实夜蛾亚科的种间杂交研究进展

本文综述了实夜蛾亚科的种间杂交研究进展 ,包括已进行种间杂交的种类 ,H eliothis virescens和 H eliothis subflexa杂交后的回交雄虫不育现象、机理、杂种后代与其它生物的关系 ,以及在遗传防治上的应用     

Two cases of interspecific hybridization among captive Australian boid snakes

A comparative study of external morphology and electrophoresis of blood proteins showed that two broods of Australian boid snakes, conceived and born in captivity, were the progeny of interspecific and intergeneric matings. Unequivocal identification of parents of the Python spilotes × P amethistinus cross was possible; evidence suggested that a P amethistinus female found coiled about the clutch of eggs was not the snake that laid them. The cross between P spilotes × Liasis mackloti was consistent with other evidence suggesting a close relationship between species of Python and Liasis in the Australian-Papuan region.     

小花型菊花新品种的选育

利用南京野生的菊花脑(2n=2x=18)和南京野菊(2n=4x=36)与六倍体栽培菊杂交,或利用中国秋菊与从国外引进的夏、秋两季开花的菊花杂交,育成一组耐夏季高温高湿,花朵繁多,花色艳丽,具有香味的小花型品种。菊花脑和南京野菊在小花型菊花育种中是具有很大潜力的亲本。     

Experimental interspecific hybridization in Daphnia

Hybridization is a common phenomenon in Daphnia (Cladocera; Anomopoda); interspecific hybrids have been found between several species and hybrids are found in many European lakes. Although much information on the morphology, ecology and genetics of hybrids is available, little is known about the level of reproductive isolation among species or about the relative fitness of hybrids and parental species. In order to facilitate studies on differentiation and speciation processes and comparative experimental studies on hybrids and recombinant genotypes, we present the first successful laboratory crossing experiments of two different Daphnia species, D. galeata and D. cucullata. Males and sexual females from two D. galeata and two D. cucullata clones were reciprocally crossed, juveniles hatched from resting eggs and reared until maturity. Hatching and juvenile survival rates of hybrids were relatively low (12.1% and 24%, respectively). D. galeata and D. cucullata clones vary in their level of successful interspecific matings and in the number of subsequent offspring. In general, hybrid crosses between D. cucullata females and D. galeata males were more successful than reciprocal crosses.     

Exploitation of flow cytometry for plant breeding

In this review, the different applications of flow cytometry in plant breeding are highlighted. Four main breeding related purposes can be distinguished for flow cytometry: (i) Characterisation of available plant material, including screening of possible parent plants for breeding programs as well as evaluation of population biodiversity; (ii) Offspring screening after interspecific, interploidy or aberrant crosses; (iii) Ploidy level determination after haploidization and polyploidization treatments and (iv) Particle sorting, that allows separation of plant cells based on morphological or fluorescent characteristics. An overview and discussion of these various applications indicates that flow cytometry is a relatively quick, cheap and reliable tool for many breeding related objectives.     

软枣猕猴桃的繁育系统与杂交授粉

以软枣猕猴桃（Actinidiaarguta）雌雄株为试验材料,对其花部形态和开花动态等繁育系统相关特征进行研究,同时以软枣猕猴桃雌雄株作为母本和父本,分别与中华猕猴桃（Actinidiachinensis）和美味猕猴桃（Actinidiadeliciosa）进行人工杂交授粉试验。研究结果表明：软枣猕猴桃种群花期11~13d,雌雄花单花花期4~5d;雄花明显大于雌花,雄花雄蕊数约为雌花的3~4倍,开度约为雌花的1.5~2倍;雌花柱头可授性在开花后24~48h较强,雄花的花药在花蕾打开时就开始散粉。软枣猕猴桃不存在无融合生殖,与毛花猕猴桃（Actinidiaeriantha）杂交不亲和,与美味猕猴桃杂交亲和性较高。因此,生产中可以用美味猕猴桃雄株花粉为软枣猕猴桃授粉。     

Genomic in situ hybridization in Brassica amphidiploids and interspecific hybrids

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) methods were used to detect different genome components within Brassica amphidiploid species and to identify donor chromatin in hybrids between Brassica napus and Raphanus sativus. In Brassica juncea and Brassica carinata the respective diploid donor genomes could be reliably distinguished by GISH, as could all R-genome chromosomes in the intergeneric hybrids. The A- and C-genome components in B. napus could not be clearly distinguished from one another using GISH, confirming the considerable homoeology between these genomes. GISH methods will be extremely beneficial for monitoring chromatin transfer and introgression in interspecific Brassica hybrids. Received: 20 May 1997 / Accepted: 28 July 1997     

基因组重排技术在酵母菌育种中的应用

基因组重排(genome shuffling)技术是在传统诱变育种的基础上与细胞原生质体融合技术相结合一种新兴微生物菌种改良手段,由于该技术高效的正向突变效率和频率,近年来被广泛应用于酵母菌种的选育和改良。本文主要对基因组重排技术在酵母菌育种中的应用进行了综述。     

Spread of violets in polluted pine forests: morphological and molecular evidence for the ecological importance of interspecific hybridization

Hybridization between plant species occurs frequently but hybrids are often restricted to ecotones or disturbed habitats. In this study we show that introgressive hybrids between the tetraploid Viola riviniana and the diploid V. reichenbachiana invaded pine forests of the Dübener Heide (central Germany), an area affected by calcareous pollutants. The spread of these violet populations was correlated with the impact of pollution on habitat conditions. We compared morphology, cytology and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) bands among six Viola populations from the Dübener Heide and three populations of each pure species. RAPD analysis using 12 primers revealed 141 scorable bands. We considered bands as species specific if they occurred in at least 75% of the plants in one pure violet species but in none of the other. Seven bands were specific to V. riviniana and 11 bands were specific to V. reichenbachiana . Two plants of a V. reichenbachiana population were identified as hybrids. Of the Viola populations from the Dübener Heide, one was diploid and could be classified as V. reichenbachiana by morphology and RAPD markers. However, the majority of the Dübener Heide populations were tetraploid, and of a more variable morphology than V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana , showing different combinations of intermediate characters, characters of the pure species and extreme characters. Despite their overall genetic similarity to V. riviniana , these plants could be identified as introgressive hybrids between V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana by species-specific RAPD bands. Therefore, we propose that recurrent hybridization and backcrossing resulted in novel genotypes adapted to the changed environment of polluted pine forests.     

Spread of violets in polluted pine forests: morphological and molecular evidence for the ecological importance of interspecific hybridization

Hybridization between plant species occurs frequently but hybrids are often restricted to ecotones or disturbed habitats. In this study we show that introgressive hybrids between the tetraploid Viola riviniana and the diploid V. reichenbachiana invaded pine forests of the Dübener Heide (central Germany), an area affected by calcareous pollutants. The spread of these violet populations was correlated with the impact of pollution on habitat conditions. We compared morphology, cytology and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) bands among six Viola populations from the Dübener Heide and three populations of each pure species. RAPD analysis using 12 primers revealed 141 scorable bands. We considered bands as species specific if they occurred in at least 75% of the plants in one pure violet species but in none of the other. Seven bands were specific to V. riviniana and 11 bands were specific to V. reichenbachiana . Two plants of a V. reichenbachiana population were identified as hybrids. Of the Viola populations from the Dübener Heide, one was diploid and could be classified as V. reichenbachiana by morphology and RAPD markers. However, the majority of the Dübener Heide populations were tetraploid, and of a more variable morphology than V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana , showing different combinations of intermediate characters, characters of the pure species and extreme characters. Despite their overall genetic similarity to V. riviniana , these plants could be identified as introgressive hybrids between V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana by species-specific RAPD bands. Therefore, we propose that recurrent hybridization and backcrossing resulted in novel genotypes adapted to the changed environment of polluted pine forests.     

Research advances in animal distant hybridization

Distant hybridization refers to crosses between two different species or higher-ranking taxa that enables interspecific genome transfer and leads to changes in phenotypes and genotypes of the resulting progeny. If progeny derived from distant hybridization are bisexual and fertile, they can form a hybrid lineage through self-mating, with major implications for evolutionary biology, genetics, and breeding. Here, we review and summarize the published literature, and present our results on fish distant hybridization. Relevant problems involving distant hybridization between orders, families, subfamilies, genera, and species of animals are introduced and discussed, with an additional focus on fish distant hybrid lineages, genetic variation, patterns, and applications. Our review serves as a useful reference for evolutionary biology research and animal genetic breeding.     

Austrobilharzia terrigalensis: A schistosome dominant in interspecific interactions in the molluscan host

Walker J. C. 1979. Austrobilharzia terrigalensis: a schistosome dominant in interspecific interactions in the molluscan host. International Journal for Parasitology9: 137–140. In the estuarine prosobranch Velacumantus australis the avian schistosome Austrobilharzia terrigalensis is always associated with the germinal sacs of other trematodes. In this association the schistosome retards the development of the other trematode, thereby reducing the intensity of interspecific competition for the limited resource, the host's tissues.     

原生质体融合技术及在微生物育种中的应用

原生质体融合又称细胞融合,具有遗传信息传递量大,不受亲缘关系的影响,可以集双亲优良遗传性状为一体,并定向筛选表现双亲遗传性状的融合子,操作简便等优点,具有广阔的应用前景。本文就原生质体融合的程序以及该技术在微生物育种中的应用作一综述。     

A latitudinal gradient in climate effects on seabird demography: results from interspecific analyses

For an understanding of the effect of climate change on animal population dynamics, it is crucial to be able to identify which climatologic parameters affect which demographic rate, and what the underlying mechanistic links are. An important reason for why the interactions between demography and climate still are poorly understood is that the effects of climate vary both geographically and taxonomically. Here, we analyse interspecifically how different climate variables affect the breeding success of North Atlantic seabird species along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. By approaching the problem comparatively, we are able to generalize across populations and species. We find a strong interactive effect of climate and latitude on breeding success. Of the climatic variables considered, local sea surface temperatures during the breeding season tend to be more relevant than the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, the effect of NAO on breeding success shows a clear geographic pattern, changing in sign from positive in the south to negative in the north. If this interaction is taken account of, the model explains more variation than any model with sea surface temperature. This superiority of the NAO index is due to its ability to capture effects of more than one season in a single parameter. Mechanistically, however, several lines of evidence suggest that sea surface temperature is the biologically most relevant explanatory variable.     

Genetic diversity of invasive and native Cichla (Pisces: Perciformes) populations in Brazil with evidence of interspecific hybridization

Invasive and native populations of the Amazonian fishes 'peacock bass' Cichla monoculus and of a not yet described species 'blue tucunaré' here referred as Cichla sp. 'Azul' were analysed for genetic diversity using the hypervariable domain of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region plus steady diagnostic random amplified polymorphic DNA loci. There is no detailed historical record of the introduction of Cichla species into the Upper Paraná River basin, where they became invasive and a potential threat to local ichthyofauna. Genetic diversity among invasive populations confirmed the hypothesis of multiple introductions in this hydrographic basin. Moreover, a large and previously unknown population of natural fertile hybrids between C. cf. monoculus and Cichla sp. 'Azul' was identified in the Itaipu hydroelectric reservoir and in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River. Crossbred morphotypes were similar to C. cf. monoculus , but their morphological identification was not unequivocal. This hybrid population was characterized by high genetic diversity and it was composed of hybrids possessing concurrently nuclear DNA fragments specific for C. cf. monoculus as well as fragments specific for Cichla sp. 'Azul'. The nuclear DNA markers indicated that reproductive isolation between C. cf. monoculus and Cichla sp. 'Azul' has broken down in the new environment, and mtDNA sequences revealed that both species can be the female donor in the interspecific crosses. The data presented herein are potentially useful for future taxonomic, genetic and evolutionary studies in the complex Cichla group, for monitoring of invasive populations, and for further development of ecological guidelines.