肝硬化小鼠肠道菌群结构及血清炎性因子的变化简

目的：观察肝硬化小鼠肠道菌群结构及血清炎性因子水平的变化。方法：通过CCL灌胃构建小鼠的肝硬化模型;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测肝硬化进程中血清内毒素及炎性因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平的变化;采集肝硬化小鼠新鲜粪便,通过荧光定量PCR实验检测肠道目的菌群的改变。结果：肝硬化小鼠肠道中拟杆菌属和梭菌属细菌显著减少,韦荣球菌属、肠杆菌属和肠球菌属细菌显著增加;随着肝硬化进程的加重,小鼠血液中内毒素及炎性因子水平显著提高。结论：肝硬化导致小鼠肠道菌群失调,促进了血液中内毒素及炎性因子水平的提高,形成恶性循环。     

Use of a Novel Chagas Urine Nanoparticle Test (Chunap) for Diagnosis of Congenital Chagas Disease

Background

Detection of congenital T. cruzi transmission is considered one of the pillars of control programs of Chagas disease. Congenital transmission accounts for 25% of new infections with an estimated 15,000 infected infants per year. Current programs to detect congenital Chagas disease in Latin America utilize microscopy early in life and serology after 6 months. These programs suffer from low sensitivity by microscopy and high loss to follow-up later in infancy. We developed a Chagas urine nanoparticle test (Chunap) to concentrate, preserve and detect T. cruzi antigens in urine for early, non-invasive diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease.

Methodology/Principal Findings

This is a proof-of-concept study of Chunap for the early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease. Poly N-isopropylacrylamide nano-particles functionalized with trypan blue were synthesized by precipitation polymerization and characterized with photon correlation spectroscopy. We evaluated the ability of the nanoparticles to capture, concentrate and preserve T. cruzi antigens. Urine samples from congenitally infected and uninfected infants were then concentrated using these nanoparticles. The antigens were eluted and detected by Western Blot using a monoclonal antibody against T. cruzi lipophosphoglycan. The nanoparticles concentrate T. cruzi antigens by 100 fold (western blot detection limit decreased from 50 ng/ml to 0.5 ng/ml). The sensitivity of Chunap in a single specimen at one month of age was 91.3% (21/23, 95% CI: 71.92%–98.68%), comparable to PCR in two specimens at 0 and 1 month (91.3%) and significantly higher than microscopy in two specimens (34.8%, 95% CI: 16.42%–57.26%). Chunap specificity was 96.5% (71/74 endemic, 12/12 non-endemic specimens). Particle-sequestered T. cruzi antigens were protected from trypsin digestion.

Conclusion/Significance

Chunap has the potential to be developed into a simple and sensitive test for the early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease.     

Severe bacterial neonatal infections in Madagascar,Senegal, and Cambodia: A multicentric community-based cohort study

BackgroundSevere bacterial infections (SBIs) are a leading cause of neonatal deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, most data came from hospitals, which do not include neonates who did not seek care or were treated outside the hospital. Studies from the community are scarce, and few among those available were conducted with high-quality microbiological techniques. The burden of SBI at the community level is therefore largely unknown. We aimed here to describe the incidence, etiology, risk factors, and antibiotic resistance profiles of community-acquired neonatal SBI in 3 LMICs.Methods and findingsThe BIRDY study is a prospective multicentric community-based mother and child cohort study and was conducted in both urban and rural areas in Madagascar (2012 to 2018), Cambodia (2014 to 2018), and Senegal (2014 to 2018). All pregnant women within a geographically defined population were identified and enrolled. Their neonates were actively followed from birth to 28 days to document all episodes of SBI. A total of 3,858 pregnant women (2,273 (58.9%) in Madagascar, 814 (21.1%) in Cambodia, and 771 (20.0%) in Senegal) were enrolled in the study, and, of these, 31.2% were primigravidae. Women enrolled in the urban sites represented 39.6% (900/2,273), 45.5% (370/814), and 61.9% (477/771), and those enrolled in the rural sites represented 60.4% (1,373/2,273), 54.5% (444/814), and 38.1% (294/771) of the total in Madagascar, Cambodia, and Senegal, respectively. Among the 3,688 recruited newborns, 49.6% were male and 8.7% were low birth weight (LBW). The incidence of possible severe bacterial infection (pSBI; clinical diagnosis based on WHO guidelines of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness) was 196.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 176.5 to 218.2], 110.1 [88.3 to 137.3], and 78.3 [59.5 to 103] per 1,000 live births in Madagascar, Cambodia, and Senegal, respectively. The incidence of pSBI differed between urban and rural sites in all study countries. In Madagascar, we estimated an incidence of 161.0 pSBI per 1,000 live births [133.5 to 194] in the urban site and 219.0 [192.6 to 249.1] pSBI per 1,000 live births in the rural site (p = 0.008). In Cambodia, estimated incidences were 141.1 [105.4 to 189.0] and 85.3 [61.0 to 119.4] pSBI per 1,000 live births in urban and rural sites, respectively (p = 0.025), while in Senegal, we estimated 103.6 [76.0 to 141.2] pSBI and 41.5 [23.0 to 75.0] pSBI per 1,000 live births in urban and rural sites, respectively (p = 0.006). The incidences of culture-confirmed SBI were 15.2 [10.6 to 21.8], 6.5 [2.7 to 15.6], and 10.2 [4.8 to 21.3] per 1,000 live births in Madagascar, Cambodia, and Senegal, respectively, with no difference between urban and rural sites in each country. The great majority of early-onset infections occurred during the first 3 days of life (72.7%). The 3 main pathogens isolated were Klebsiella spp. (11/45, 24.4%), Escherichia coli (10/45, 22.2%), and Staphylococcus spp. (11/45, 24.4%). Among the 13 gram-positive isolates, 5 were resistant to gentamicin, and, among the 29 gram-negative isolates, 13 were resistant to gentamicin, with only 1 E. coli out of 10 sensitive to ampicillin. Almost one-third of the isolates were resistant to both first-line drugs recommended for the management of neonatal sepsis (ampicillin and gentamicin). Overall, 38 deaths occurred among neonates with SBI (possible and culture-confirmed SBI together). LBW and foul-smelling amniotic fluid at delivery were common risk factors for early pSBI in all 3 countries. A main limitation of the study was the lack of samples from a significant proportion of infants with pBSI including 35 neonatal deaths. Without these samples, bacterial infection and resistance profiles could not be confirmed.ConclusionsIn this study, we observed a high incidence of neonatal SBI, particularly in the first 3 days of life, in the community of 3 LMICs. The current treatment for the management of neonatal infection is hindered by antimicrobial resistance. Our findings suggest that microbiological diagnosis of SBI remains a challenge in these settings and support more research on causes of neonatal death and the implementation of early interventions (e.g., follow-up of at-risk newborns during the first days of life) to decrease the burden of neonatal SBI and associated mortality and help achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.

In a community-based, prospective cohort study, Bich-Tram Huynh and colleagues investigate the incidence and factors associated with several bacterial infections among neonates in rural and urban areas of three low-middle income countries.     

盐地碱蓬基因工程研究进展

盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)是一种典型的抗逆性强的真盐生植物,且营养丰富、含有多种功能 成分,蕴涵着巨大的生态、经济和社会效益,特别是在植物耐盐基因工程的研究利用方面更显示 出了广阔的应用前景和巨大的利用价值,因而近年来日益为人们所重视。目前对盐地碱蓬抗逆 特别是抗盐机制的研究已从生理水平深入到了生化及分子水平,并由此带动了其耐盐基因工程 的研究;另一方面,对其保健和药用功效的研究也取得了一定进展。以盐地碱蓬抗盐机制及其基 因工程研究为重点对以上方面的成果进行了综述。     

微卫星标记的制备策略

微卫星标记作为一类重要的、成熟的分子遗传标记,凭借自身的高变异性、孟德尔遗传模 式、共显性遗传方式等优点,在遗传及其它相关领域发挥了十分重要的作用,而其主要的缺点是 必须知道所研究生物的微卫星序列及其旁侧序列。随着人类及模式生物基因组的深入研究,微 卫星标记的制备经历了从费时、费力、低效的传统法到周期短、效率高的富集法(选择性杂交法和 FIASCO法);从基因组构建文库筛选到公共数据库ESTs发掘;从实验室自制到花钱购买。总之, 随着方法与技术的不断改进,从目标生物中获得微卫星标记变得越来越简单、经济。     

海洋生物制药现状及展望

现代生物技术在制药产业中发挥了重要作用,海洋生物技术的出现和发展推动了海洋生 物药物的研究,是今后生物技术药物的发展方向。综述了生物技术在海洋药物开发中的应用,并 展望了新世纪海洋生物制药的前景。     

酪氨酸酶的应用研究进展

酪氨酸酶具有重要的生理生化特性,在医药、环境、食品、精细化工等领域具有广泛的用 途。酪氨酸酶可以氧化L-酪氨酸合成L-多巴和黑色素,L-多巴用于帕金森症的治疗,黑色素能够 杀死HIV病毒。酪氨酸酶可用于环境工程领域处理含苯酚及胺类废水,用于精细化工领域催化 有机合成反应。综述了酪氨酸酶在各个领域的应用概况,阐明了其在工业生产领域的应用前景。     

铵载体（Amt）进展

铵载体是一类存在于细胞膜上分子量约为４８ｋＤａ的主动转远ＮＨ＾＋４的载体。本文在简单介绍了铵载体的研究历史和铵载体与泌铵的相互关系后,阐述了在原核和真核生物中的铵载体基因的克隆及其基因表达调控的研究进展,探讨了铵载体存在的普遍性和它在氮代谢中的作用。     

野生和近交稀有Ju鲫的遗传多样性

用ＲＡＰＤ技术对稀有Ｊｕ鲫近交１０代及３个野生群体的遗传多样性和群体间差异进行了研究。无论从多态位点的比例,个体间的共带率还是多样性指数来看,近交１０代的遗传多样性极低。在２２６个ＲＡＰＤ位点中,野生群体有近半数的位点是多态的,Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ多样性指数在０．２９１１－０．３２３５间,表明自群本保持了较丰富遗传多样性。近交１０代与野生群体间遗传差异十分明显。野生群体间在１１－１９个位点上的表型频率存     

绿僵菌 (Metarhizium aniso pliae)和莱氏蛾霉 (Nomuraea rileyi) (Farlow) )对小菜蛾的室内致病力研究(英文)

用小菜蛾对绿僵菌 (Metarhiziumanisopliae)的五个菌株和莱氏蛾霉 (Nomuraearileyi)的一个菌株作了室内测定。结果表明 ,三个绿僵菌菌株对小菜娥表现出致病力 ,其中以FI12 4 8菌株的致病力最强。根据 9天的死亡率数据 ,其LC50 为 2 0 3× 10 4 个孢子 /ml,在 10 7个孢子 /ml的浓度下 ,LT50 为 4 97天。菌株FI16 3(莱氏蛾霉 )对小菜蛾表现出致病力 ,但罹病虫体没有长出分生孢子。