In vivo and in vitro management of Meloidogyne incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) using rhizosphere bacteria,Pseudomonas spp. and Serratia spp. compared with oxamyl

Biological control using rhizosphere bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and Serratia spp. is a prospective alternative technique to overcome plant parasitic nematodes infection. So, the current study was conducted in vitro on five egg-masses, 100 free eggs and 100 infective juveniles (IJs) of Meloidogyne incognita as well as greenhouse treatments on Luffa aegyptiaca L. to evaluate the nematicidal potential of six strains belong to Pseudomonas spp. and Serratia spp. as compared to oxamyl.Results showed that the inhibitory effect and juvenile mortality varied according to bacteria species, strains and exposure time. All the tested bacteria significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited egg hatching and increased juvenile mortality in vitro. After 3 days of treatment, Pseudomonas spp. were more effective against eggs (48.31to 55.15%) and IJs (20.98 to 25.30%) than Serratia spp. (44.55 to 49.75% with eggs) and (19.06 to 21.61% with IJs), respectively. In the pot experiment, Luffa aegyptiaca L. treated with Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. displayed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) levels of growth (as indicated by root length, fresh roots weight and fresh shoots weight) compared to control plants and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) suppressed galling (number of galls) and reproduction (as indicated by number of egg-masses on roots and number of eggs and juveniles in pot soil). Meanwhile, among the treated plants, Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. gave the best results in shoot weight of pots infected by eggs of M. incognita than those infected with IJs as compared with positive control. While, oxamyl treatment gave the best results in pots infected by eggs and IJs.The lowest galling (gall index), number of eggs and juveniles in soil was observed in the treatment with mixture of Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. as well as, enhanced growth of sponge gourd more than application each of them alone. Pots treated with oxamyl overwhelmed those treated with mixture of Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp.     

Strawberry Genes and Genomics

Despite its value as a crop and potential utility as an experimental system, relatively little is known about the molecular-genetic aspects of inheritance or physiology in the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria xananassa). This lack of information exists at a time when biotechnology may offer important remedies to address traditional and contemporary challenges that growers face. An improved understanding of genome structure will hasten the development of molecular markers and unveil clues to the composition of this unique, octoploid genome. Definition of gene function will guide the generation of transgenic resources for research use and possibly toward cultivar development. This review seeks to compile and present the current knowledge state of the molecular-genetic basis of cultivated strawberry genomic form and function. Ongoing studies promise to expand the use of genomic tools and appropriate model systems to rapidly discern the structural and functional basis for traits of interest to agriculture, such as those associated with disease, ripening, and volatile production. Together these studies bring new molecular tools to dissect complex traits, implement marker-assisted selection and address important physiological questions in the cultivated strawberry, the Fragaria genus, and the Rosaceae family.     

Functional characterization of gynodioecy in Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Rosaceae)

Background and Aims

Gynodioecy is a phylogenetically widespread and important sexual system where females coexist with hermaphrodites. Because dioecy can arise from gynodioecy, characterization of gynodioecy in close relatives of dioecious and sub-dioecious species can provide insight into this transition. Thus, we sought to determine whether Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata, a close relative to F. chiloensis and F. virginiana, exhibits the functional and population genetic hallmarks of a gynodioecious species.

Methods

We compared reproductive allocation of females and hermaphrodites grown in the greenhouse and estimated genetic diversity (allelic diversity, heterozygosity) and inbreeding coefficients for field-collected adults of both sexes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We estimated mating system and early seed fitness from open-pollinated families of both sex morphs.

Key Results

Under greenhouse conditions, females and hermaphrodites allocated similarly to all reproductive traits except flower number, and, as a consequence, females produced 30 % fewer seeds per plant than hermaphrodites. Under natural conditions, hermaphrodites produce seeds by self-fertilization approx. 75 % of the time, and females produced outcrossed seeds with very little biparental inbreeding. Consistent with inbreeding depression, seeds from open-pollinated hermaphrodites were less likely to germinate than those from females, and family-level estimates of hermaphrodite selfing rates were negatively correlated with germination success and speed. Furthermore, estimates of inbreeding depression based on genetic markers and population genetic theory indicate that inbreeding depression in the field could be high.

Conclusions

The joint consideration of allocation and mating system suggests that compensation may be sufficient to maintain females given the current understanding of sex determination. Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata exhibited similar sex morph-dependent patterns of mating system and genetic diversity, but less reproductive trait dimorphism, than its sub-dioecious and dioecious congeners.     

贵州省城镇建设用地扩展的时空演变特征

选择贵州省的85个城镇为研究区,运用1973年1∶5万地形图,1986、1995、2000和2007年4期高分辨率遥感影像,选取城镇扩展动态度指数、城镇扩展贡献率指数和城镇扩展强度指数3个指标,构建城镇综合扩展程度指数模型,定量分析了1973—2007年4个时期贵州省城镇建设用地扩展的总体特征和时空分异特征。结果表明:从1973—2007年,贵州省城镇建设用地呈持续增长态势,城镇建设用地面积共增加17550.8915hm2,其中2000—2007年贵州省城镇建设用地扩展面积最大,动态度、贡献率和强度指数均最大;研究区建设用地扩展具有明显的空间分异特征,1973—1986年,城镇建设用地扩展主要集中在省会城市贵阳市,1986—1995年,地级城市所在城镇扩展面积和强度快速提高,1995—2000年,交通沿线城镇扩展速度加快,2000—2007年,贵州省城镇扩展强度和综合扩展程度不仅在贵阳市和地级城市较快,而且在区位和自然条件良好的县级城镇也迅速提高。     

江西吉安灰头麦鸡的繁殖生态研究

灰头麦鸡Vanellus cinereus在江西吉安地区是夏候鸟.2010 ～2011年对当地灰头麦鸡的繁殖生态进行了调查研究.结果表明,当地灰头麦鸡最早2月20日迁入,最晚9月17日迁离,居留时间约为7个月;3月初开始产卵,平均窝卵数3.8枚(n=14),平均卵大小48.0 mm×34.5 mm,平均卵重28.8 g(n =38);产满窝卵后即开始孵卵,孵卵由雌雄鸟共同承担;孵卵期为28 ～31 d;孵化率为90.15％.     

绿茶浸出液对蟾蜍离体心脏活动的影响

利用斯氏蛙心灌流方法,以心率和心搏幅度为评价指标,研究了5%、10%、20%、25%、30%、40%6个浓度梯度的绿茶浸出液对蟾蜍离体心脏活动的影响。结果表明,25%～30%的绿茶浸出液对蟾蜍的心率和心肌收缩力都有显著增强作用(P<0.05),低于25%和为40%时,虽有影响,但不显著(P>0.05)。因此25%～30%的绿茶浸出液具有一定的强心效应。     

大兴安岭地区森林雷击火与闪电的关系

林火是森林生态系统的重要影响因子.随着全球气候变暖,林火,特别是雷击火有增多的趋势.本文对我国东北大兴安岭地区1966-2007年的林火数据及相应的闪电和气象资料进行分析.结果表明:1966-2007年,该地区雷击火的次数及其过火面积都呈显著增加趋势.影响雷击火的气象条件与研究时间尺度有关,年尺度的雷击火与降水显著相关,相关系数达-0.489;月尺度的雷击火则与气温显著相关,相关系数为0.18.雷击火与闪电的关系也与时间尺度有关,年尺度的雷击火与闪电关系不明显,受降水影响较大;月尺度的雷击火与闪电具有较好的相关性,且受降水的影响;日尺度的雷击火在降水量＞5 mm时与闪电关系不明显,但当降水量＜5 mm时,雷击火与闪电次数呈正相关.据此,发展了基于闪电定位仪数据的火险指数算法以及大兴安岭地区的森林雷击火预报模型.经2005-2007年雷击火验证,该模型的预报准确率＞80％.     

四川及其周边地区野生草莓资源调查、收集与评价

调查了四川及其周边地区(未包括青海省)野生草莓资源种类和地理分布,将收集的野生草莓资源进行迁地保存,并对其农艺性状、抗非生物和生物胁迫能力的变异进行了主成分分析。结果表明,四川及其邻近周边高海拔地区野生草莓主要分布在26°14’～33°22’N、96°57’～108°13’E、海拔823～4531m的垂直空间范围内。黄毛草莓(Fragaria nilgerrensisSchlecht.)、五叶草莓(F.pentaphylla Lozinsk.)、西南草莓(F.moupinensis(Franch.)Card.)和纤细草莓(F.gracilis Lozinsk.)是该区域分布的4个野生草莓种类,其中五叶草莓有红果和白果两个类型。黄毛草莓浆果具有特殊的蜜桃香气。株高、叶柄长度、小叶长度、小叶宽度、茸毛、耐旱性和耐热性是野生草莓遗传性状的主要指标,茸毛数量与抗逆性密切相关。     

浙江淳安安吉组底部的几丁虫

浙江淳安县大坑坞剖面安吉组底部化石丰富,其中腕足动物组合属于BA3中上部,指示正常浅海底域环境。作者通过分析该层位腕足化石标本的围岩发现一个低分异度的几丁虫组合,包含3属4种,即Ancyrochitina sp.,Belonechitina cf.postrobusta sensu Butcher,Belonechitina sp.,Spinachitina verniersi。该组合具有强烈的奥陶-志留纪过渡色彩,其时代可定为奥陶纪末期至志留纪初期。这是首次在该地区获得奥陶-志留纪过渡地层的几丁虫,有助于开展国际奥陶-志留系界线精细划分对比研究。文中描述了Belonechinacf.postrobusta和Spinachiti-naverniersi。