(4n与2n)70个组合及陆地棉与14个野生棉种间大批量的高代种质资源,并已育成8个新品种,4个来自陆地棉×中棉,另外4个来自陆地棉与4种野生棉的杂种,为我国首次育成,其中石远321(冀棉24)为近年来国家区试中增产幅度最大的新品种,3年累计推广933.3×10³ hm².建成了有效的种间杂交育种体系.     

陆地棉×比克氏棉育成种质系的同工酶和RAPD分析

为了从分子水平上检验野生棉遗传特性向陆地棉转育的结果以及育成种质之间的遗传差异,通过等电聚焦电泳和RAPD技术,对来自科遗181陆地棉品系与野生比克氏棉杂交后代的6个遗传稳定的不同种质系及其亲本的过氧化物酶同工酶图谱和DNA指纹图谱进行了分析。结果如下（1）6个种质系的基本酶谱特征均倾向于陆地棉亲本,但在其中2个种质系的过氧化物酶图谱中,观察到各具有1条等电点值（PI）为4.85的野生亲本的特征带;（2）DNA指纹图谱的分析表明,不同种质系之间在基因组水平上具有高度的异质性。并且在OPO10和OPO112个引物的扩增图谱中观察到4个育成种质系具有野生比克氏棉亲本的特征带。     

棉属种间高代系的过氧化物酶同工酶研究

利用薄层等电聚焦方法,对已稳定遗传２０代的棉属陆地棉（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ ）×中棉（Ｇ．ａｒｂｏｒｅｕｍ ）种间高代系蕾期真叶及花药中的过氧化物酶同工酶进行研究,结果表明：１．同一棉种的不同品种,其过氧化物酶同工酶基本相同,同一染色体组的不同棉种,其过氧化物酶同工酶存在一定的差异,不同染色体组的棉种,其过氧化物酶同工酶存在显著的差异;２．高代系的同工酶谱与母本“科遗２号”相似,而与父本中棉“完紫”具有较大的差异