Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G . hirsutum×G . arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G . hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

棉花矮化突变体的遗传分析

陆地棉科遗２号×中棉完紫的种间杂交衍生后代群体中分离出一株矮秆小叶突变体,经多年选择育成了矮早棉１号。在北京气候条件下,矮早棉１号成熟时,株高只有４５ｃｍ,不到正常陆地棉的１／２。遗传分析揭示矮早棉１号的矮化早熟特性系由两对隐性基因控制,其基因符号定名为ｄ_１和ｄ_２,矮早棉１号为双隐性纯合子,基因型为ｄ_１ｄ_１ｄ_２ｄ_２。正常陆地棉ＴＭ－１、中棉所１２及中棉所１６均为显性纯合子,基因型为Ｄ_１Ｄ_１Ｄ_２Ｄ_２。控制棉花株高的两对基因Ｄ_１／ｄ_１和Ｄ_２／ｄ_２间表现重叠作用。矮早棉１号在棉花早熟育种中有重要价值。     

棉属海岛棉×拟似棉F_1不育性研究

本文研究了棉属海岛棉［ＧｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍｂａｒｂａｄｅｎｓｅＬ．,（ＡＤ）２］ｘ拟似棉［Ｇ．ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｕ１ｂｒ）Ｓｔａｎｄｌｅｙ,Ｄ６］Ｆ_１植株的减数分裂及不育花粉的形成过程。Ｆ_１花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期Ｉ平均染色体构型为２４．８６Ⅰ＋６．９８Ⅱ＋０．０５Ⅲ。Ｆ_１不育的根本原因在于减数分裂中期染色体不能正常配对,引起部分染色体滞后及染色体不均等分配,从而产生多分孢子和微核,最终导致不育花粉的产生,并讨论Ｄ６与（ＡＤ）２间的亲缘关系以及克服Ｆ_１不育的方法。     

Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G. hirsutumXG. arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G. hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

植物激素对促进棉花种间杂种胚胎发育的效果

本文报道了陆地棉和中棉间正、反交时,喷施植物激素(GA_3、NAA)后,对杂种胚胎发育的影响。观察发现:1.外源激素对棉花授粉受精速度的影响不显著。2.陆地棉×中棉时,外源激素显著提高了有胚胚珠百分率。胚体大小也显著增加。3.中棉×陆地棉时,外源激素能明显地促进胚的分化,使一部分杂种胚的分化接近正常状态。4.喷施外源激素是克服种间杂交不亲和性的有效途径。这是由于外源激素促进了胚乳发育的缘故。     

关于蓖麻棉问题的讨论

编辑同志: 我们从事作物无性杂交工作和棉花远缘杂交工作多年,在这方面通过实践初步积累了一些知识。最近读了《遗传学报》第三卷第三期“争鸣·批判。讨论”专栏刊登的“关于蓖麻棉是否无性杂种问题的初步讨论”一文,使我们感到十分高兴的是湖北省黄梅县老贫农、劳模胡三女同志选育出来的早熟、丰产、抗逆性强的陆地棉新品补——蓖麻棉已在某些棉区推广试种,并且得到贫下中农的     

胚乳发育对棉花种间杂种形成的关键作用

本试验检查了陆地棉和中棉正反交情况下胚乳发育的状况,并论证了胚乳发育的好坏对杂种胚的成长起着关键作用。试验表明对杂交铃外施植物激素,能在很大程度上促进胚乳的发育,而胚乳的良好发育又促进了胚的分化和成长。因此,认为从调节杂交铃的内源激素的代谢着手,能够成为克服种间杂交不亲和性的突破口。     

棉花种间杂交技术创新及育种程序的建立

创立的棉属种间杂交新方案对克服杂交不孕及F1不育性取得重大进展;获得了栽培种间(4n与2n)70个组合及陆地棉与14个野生棉种间大批量的高代种质资源,并已育成8个新品种,4个来自陆地棉×中棉,另外4个来自陆地棉与4种野生棉的杂种,为我国首次育成,其中石远321(冀棉24)为近年来国家区试中增产幅度最大的新品种,3年累计推广933.3×10³ hm².建成了有效的种间杂交育种体系.     

克服棉花种间杂交不亲和性及杂种F_1不育性的试验效果

本世纪三十年代,许多遗传学家对棉花种间杂种的细胞学作了研究。四十年代对秋水仙精加倍技术的应用和五十年代杂种胚胎学的进一步研究都取得了较好的成果,为以后克服种间不亲和性和F_1不育性的系统研究打下了基础。 杂交组合中母本类型的选择,是早期取得的克服种间不亲和性的一项研究成果。中     

棉属种间高代系的过氧化物酶同工酶研究

利用薄层等电聚焦方法,对已稳定遗传２０代的棉属陆地棉（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ ）×中棉（Ｇ．ａｒｂｏｒｅｕｍ ）种间高代系蕾期真叶及花药中的过氧化物酶同工酶进行研究,结果表明：１．同一棉种的不同品种,其过氧化物酶同工酶基本相同,同一染色体组的不同棉种,其过氧化物酶同工酶存在一定的差异,不同染色体组的棉种,其过氧化物酶同工酶存在显著的差异;２．高代系的同工酶谱与母本“科遗２号”相似,而与父本中棉“完紫”具有较大的差异