我国野生草莓资源的初步研究

草莓是一种重要的小浆果,其果实营养丰富,风味鲜美,经济价值极高。全世界的草莓属植物大约有50个种,分布比较广泛的有16种,除了风梨草莓广为栽培外,其它均为野生种。我国野生草莓资源极为丰富。据俞德浚教授记述,原产于我国的草莓属植物有7个种,它们是:森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)、东方草莓(F.orentalis)、黄毛草莓(F.nilgerrensis)、五叶草莓(F.pentaphylla)、纤细草莓(F.gracillis)、西南草莓     

6种野生草莓的核型分析

以五叶草莓等6种野生草莓为试材,采用常规压片法对其进行了核型分析。结果表明,6种野生草莓的核型公式分别为:五叶草莓2n=2x=14=12m+2sm、黄毛草莓2n=2x=14=8m+6sm、绿色草莓2n=2x=14=10m+2sm+2st、东北草莓2n=2x=14=8m+6sm、森林草莓2n=2x=14=6m+8sm、西南草莓2n=4x=28=16m+12sm,6种野生草莓的核型类型均为"2A"型。供试6种野生草莓的进化顺序可能为:五叶草莓、绿色草莓、东北草莓、黄毛草莓、西南草莓、森林草莓。     

利用GISH和RAPD检测黄毛草莓×凤梨草莓种间杂种

以地高辛(DIG)标记的黄毛草莓基因组DNA为探针、凤梨草莓基因组DNA为封阻对黄毛草莓×凤梨草莓杂种F1的五倍体植株根尖染色体进行基因组原位杂交(GISH),结果表明利用GISH可将黄毛草莓染色质从凤梨草莓中检测出来,从而证实了黄毛草莓与凤梨草莓种间杂交的真实性.利用RAPD技术对来自黄毛草莓与凤梨草莓不同品种的2个杂交组合获得的14个株系及其亲本的DNA指纹图谱进行分析.结果表明,不同株系之间在基因组水平上具有高度异质性,以引物S1371和S1405能将黄毛草莓×春霄组合的10个杂交后代株系加以区别,以单一引物S1371、S1380、S1397、S1404、S1405可使黄毛草莓×硕香后代株系之间相互区别.在杂交后代中观察到了亲本黄毛草莓与凤梨草莓不同栽培品种的特征带,从而进一步证实黄毛草莓与凤梨草莓种间杂交后代的真实性.     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性Ⅱ.光合特性和水分代谢特性

研究了不同地区(117.6°～105.7°E,44.6°～38.8°N)分布的小叶锦鸡儿(Caraganamicrophylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(Caraganadavazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom.)种群的光合特性和水分代谢特性.结果发现:(1)由东向西小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿净光合速率对光合有效辐射的响应增强;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的空气湿度依次下降;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的气温依次增加.光合日进程午前优势逐渐升高,光合速率逐渐升高,光能利用率逐渐升高,蒸腾速率逐渐降低,水分利用效率显著升高,叶含水量逐渐降低,植株逐渐采取低蒸腾、高光合的节水对策.这些生理变化与它们分布区的光、温、湿条件相适应.这是小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿发生地理替代分布的生物学基础.(2)小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿光合系统对光合有效辐射、空气湿度和气温的适应都表现出连续性,而且这种连续性与环境的梯度变化相一致.不同种、不同地点光合日进程、日净同化积累值、蒸腾日进程、日蒸腾积累值、水分利用效率以及叶含水量日变化也随经度自东向西呈连续变化.光合特性和水分代谢特性表明小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布是连续过渡的,是一个连续地理渐变群.     

黄毛草莓F-box蛋白基因FnFBOX1及其启动子的克隆和表达分析

探索黄毛草莓FnFBOX1参与草莓胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)侵染过程中的抗病反应和pFnFBOX1启动子的转录活性,为研究FnFBOX1抗炭疽病功能奠定基础.以黄毛草莓(Fragaria nilgerrensis Schidl.)为研究对象,通过RT-PCR技术克隆FnF...     

长江中游地区野生百合资源调查及利用前景

通过对长江中游地区野生百合资源进行调查,发现长江中游地区有野生百合资源14个种和3个变种即野百合(Lilium brownii F. E. Brown ex Miellez var. brownii)、百合(L. brownii F. E. Brown ex Miellez var. viridulum Baker)、宜昌百合(L. leucanthum (Baker) Baker)、渥丹(L. concolor Salisb. var. concolor)、有斑百合(L. concolor Sali sb. var. pulchellum (Fisch.)Regel)、滇百合(L. baberianum Coll.et Hemsl)、大理百合(L.taliense Franch.)、药百合(L.speciosum Thunb. var. gloriosoides Baker)、湖北百合(L.henryi Baker)、南川百合(L. rosthornii Diels)、宝兴百合(L. duchartrei Franch.)、山丹(L. pumilum DC.)、川百合(L. davidii Duchartre)、条叶百合(L. callosum Sieb. et Zucc.)、乳头百合(L. papilliferum Franch.)、绿花百合(L. fargesii Franch.)和卷丹(L. tigrinum Ker Gawler)。对野生百合在长江中游地区分布现状、观赏特性及开发利用价值进行了分析,为百合新品种培育奠定基础。同时对长江中游地区野生百合资源的保护和合理开发利用提出建议。     

小叶锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿的生态和水分调节特性比较研究

对锦鸡儿属羽状叶类群的代表植物——小叶锦鸡儿和假掌状叶类群的代表植物——狭叶锦鸡儿的地理分布、生长发育、形态结构、渗透调节和水分代谢进行了比较研究。小叶锦鸡儿在内蒙古高原分布于东起呼伦贝尔 (1 2 4 .0 0°E)西至达茂旗(1 1 0 .4 3°E)的半湿润至半干旱地区 ,生长发育最适地区是锡林浩特 ;狭叶锦鸡儿在内蒙古高原分布于东起锡林浩特 (1 1 6 .0 7°E)西至阿拉善 (98°E)的半干旱至极干旱地区 ,生长发育最适地区是阿拉善。这种分布格局和生长发育适应性说明 ,狭叶锦鸡儿比小叶锦鸡儿更适宜干旱环境。小叶锦鸡儿叶片平展、被绿色柔毛 ,有时上面近无毛 ,狭叶锦鸡儿叶片呈瓦状、被粉白色柔毛 ;狭叶锦鸡儿叶片厚度 /面积比值和长 /宽比值大于小叶锦鸡儿 ,叶片生物量小于小叶锦鸡儿。这些特性使狭叶锦鸡儿比小叶锦鸡儿保水能力强。由于狭叶锦鸡儿的渗透调节物质浓度大于小叶锦鸡儿 ,导致细胞渗透势低于小叶锦鸡儿 ;狭叶锦鸡儿叶含水量低于小叶锦鸡儿 ,束缚水 /自由水比值大于小叶锦鸡儿 ;狭叶锦鸡儿叶水势低于小叶锦鸡儿。这些特性表明狭叶锦鸡儿比小叶锦鸡儿渗透调节能力强。狭叶锦鸡儿的蒸腾速率和日蒸腾积累值均小于小叶锦鸡儿 ,水分利用效率高于小叶锦鸡儿。由于叶形态变异、良好的渗透调节功     

四川兰科植物六个新记录种

报道了近期在四川西部进行野生兰科植物资源调查过程中发现的6个四川兰科植物新记录种,即:软叶筒距兰(Tipularia cunninghamii (KingPrain) S. C. Chen)、兜蕊兰(Androcorys ophioglossoides Schltr.)、戟形虾脊兰(Calanthe nipponica Makino)、太白山虾脊兰(C. taibaishanensis M. Guo,J. W. ZhaiL. J. Chen)、无喙兰(Neottia gaudissartii Hand.-Mazz.)和卡氏对叶兰(N. karoana Szlach.),其中软叶筒距兰为中国大陆首次报导。这些兰科植物在川西的发现为四川植物区系增加了新的组成成份,并为研究这些兰科植物的起源和扩散路线提供了新的分布信息。     

广西青天葵野生资源现状

以走访调查和实地调查相结合的方法对青天葵野生资源在广西的分布、药材品种、群落特征、资源蕴藏量等情况进行了调查。结果表明:青天葵在广西主要分布在石灰岩地区,其药材品种按商品规格分为小叶和大叶2种,小叶青天葵为该文的调查对象毛唇芋兰,大叶青天葵为同属植物毛叶青天葵,亦当作青天葵出售和使用;青天葵生长群落结构在不同产区略有差异;由于人为过度采挖和生态环境条件的变化,广西青天葵野生资源的分布面积逐年减缩,蕴藏量急剧减少。经调查,广西青天葵野生资源蕴藏量(鲜品)仅为4 815 kg。建议采取各种积极的措施保护青天葵野生资源,保证青天葵的可持续利用。     

激光和高压静电场对草莓种间杂交不亲和性的影响

以明晶等４个栽培品种及森林草莓、黄毛草莓和弗州草莓等３个野生种和类型为试材进行了该项研究。结果表明,用适宜剂量的激光和高压静电场处理父本野生草莓花粉可以克服草莓种间杂交不亲和性,显著提高座果率、杂种率和交配率,从而获得较多新的草莓种质资源。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.