杜仲叶中绿原酸醇提法的工艺研究

杜仲,又名胶木,为杜仲科植物,自身含有丰富的绿原酸。绿原酸,又称咖啡鞣酸,是一种提取于植物的化学物质,绿原酸是一种重要的生物活性物质,能够抑制细菌、病毒,增高白血球,保护肝胆,预防肿瘤,降低血压、血脂、清除自由基和兴奋中枢神经系统等作用。主要应用于防治癌症方面,不过现代研究也使绿原酸应用的更为广泛。     

忍冬属植物开花过程中绿原酸类化合物含量的变化

忍冬是中国传统中药材金银花的药源植物。采用高效液相色谱—光电二极管阵列检测器联用技术(HPLC-PAD)和高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—多级质谱联用技术(HPLC-ESI-MSn)对忍冬和4种同属植物在开花不同阶段中绿原酸类化合物进行了定性和定量分析,以明确忍冬属植物花的利用价值及其最佳采收期。结果发现:4种忍冬属植物花蕾及开放花朵中均含有新绿原酸、绿原酸、绿原酸甲酯、异绿原酸A和一种异绿原酸的异构体;绿原酸和总绿原酸在花蕾中的含量高于开放花朵,但贯月忍冬变化不显著;火焰忍冬、贯月忍冬、台尔曼忍冬中绿原酸和总绿原酸的含量在花蕾膨大期(大白期)和初花期(银花期)都高于忍冬,而格雷姆忍冬和忍冬差异不显著,研究表明,4种忍冬属植物花及花蕾都具有较高的开发利用价值。     

三种绿原酸提取物的抑菌和抗氧化效果比较

本文研究平卧菊三七、金银花、杜仲叶绿原酸提取物的抑菌和抗氧化作用,为选择合适的天然食品防腐剂和抗氧化剂提供参考。采用纸片扩散法,探讨平卧菊三七、金银花、杜仲叶绿原酸提取物分别对几种常见致病菌的抑菌活性。在抗氧化作用方面,探讨平卧菊三七、金银花、杜仲叶绿原酸提取物分别在抗脂质过氧化能力、还原能力和清除DPPH·方面进行了研究。结果表明,三种植物绿原酸提取物对细菌均有很强的抑制作用,特别是对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用,在浓度为100 mg/m L时,平卧菊三七绿原酸提取物、金银花绿原酸提取物、杜仲叶绿原酸提取物的抑菌圈分别可达21.4、23.6、24.7 mm。同时,对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌液也有明显的抑制作用,但是对酵母菌的抑菌作用不明显;且各供试物的抑菌强弱顺序为:杜仲叶绿原酸提取物金银花绿原酸提取物平卧菊三七绿原酸提取物。三种植物中绿原酸提取物中,杜仲叶绿原酸提取物的抗脂质过氧化能力、还原能力和清除DPPH·能力均高于其他两种绿原酸提取物。本文揭示了在平卧菊三七、金银花、杜仲叶这三种绿原酸提取物中,杜仲叶绿原酸提取物有较强的抑菌活性和抗氧化作用。     

绿原酸对莴苣生长的化感作用及其机理研究

酚酸类化合物是一类重要的化感物质,广泛存在于农作物等植物体内以及耕作土壤中,与植物的化感效应以及连作障碍密切相关。该研究以蔬菜类植物莴苣为受体,采用植物细胞和生理学方法,分析酚酸类化感物质绿原酸抑制莴苣生长的活性效应及其作用机理,以揭示绿原酸介导的化感作用及连作障碍机制。结果显示:(1)绿原酸对莴苣的根长、茎长以及鲜重等生长指标均表现出低浓度(0.1和1.0μmol/L)促进、高浓度(10、100和1 000μmol/L)抑制的活性作用模式,其在10μmol/L及以上浓度时对根长和鲜重具有显著抑制作用,但在各浓度下对莴苣茎长无显著影响。(2)绿原酸处理后,莴苣根尖细胞分裂指数明显下降,随处理浓度的升高,各分裂时期的细胞比例也显著降低,导致细胞分裂过程受阻。(3)较低浓度(0.1、1.0和10μmol/L)绿原酸对莴苣根尖细胞活力无明显影响,较高浓度绿原酸(100和1 000μmol/L)使莴苣根尖死细胞显著增多,根尖端绝大部分细胞失去活力。(4)DHE荧光染色显示,与对照相比,低浓度(0.1和1.0μmol/L)绿原酸对莴苣根部的活性氧积累无明显影响,当绿原酸处理浓度大于10μmol/L时,随处理浓度升高莴苣根部的活性氧积累明显大量增多。研究表明,绿原酸能够诱导莴苣体内活性氧产生并积累,从而导致莴苣细胞分裂受阻、细胞活力降低,最终影响莴苣幼苗的生长发育。     

富含绿原酸的植物中类黄酮测定方法探讨

以枇杷花、枇杷叶和金银花为材料,研究绿原酸干扰类黄酮测定的结果表明,差示分析法基本上不受绿原酸的干扰,可用于富含绿原酸植物中类黄酮的测定;而NaNO_2-Al(NO_3)_3比色法和二甘醇比色法均受绿原酸的严重干扰,测得的类黄酮含量明显偏高,NaNO_2-Al(NO_3)_3比色法测得的结果甚至超过总酚含量。     

不同产地烤烟叶中绿原酸和芸香苷的含量分析

为了探索绿原酸和芸香苷的新型植物资源和生物活性,同时为低等级烤烟叶的综合利用开辟有效途径,本文采用高效液相色谱技术,对中国和湖南省不同生态烟区以及不同部位烤烟叶中绿原酸和芸香苷的含量进行了研究。结果表明,东北烟区低等级烤烟叶中的绿原酸和芸香苷含量很高;湖南省湘南烟区烤烟叶中绿原酸和芸香苷含量显著高于湘北和湘中烟区;不同部位烤烟叶中绿原酸含量差异不显著,芸香苷含量差异极显著,并且上部叶>中部叶>下部叶。     

超声波法提取胎菊中绿原酸的研究

建立了胎菊中绿原酸的提取方法及检测方法.采用超声波法对胎菊中的绿原酸进行提取,考查了提取溶剂、提取时间、提取料液比对提取量的影响,HPLC测定提取液中绿原酸的含量,确定最佳提取工艺.结果表明,以甲醇为溶剂、提取时间为80 min、提取料液比为1:20时,胎菊中绿原酸的提取量最高.该方法简单、快速、准确,可用于胎菊中绿原酸的含量检测.     

绿原酸的药理学研究进展

绿原酸(chlorogenic acid,CGA)存在于多种植物之中,具有广泛的药理作用。近年来,对绿原酸的研究发展较快,目前研究表明绿原酸口服吸收率低,在血浆中主要以代谢产物的形式存在,主要经过肾脏排泄,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒、免疫调节、降糖等多种作用。对CGA的深入研究,将为我们科学制药与合理用药提供重要的理论依据。     

蔓三七叶中分离绿原酸和异绿原酸及其抗氧化活性研究

以蔓三七叶为原料,制备其中的绿原酸和异绿原酸A、B和C,并对它们进行结构鉴定;同时,采用DPPH法、水杨酸比色法、邻苯三酚自氧化法来对其进行体外抗氧化活性研究。结果表明,分离制备的绿原酸和异绿原酸A、B和C质量分数分别为96. 8%、98. 2%、97. 6%和98. 7%。在0. 5～10μg/mL范围内,绿原酸和异绿原酸A、B和C对DPPH和羟基自由基表现出了较好的清除作用,随浓度升高而逐渐增大;但它们对超氧自由基的清除作用时,浓度从5μg/mL升高到100μg/mL时,清除作用都未出现明显的剂量依赖性,各样品与阳性对照组(VC)相比较而言,其清除超氧自由基的作用明显较弱。本文揭示了蔓三七叶中的绿原酸和异绿原酸A、B和C具有不同的抗氧化效果。     

苦丁茶中绿原酸及其异构体的提取变化分析

以富含绿原酸类成分的苦丁茶(Ilex kaushue)为材料,使用溶剂甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和水,结合超声波提取、水浴提取、回流提取等方法对绿原酸及其异构体的提取效率及提取后各异构体的变化进行分析。应用超高效液相色谱法可使苦丁茶的6种绿原酸类成分及咖啡酸在6 min内实现分离。提取结果表明,丙酮作为提取溶剂,在采用超声波和水浴提取时能获得较高的提取效率,易获得较多总量的绿原酸类成分和高含量异绿原酸A。而最常用的溶剂乙醇并未达到理想的提取效果。在不同溶剂的回流提取中,虽然提取的绿原酸类成分总量接近,但异绿原酸A和异绿原酸C含量有较大差异。醇溶液特别是乙醇溶液的回流提取使异绿原酸C的量大幅增加,而相应的异绿原酸A的量大幅减少,表明在醇加热条件下,异绿原酸A转化为异绿原酸C,这为获得抗氧化性更强的异绿原酸C提供了新思路。     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

不同种源山桐子果实脂肪酸组成变异分析

以采自11个种源的山桐子为材料,测定其果实脂肪酸的组成及其变异情况,结果表明：山桐子果实中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,尤以亚油酸含量最高,11个种源的平均值为63．58％,且种源间差异显著,分宜、宜昌种源亚油酸相对含量明显高于其他9个种源;饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸为主,11个种源山桐子果实棕榈酸差异显著,且以平武种源最高;其余脂肪酸含量均较低,变异幅度较大;种子中棕榈酸和棕榈烯酸含量明显高于果肉,而亚油酸、亚麻酸及硬脂酸含量明显低于果肉,油酸含量相近：果实不饱和脂肪酸含量依次为果肉〉全果〉种子,且变异系数及相对极差均较小,尤以果肉中最小;除硬脂酸外,山桐子果实中其他4种主要脂肪酸组分受海拔等地理环境的影响均较小。     

History of the Study of Biodiversity of Photosynthetic Bacteria

The tendencies in the study of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (APB) are considered in the review in the historical aspect, from the discovery of APB till the present day. The contribution made by the researchers of the Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, to the study of the phylogeny, ecology, and morphophysiological diversity of APB is noted. At present, molecular biological approaches play a decisive role in ecology and taxonomy. The most important task at the modern stage of the development of microbiology is to maintain the continuity of the historically formed classical approaches in the study of APB diversity.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Adaptation of siblings of female rats given ethanol effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine

Summary Ethanol administration to female rats before and during pregnancy resulted in decreased number of litters and increased activities of serum GOT, GPT and ALP. The hepatotoxicity of ethanol was indicated by the histological alterations both in the mother and siblings. There was increased levels of tissue lipids in mother and litters born to alcoholic rats. The concentration of TBARS in the liver and kidney were significantly increased in alcohol treated rats and their litters. The activities of the anti-peroxidative enzymes SOD and CAT were decreased on alcohol treatment in female rats. The glutathione content in liver and kidney decreased significantly in litters born to alcoholic rats.We have observed that the treatment with N-acetylcysteine offers protection against the toxic effect of alcohol in female rats during pregnancy and litters born to them. In N-acetylcysteine treated rats the number of litters as well as the average birth weight were close to that of control animals. Nacetylcysteine decreases the activities of serum GOT, GPT and ALP in female rats. We have also observed decreased levels of tissue lipids in mother and litters born to alcoholic rats given N-acetylcysteine when compared to alcoholic rats. The levels of TBARS in liver, kidney were also decreased both in mother and litter born to alcohol + N-acetylcysteine, while the activities of SOD and CAT were increased in liver of alcoholic rats given N-acetylcysteine when compared to alcoholic rats. Histopathological studies also showed the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine in both mother and litter in liver and kidney against alcoholic induced toxicity.     

Nitrate reductase of tea as an indicator of yield and of effect of mulching material

Summary Nitrate reductase activity of the terminal bud of tea shoots was greater than that in mature leaves, and exhibited greater activity in triethanolamine HCl–KOH buffer than in phosphate or Clark and Lubs buffers. There was some correlation between yield characteristics of different tea clones and the level of nitrate reductase activity in the terminal bud, and mulching of plants was found to cause a significant increase in activity of the enzyme.     

Comparison of Physiology and Anatomy of Seedlings and Regenerants of Sugar Beet

Whole sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Ras poly) plants were grown in the greenhouse from the same seed stock used for an in vitro shoot tip culture. In vitro produced sugar beet plants exhibited a high content of chlorophylls a and b, carotene, and total and soluble sugars. On the other hand, total protein content of in vivo plants was higher than that of in vitro plants. No differences were found by SDS-PAGE analysis in the nature and contents of soluble proteins of in vitro propagated plants and greenhouse-grown plants. Surfaces of epidermal cells were larger and palisade and spongy paranchyma tissues were thicker in leaves of regenerants than in leaves of seedlings. Vascular tissues in leaf petioles in regenerants were flat and more differentiated than in seedlings. Closed and undeveloped stomata were found on the abaxial leaf surface of regenerants, whereas in seedlings the stomata were open. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于GIS的稻田蜘蛛混合种群发生分析

在地理信息系统的支持下 ,对中国稻区 117个样点蜘蛛物种数与个体数进行空间插值 ,获得稻田蜘蛛混合种群数量专题地图和个体数量发生专题地图 .根据所得专题地图 ,分析了不同水稻种植区蜘蛛种群发生以及不同稻区的生态特征 .研究结果如下 :在北纬 35 .5°以南的水稻种植区域 ,蜘蛛种群与个体发生量较高 ,种群一般在 13种以上 ,个体数一般在每 10 0丛禾 10 0头以上 ;在北纬 35 .5°以北的水稻种植区域种群一般在 11种以下 ,个体数一般在每 10 0丛禾 47头以下 ;在北纬 35 .5°以南的水稻种植区域的年降雨量、年无霜期和 7月平均温度要高于在北纬 35 .5°以北的水稻种植区域 .在北纬 35 .5°以南的水稻种植区域的年日照时数要低于在北纬 35 .5°以北的水稻种植区域 .     

我国植物模式标本的馆藏量

植物标本是物种存在的永久凭证,模式标本在保障命名体系稳定中有不可替代的作用。标本馆藏量和模式标本数量反映一个国家或地区的历史积累。作者通过对比分析,发现我国的标本馆藏量远低于国际平均水平,模式标本馆藏量也相对较少,历史积累不足。在数字化本土馆藏模式标本基础上,标本数字化平台项目应将国外馆藏的中国植物种类的模式标本"引渡"回国。今后我国植物分类学研究者的重要工作之一是加强空白地区和国外标本采集,提高馆藏标本的代表性。