中棉×戴维逊氏棉胚胎发育的研究

以棉花栽培种中棉作母本,野生种戴维逊氏棉作父本进行杂交试验,并用中棉自交作对照,比较研究了杂交情况下花粉粒的萌发、花粉管的生长、受精作用及胚和胚乳的发育过程,得到以下结果:(1)中棉×戴维逊氏棉花粉粒的萌发及花粉管在异己花柱中的生长基本正常,有花粉管胚珠的频率约20％,为中棉自交的1/4左右;(2)在杂交情况下,有花粉管进入的胚珠基本上能实现受精;(3)杂种胚乳在授粉后7天发育异常,11天开始解体,16天才有部分胚珠的胚乳开始形成细胞壁;(4)杂种胚不分化或畸形分化,在授粉后11—22天坏死。     

棉属二倍体野生棉与四倍体栽培棉种间杂交的胚珠培养

用棉属二倍体野生种与四倍体栽培种陆地棉杂交及四倍体栽培种海岛棉、陆地棉与二倍体栽培种亚洲棉杂交,以陆地棉自交作对照。将杂交和自交授粉后2天(部分材料为1天)的胚珠在液体培养基上进行飘浮静置暗培养。培养50—70天,7个杂交组合及2个自交品种的胚珠均获得一定频率的胚(包括成熟和不成熟胚)及成熟胚萌发的苗。其中陆地棉与澳洲野生棉、阿拉伯棉、亚洲棉、海岛棉与亚洲棉等4个杂交组合已得到杂种一代植珠。试验结果表明,同一组合的胚珠,在不同的培养基上获得胚的频率和胚萌发率有明显差异;不同组合的胚珠,在同一培养基上培养的结果也不一致。陆地棉X亚洲棉、海岛棉×亚洲棉两个组合授粉后1天的胚珠培养也获得一定频率的胚发育。     

三种野生和四个栽培棉种的核型研究

作者对棉属 D 组的瑟伯氏棉(Gossypium thurberi)、戴维逊氏棉(C.davidsonii)、雷蒙德氏棉(G.raimondii)、A 组的草棉(G.herbaceum)、中棉(G.arboreum)、AD 组的陆地棉(G.htrsutum)和海岛棉(C.barbadense)等7个种的核型进行了研究。各个种的核型可简式为:瑟伯氏棉2n=2x=26=24m 2Sm(2SAT);戴维逊氏棉20=2x=26=20m 6Sm(4SAT);雷蒙德氏棉2n=2x=26=20m 6Sm(2SAT);草棉2n=2x=26=18m 4Sm 4St(4SAT);中棉2n=2x=26=18m 6Sm(2SAT) 2St(2SAT);陆地棉2n=4x=52=32m 18Sm(4SAT) 2St(2SAT);海岛棉20=4x=52=38m 12Sm(2SAT) 2St(2SAT)。此外,作者对四倍体种的 A 组和 D 组的供体问题进行了讨论。     

紫薇品种与尾叶紫薇种间杂交亲和性研究

通过杂交结果率比较和荧光显微观察对5个紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)品种与尾叶紫薇(L.caudata)杂交亲和性进行研究.结果显示:(1)以紫薇品种作母本与尾叶紫薇进行杂交(正交),'白云映霞'结果率最高,达36.6%,而'粉蝴蝶'×尾叶紫薇未结果.以尾叶紫薇作母本时(反交),各紫薇品种均可结果,结果率为16.6%～51.8%.(2)荧光观察发现,尾叶紫薇花粉在紫薇雌蕊上萌发和生长受到一定的阻碍,表现为授粉后柱头乳突细胞产生大量胼胝质反应,花粉管生长过程中出现较多胼胝质栓塞等;而紫薇的花粉在授粉1 h后即可在尾叶紫薇柱头上萌发,8 h花粉管伸入子房,10 h完成受精.研究表明,各正交组合的亲和性有明显差异,存在受精前障碍,而反交组合亲和性较好,不存在受精前障碍.     

棉属种间杂交胚珠的离体培养

棉属(Gossypium)的种间杂交是育种的重要手段之一。通过种间杂交,可将棉属中某些种,尤其是野生种和半野生种的优良特性引入生产上栽培的种,从而创造人们所需要的品质好、抗逆性强的新类型或新品型。这是长期以来育种工作者的愿望。同时,棉属的种间杂交对创造雄性不育系,探索棉属的分类与进化以及对于遗传育种理论的研究都有重要意义。然而,棉属的种间杂交也和其它一些植物一样存在着杂交亲本的不亲和性和杂种后代的不育性。根据胚胎学     

陆地棉半野生种系的细胞学研究

对原产于墨西哥的8个陆地棉半野生种系进行了核型分析。其根尖细胞的染色体数目均为52。“墨西哥棉”、“阔叶棉”、“帕默尔氏棉”和“尖斑棉”为1B 核型。其中以“墨西哥棉”最为原始,2n=4x=52=44m(6SAT) 8sm。“尤卡坦棉”、“玛利加郎特棉”、“莫利尔氏棉”和“雷奇蒙德氏棉”为2B 核型。其中以后两个种系最进化,2n=4x=52=32m(2或4SAT) 20sm。讨论了各种系之间的可能的演化关系。     

棉属种间杂交的研究

本文总结了二十多年来陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)与中棉(G.arboreum)种间杂交的研究工作。 1.陆地棉与中棉种间杂种一代,杂种优势很强,孕性极低,其性状表现有偏向母本(陆地棉)、偏向父本(中棉)、介于两亲及超亲等几种情况。 2.杂种后代植株具有丰富的变异性,出现早熟、多毛、抗病、抗虫、大铃和高衣分等多种类型。     

谷子(Setaria italica)Ch 4n×法氏狗尾草(S.faberii)杂种幼胚培养及杂种F_1的鉴定

谷子是我国北方主要作物之一,耐干旱和瘠薄,在西北和华北干旱地区广为栽培,但产量较低。我们在谷子三系选育研究中,利用远缘杂交,以狗尾草属的5个野生种(包括法氏狗尾草在内)为母本与谷子杂交,分别选育不育系,1989年安排其反交组合 Ch 4n×法氏狗尾草,其目的在于:(一)根据雄性不育基因的多样性,彼此独立性和质核对应性原理,通过正反交对比,测验此雄性不育基因有无互补关系;(二)使从法氏狗尾草中获得的恢复源具有谷子     

野生棉与栽培棉种间杂交胚珠离体培养的胚胎发育研究

以陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)做母本,野生的瑟伯氏棉(Gossypium thurberi Tod)和克劳茨基棉(Gossypium klotzschianum Anderss.)做父本,并以陆地棉自交为对照,取杂交授粉后两天的胚珠进行离体培养,研究胚胎发育。在培养条件下,三种遗传型合子启动的时间不一致,而且胚乳的发育也存在差异。珠心和胚囊腔的生长变化在有胚胚珠和无胚胚珠之间,存在明显的不同。球形胚时期,是杂种胚能否正常发育的关键时期。离体培养,改变了自然杂种状态的胚和胚乳以及胚和母体组织的不协调关系,因此产生了较多的杂种胚。     

向陆地棉渐渗野生比克氏棉腺体延缓形成基因的方法研究

以隐性无腺体陆地棉作母本,比克氏棉作父本杂交,获得了三倍体杂种［（ＡＤ）１Ｇ１］,该杂种完全表达了比克氏棉的腺体延缓形成基因（Ｇｌ＾ｂｉｃ）的特征,Ｆ９胚无腺体,Ｆ１植株有腺体。位于Ｇ１染色体组上的腺体延缓形成基因Ｇｌ＾ｂｉｃ对陆地棉（ＡＤ）１上的无腺体基因（ｇｌ２ｇｌ３）表现为显性,对正常腺体基因Ｇｌ２Ｇｌ３则表现为隐性。探讨了向陆地棉渐渗野生棉腺体延缓形成基因的方法。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

实物模型在新课程生物中的应用

在实施素质教育的今天,实物模型是新课程生物学教学中极重要的教学工具。因为它能调动学生学习积极性,引导学生主动参与教学活动,对培养学生的学习兴趣和实践能力提高有重要的意义。     

On the role of the pineal in thermoregulation in the pigeon

Diurnal rhythm in body temperature of pigeons subjected to different experimental conditions (pinealectomized, sham-operated, melatonin-implanted, cold-exposed) was studied under a 12 h light and 12 h dark regimen. The body temperature of pigeons during photophase was higher than that during scotophase in the normal as well as every treatment group studied. Pinealectomized pigeons showed higher body temperature in the photophase as well as scotophase, than that of the normal and sham-operated birds when examined 2 or 3 weeks following the post-surgical acclimatization to 25 or 3 degrees C. However, subcutaneous implantation of melatonin pellets into pinealectomized pigeons nullified or even reversed the hyperthermic effect of pinealectomy. Exposure of pigeons to--18 degrees C for 280 min during photophase as well as scotophase, produced a marked drop in body temperature in pinealectomized, sham-operated and normal pigeons. The pinealectomized pigeons exhibited a higher body temperature than that of the sham-operated and normal ones when exposed to--18 degrees C during the photophase, but not during the scotophase. It was concluded that while the pineal is not necessary for maintaining the daily thermal rhythm in the avian body, it has a thermoregulatory role, in that it prevents rise in body temperature in warm (25 degrees C) acclimatized and chronic cold (3 degrees C) exposed birds. In acute short-term cold (--18 degrees C) exposure however, the temperature regulatory role of the pineal was not effective during the scotophase.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Diapause termination in the olive psyllid Euphyllura phillyreae, in the field and in the laboratory

Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae) which infests olive trees in Greece, is monovoltine and has an aestival-autumnal-hibernal reproductive dormancy as an adult which starts in June. Adult females collected periodically from June through February were maintained for 4 weeks at 12L:12D and 20° L:18° D, then the stage of ovarian development was recorded.In the field, diapause was terminated between mid December and early January. Subsequently, the insects remain in reproductive quiescence until February or early March when environmental conditions allow ovarian development and reproduction.In females collected in June, summerlike laboratory conditions, followed by winterlike, and then by springlike conditions were effective for diapause termination. Springlike conditions alone, or preceded by only summerlike or only by winterlike conditions were not effective. In females collected in August the requirement for summerlike conditions was much less or nil.

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Résumé Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster qui s'attaque sur l'olivier en Grèce, est une espèce oligophage, monovoltine, qui a une dormance reproductive aestivo-autumno-hivernale au stade adulte, qui commence en juin.Des femelles adultes ont été ramassées par les arbres périodiquement de juin au février et maintenues pendant 4 semaines à 12L:12D et 20° L:18° D. Après cette période, le stade du développement des ovaires a été le critère de la termination de leur diapause. La diapause fut considéré comme terminée quand au moins 50% des femelles avaient leurs ovaires au stade III ou même plus avancées.La diapause fut terminé entre mi-decembre et début janvier. En suite, les insectes restent à une quiescence reproductive jusqu'au février ou début de mars, lorsque les conditions environmentales permettent le développement des ovaires et la reproduction.Des femelles ramassées en juin et en août ont été soumises à certaines conditions de photopériode et de temperature en laboratoire, pour faire terminer leur diapause. Pour celles ramassées en juin, qui étaient au commencement de leur diapause, des conditions semblables à l'été, suivies par des conditions semblables à l'hiver et puis par des conditions semblables au printemps furent effectives pour la termination de la diapause. Seules des conditions semblables au printemps, ou précédées par des conditions semblables seulement à l'été, ou seulement à l'hiver, ne furent pas effectives. Pour les femelles ramassées en août, le besoin pour des conditions semblables à l'été fut beaucoup moin ou nul.