Recovery and purification of plant-made recombinant proteins

Plants are becoming commercially acceptable for recombinant protein production for human therapeutics, vaccine antigens, industrial enzymes, and nutraceuticals. Recently, significant advances in expression, protein glycosylation, and gene-to-product development time have been achieved. Safety and regulatory concerns for open-field production systems have also been addressed by using contained systems to grow transgenic plants. However, using contained systems eliminates several advantages of open-field production, such as inexpensive upstream production and scale-up costs. Upstream technological achievements have not been matched by downstream processing advancements. In the past 10 years, the most research progress was achieved in the areas of extraction and pretreatment. Extraction conditions have been optimized for numerous proteins on a case-by-case basis leading to the development of platform-dependent approaches. Pretreatment advances were made after realizing that plant extracts and homogenates have unique compositions that require distinct conditioning prior to purification. However, scientists have relied on purification methods developed for other protein production hosts with modest investments in developing novel plant purification tools. Recently, non-chromatographic purification methods, such as aqueous two-phase partitioning and membrane filtration, have been evaluated as low-cost purification alternatives to packed-bed adsorption. This paper reviews seed, leafy, and bioreactor-based platforms, highlights strategies for the primary recovery and purification of recombinant proteins, and compares process economics between systems. Lastly, the future direction and research needs for developing economically competitive recombinant proteins with commercial potential are discussed.     

纳米器件对叶蛋白提取的影响

从植物中提取蛋白质包括机械破碎和离心等一系列步骤,蛋白质在提取液中的溶解度直接影响蛋白提取率和产量.结果表明,用纳米器件处理过的提取液能显著提高叶蛋白的提取率,提升幅度为10％-30％.利用正交试验研究不同提取条件下纳米器件对蛋白可溶性的影响,结果显示浸泡时长(纳米器件浸泡在提取液中的时长)是最关键的已测因素.此外,植物样品的破碎程度也是影响叶蛋白提取率的关键因素之一.     

眠安胶囊原料药的提取工艺研究

目的:研究眠安胶囊的有效部位及黄芩和琥珀等药材的提取条件.方法:采用正交试验设计,以黄芩苷含量和提取物收率为指标,筛选出了黄芩提取的最佳条件为黄芩粉碎为最粗粉,用10倍水煎煮1.5h后再用8倍量水煎煮0.5h,减压浓缩(60 ℃～70 ℃)煎液至体积为投料量的5倍,于70 ℃加稀盐酸调pH值为1～2,保温30min后静置8h;以药效学为指标,确定了琥珀等药材渗漉提取用乙醇的浓度为70%,同时以药效学和干浸膏得率为指标,通过单因素试验确定了琥珀等药材提取的最优条件为10倍量70%乙醇浸渍24h,调渗漉速度为3 ml·min-1·kg-1进行渗漉提取.结果:眠安胶囊的有效部位为黄芩用水煎煮、琥珀等用乙醇渗漉提取的部位.结论:该工艺稳定,重复性好,适合于眠安胶囊原料药的提取.     

Optimization of Glycoalkaloid Analysis for Use in Industrial Potato Fruit Juice Downstreaming

Annually, within the European Union about 1.7 million tons of starch is produced by processing over 8 million tons of potato tubers, Solanum tuberosum. In recent years, the potato protein content has gained tremendous industrial interest, since these proteins have excellent nutritional value. As naturally occurring, secondary plant metabolites steroidal potato glycoalkaloids are formed in potatoes. The two major glycoalkaloids in potatoes are α‐solanine and α‐chaconine. Because of the significant toxicity of the glycoalkaloids for human and for animal nutrition it was essential to develop efficient extraction processes. The need for an easy, fast, sensitive and reliable glycoalkaloid assay at the very beginning of the production chain is obvious. In this study an efficient analytical assay for potato glycoalkaloids from powdery protein samples under industrially relevant conditions is described: sample extraction, analyte pre‐purification, and final HPLC analysis. An acetic acid extraction/homogenization process was used for glycoalkaloid extraction from potato protein samples. The extracts were purified by means of solid phase extraction cartridges using the different washing steps developed in this study. The final determination was performed through an HPLC method using a Reprosil‐Pur NH₂ column. The limit of detection was 5 μg/mL for α‐solanine and α‐chaconine, respectively, corresponding to concentrations of 20 ppm in potato protein powder.     

小麦面粉Puroindoline蛋白的提取与纯化

Puroindoline蛋白是小麦面粉中一种非常重要的蛋白质,不仅影响和决定了籽粒的硬度,而且有抗G^＋、G^-菌以及抗真菌的作用。用含4％TritonX-114、100mmol／L pH7．8Tris-HCl缓冲液处理小麦面粉来分离Puroindoline蛋白。经处理后得到的蛋白质混合溶液首先用分子筛葡聚糖G-75纯化,每个收集管内的组分经SDS-PAGE分析,分子量小于31kD的蛋白质组分被回收和集中,回收的蛋白质组分经PEG20000浓缩后,再用离子交换柱羧甲基纤维素（CM-23）进行纯化。其洗脱液分别是双蒸水和NaCl,梯度为0．05～0．7mol／L、8mmol／L pH5．5的MES缓冲液,回收只含15kD的蛋白质的组分,接着用PEG20000浓缩。最后冷冻干燥得到Puroindoline蛋白。     

植物绿原酸的研究动态

阐述了近些年来国内外关于植物绿原酸所做的研究工作.植物绿原酸的提取、纯化、鉴定和药理活性及其应用开发所取得成果.揭示了绿原酸具有潜在的、广阔的应用前景.     

High-throughput tissue extraction protocol for NMR- and MS-based metabolomics

In metabolomics, tissues typically are extracted by grinding in liquid nitrogen followed by the stepwise addition of solvents. This is time-consuming and difficult to automate, and the multiple steps can introduce variability. Here we optimize tissue extraction methods compatible with high-throughput, reproducible nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy- and mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics. Previously, we concluded that methanol/chloroform/water extraction is preferable for metabolomics, and we further optimized this here using fish liver and an automated Precellys 24 bead-based homogenizer, allowing rapid extraction of multiple samples without carryover. We compared three solvent addition strategies: stepwise, two-step, and all solvents simultaneously. Then we evaluated strategies for improved partitioning of metabolites between solvent phases, including the addition of extra water and different partition times. Polar extracts were analyzed by NMR and principal components analysis, and the two-step approach was preferable based on lipid partitioning, reproducibility, yield, and throughput. Longer partitioning or extra water increased yield and decreased lipids in the polar phase but caused metabolic decay in these extracts. Overall, we conclude that the two-step method with extra water provides good quality data but that the two-step method with 10 min partitioning provides a more accurate snapshot of the metabolome. Finally, when validating the two-step strategy using NMR and MS metabolomics, we showed that technical variability was considerably smaller than biological variability.     

蜘蛛基因组DNA提取方法的比较

分别用SDS法,SK251基因组DNA小量抽提试剂盒法,自制试剂盒法,对蜘蛛组织的基因组DNA进行了提取,经比较,自制试剂盒法对提取蜘蛛基因组DNA最简便面又有效的方法。     

Biomonitoring of urine mutagenicity with the Ames test: improvement of the extraction/concentration method

Comparative extraction efficiency of the pre-packed Bakerbond^®-spe-SDB-1 resin and of Amberlite^®-AD2 (XAD-2) resin, for the preparation of urine extracts in biomonitoring studies. Urine extracts were prepared in parallel with the Bakerbond^® column and with the classical XAD-2 resin from urines (1) spiked with mutagenic chemicals, (2) collected from patients after chemotherapy, and (3) from smokers. Mutagenic activities were evaluated on Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 with and without S9 mix. Mutagenic activities obtained with Bakerbond^® extracts were almost always higher or at least equivalent to those prepared on XAD-2 resin. Similar results were observed for the three urine sample groups. When fully validated, the use of the pre-packed columns will be more convenient and time-saving for large population studies.     

Orthogonal test design for optimization of the extraction of polysaccharides from Phascolosoma esulenta and evaluation of its immunity activity

Yield of polysaccharides from Phascolosoma esulenta obtained by phosphate buffer extraction through an orthogonal experiment (L₉(3)⁴) were investigated to get the best extraction conditions. The results showed that extraction temperature, ratio of phosphate buffer to raw material, extraction time, and ratio of trypsinase to raw material were the main four variables that influenced the yields of extracts. The highest yield was obtained when extraction temperature, ratio of phosphate buffer to raw material, extraction time and ratio of trypsinase to raw material were 40 °C, 2, 5.5 h and 1.6, respectively. The immunity-stimulating method showed that polysaccharides from P. esulenta could significantly raise liver, spleen and thymus index of mice and enhance Con A-stimulated mouse spleen cells proliferation. These results indicate that polysaccharides from P. esulenta had significantly higher immunity-stimulating activities.