酶解法提取黄芩中黄芩素的工艺研究

本文对黄芩药材中黄芩苷的酶解条件和黄芩素的提取工艺进行研究,以样品中黄芩素的含量为指标,采用正交实验对影响酶解的温度、时间和药材粒度进行考察;以黄芩素的提取率为指标,经正交实验优选乙醇浓度、用量、回流次数和时间。得出如下较理想的酶解条件和提取工艺:黄芩药材粉碎至10~20目,加水6倍,于60℃保温10 h;酶解后的黄芩药材加8倍量70%乙醇回流提取2次,每次1 h。黄芩素的提取率大于70%,工艺稳定可行。     

白芷有效成分提取工艺的优化及其中药材质量研究

目的:优化白芷中药材有效成分的提取工艺;全面系统地考察与研究市场上白芷中药材的质量.方法:以白芷中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的含量为指标,采用高效液相色谱法测定,利用正交试验,对渗漉法提取白芷有效成分的工艺条件进行优选;按照<中国药典>2005年版一部白芷项下[含量测定]方法检验了62批次市场上销售的白芷药材中香豆素类物质的含量.结果:乙醇渗漉提取法:药材浸泡24h,加80%乙醇8倍量渗漉,欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的平均提取率为78%;市场上销售的白芷药材中香豆素类物质的含量符合药典的要求.结论:应用渗漉法工艺提取白芷中药材有效成分效率高,稳定性好,适合工业化生产;目前市场上流通的白芷中药材的质量可靠.     

白芷有效成分提取工艺的优化及其中药材质量研究

目的：优化白芷中药材有效成分的提取工艺;全面系统地考察与研究市场上白芷中药材的质量。方法：以白芷中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的含量为指标,采用高效液相色谱法测定,利用正交试验,对渗漉法提取白芷有效成分的工艺条件进行优选;按照《中国药典》2005年版一部白芷项下[含量测定]方法检验了62批次市场上销售的白芷药材中香豆素类物质的含量。结果：乙醇渗漉提取法：药材浸泡24h,加80%乙醇8倍量渗漉,欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的平均提取率为78%;市场上销售的白芷药材中香豆素类物质的含量符合药典的要求。结论：应用渗漉法工艺提取白芷中药材有效成分效率高,稳定性好,适合工业化生产;目前市场上流通的白芷中药材的质量可靠。     

枳实中辛弗林和橙皮苷的联合提取工艺研究

以辛弗林和橙皮苷的收率及纯度为指标,研究了含辛弗林的枳实提取物及橙皮苷的综合制备工艺.先采用酸液渗漉法提取枳实中的辛弗林,再采用碱提酸沉法提取原料中的橙皮苷,考察盐酸浓度及用量、流速等因素的影响.辛弗林的最佳提取工艺为:药材加5倍水浸泡过夜,渗漉盐酸液的浓度为0.02 mol/mL,渗漉料液比为1:4,以5 mL/min的流速渗漉;碱提酸沉法提取橙皮苷的优化工艺为:于提取辛弗林之后的药渣中加入65%乙醇,于60℃搅拌条件下加碱调节pH 13,过滤后的滤液以稀盐酸调节pH 5,过滤后再用碱回调pH7,放置过夜.橙皮苷的收率为11.3%,HPLC测定橙皮苷的纯度为86.7%.     

麻黄草中麻黄碱提取的工艺学研究

通过正我设计考察渗漉前的浸泡时间、温度、漉速和渗漉液用量麻黄草渗漉提取麻黄碱的影响,优化了渗漉条件;麻黄草中麻黄碱的鉴定及含量测定采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析技术。结果表明,在影响渗漉效果的4因素中,温度的影响远远大于其它3因素的影响,浸泡时间的影响最小,HPLC技术可以鉴定并定量麻黄草的乙醇渗漉液中麻黄碱,用乙醇对麻黄草进行浸泡和渗漉可以得到麻黄碱,其含量高于普通的索氏提取法,最好的渗漉条件是浸泡2d、漉速ml.min^－1、渗漉用液量130ml、温度40℃。     

正交试验法优选舒心胶囊原料药中挥发油的提取工艺

目的:探索舒心胶囊原料药中挥发油的提取工艺.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,用70%甲醇回流提取制样用作阿魏酸含量测定的方法学考察;用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,以挥发油提取率和阿魏酸含量为指标,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,筛选挥发油的最佳提取工艺.结果:舒心胶囊原料药中阿魏酸含量为0.070%.影响提取的主次因素为:浸泡时间>加水量>提取时间;优选得到的最佳提取条件为:药材不必浸泡,加10倍量水(v/w)后提取3h.结论:该工艺准确、稳定,重复性好.     

藜蒿总黄酮提取工艺研究

本文采用单因素实验和正交实验设计,对藜蒿总黄酮的乙醇提取工艺和水提工艺分别进行了系统考察。结果发现,以总黄酮得率作为考察指标,藜蒿总黄酮的乙醇最佳提取工艺条件为：70℃用20倍量45％乙醇提取2次,每次1．75h。藜蒿总黄酮的最佳水提工艺条件为：95℃用25倍量的水提取2次,每次1．5h。醇提法0．412％的得率比水提法得率0．372％略高。     

丹参酮和丹参酚酸的同步提取分离纯化工艺研究

本文研究丹参中丹参酮和丹参酚酸同步提取分离纯化工艺条件。以丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的含量为综合评价指标,应用正交试验设计,考察乙醇浓度、渗漉液体积和渗漉速度对提取效果的影响;采用单因素实验对大孔树脂型号、上样液p H值、乙醇浓度、洗脱剂用量等进行考察,最终确定了提取分离纯化工艺为:丹参粉碎过10目筛,用80%乙醇以4 m L/(min·kg)的速度渗漉,收集10倍量的渗漉液,回收乙醇,加水稀释至0.5 g/m L生药,用盐酸调节p H值3.0,过滤,即得丹参酮提取物。滤液上HPD100大孔吸附树脂柱,2 BV水洗,50%乙醇3 BV洗脱,收集洗脱液,即得丹参酚酸提取物。结果表明优化后提取分离效果好,提取物中丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的含量及提取率高,该工艺操作简便、易行、稳定性好,适合在生产中推广应用。     

丹参酮和丹参酚酸的同步提取分离纯化工艺研究北大核心CSCD

本文研究丹参中丹参酮和丹参酚酸同步提取分离纯化工艺条件。以丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的含量为综合评价指标,应用正交试验设计,考察乙醇浓度、渗漉液体积和渗漉速度对提取效果的影响;采用单因素实验对大孔树脂型号、上样液p H值、乙醇浓度、洗脱剂用量等进行考察,最终确定了提取分离纯化工艺为:丹参粉碎过10目筛,用80%乙醇以4 m L/(min·kg)的速度渗漉,收集10倍量的渗漉液,回收乙醇,加水稀释至0.5 g/m L生药,用盐酸调节p H值3.0,过滤,即得丹参酮提取物。滤液上HPD100大孔吸附树脂柱,2 BV水洗,50%乙醇3 BV洗脱,收集洗脱液,即得丹参酚酸提取物。结果表明优化后提取分离效果好,提取物中丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的含量及提取率高,该工艺操作简便、易行、稳定性好,适合在生产中推广应用。     

黄芩黄酮总苷元提取新方法的研究

研究黄芩黄酮总苷元提取制备新方法。以黄芩苷的酶解率为评价指标,筛选黄芩酶液制备的pH值;以黄芩苷提取率为评价指标,采用正交实验对影响黄芩提取的加水量、煎煮时间和煎煮次数进行优选;确定黄芩黄酮总苷元提取制备方法为:黄芩粗粉以pH3水搅拌提取0.5 h,过滤,得到黄芩酶液;药渣投入12倍量沸水中,调pH6煎煮两次,每次0.5 h,过滤,合并滤液,加入上述黄芩酶液,调pH6,于50℃酶解6 h,过滤,沉淀干燥,即得黄芩黄酮总苷元提取物。该方法简便可行,黄芩素提取率约为80%,提取工艺稳定,为从黄芩中提取黄芩黄酮总苷元提供参考方法。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这