早熟凝集染色体和诱导凝集的染色体扫描电镜研究

应用细胞融合技术和扫描电镜研究了ＢＫ（牛肾）细胞早熟凝集染色体（ＰＣＣ）和诱导ＰＣＣ的ＣＨＯ中期染色体的超微结构。所用电镜标本制备方法,尽可能使之减少人工效应,故首次观察到ＰＣＣ超微结构,特别是早、中、晚Ｓ－ＰＣＣ超微结构的自然状态,从早、中、晚Ｓ－ＰＣＣ的染色体片段所显示的ＰＣＣ的多级亚结构,进一步了解了ＢＫ细胞染色体的超微结构。诱导ＰＣＣ的ＣＨＯ中期染色体表面显示出整齐的小毛样由螺旋纤维形成的环状突起。     

大蒜中期染色体内的核糖核蛋白物质

研究了大蒜（Ａｌｌｉｕｍ ｓａｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）中期染色体的超微结构和ＲＮＰ物质。常规染色表明,大部分染色体内部有低电子密度区,有的染色体中低电子密度区域较大而似孔洞。银染结果也证明了有大小不等的孔洞存在。Ｂｅｒｎｈａｒｄ 染色显示,在染色体周边和染色体内部都有ＲＮＰ分布。用ＮａＯＨ 处理证明了Ｂｅｒｎｈａｒｄ 染色法所显示的深染区确实含有ＲＮＡ。ＲＮＰ量的多少与ＥＤＴＡ 的分化时间呈负相关     

鳙鱼染色体的DAPI核型分析

利用腹腔注射秋水仙素制备肾细胞染色体方法和DAPI（4＇,6＇-diamidino-2-phenylindole）荧光染色的方法,对鳙鱼（Aristichthys,nobills）的染色体组型和染色质的分布进行了研究。结果表明,其二倍体数目为2n=48,核型为30M＋14SM＋2ST＋2T。DAPI荧光染色显示间期细胞核中荧光亮度较为一致,提示异染色质在间期细胞核中分布比较均一。而DAPI荧光染色在第1和第4染色体的短臂上较为明亮,其余染色体上的明亮区都分布在着丝粒区域,表明第1和第4染色体上的异染色质主要集中在染色体的短臂上,其余染色体的异染色质主要分布在着丝粒区域。     

大熊猫染色体晚复制带研究

以培养的大熊猫外周血淋巴细胞为实验材料,在细胞培养终止前４ｈ加入ＢｒｄＵ（终浓度为１０μｇ／ｍｌ培养基）,对复制的染色体ＤＮＡ进行ＢｒｄＵ标记。掺入ＢｒｄＵ的染色体经吖啶橙（０．０５％）处理、紫外光照射、Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色后,可在染色体上获得清晰的复制带纹。根据众多分裂相所显示的不同复制带型,可初步确定大熊猫每一染色体独特的晚复制带纹。在雌性个体的两个Ｘ染色体中,一条Ｘ染色体复制明显落后于另一Ｘ染色体,尤其在迟复制Ｘ染色体长臂近着丝粒区显现出较宽的晚复制带纹。     

AVP（4—8）增强CK—N—XH细胞内PKC和MAPK的活性

ＡＶＰ（４￣８）是精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）在脑内的天然酶解产物,具有增强学习记忆的功能。为了进一步阐明其作用的分子机制,以ＳＫ－Ｎ－ＳＨ成神经瘤细胞（ＳＫ细胞）为模型进行研究。放射性配基结合实验表明,在ＳＫ细胞上存在ＡＶＰ（４￣８）的特异性结合位点。ＡＶＰ（４￣８）可以刺激ＳＫ细胞中蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）和促细胞分裂原活化的蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）尖性的升高,并可以被ＡＶＰ（４￣８）的受体拮抗剂ＺＤＣ（Ｃ     

Epstein－Barr病毒潜伏膜蛋白（LMP）基因在哺乳动物传代细胞中的表达

ＥＢ病毒潜伏膜蛋白（ＬＭＰ）是由病毒编码的主要的与病毒致宿主细胞潜伏感染有关的蛋白之一。我们用基因重组技术,把含有ＬＭＰ基因（ＢＮＬＦ１）３个外显子（ｅｘｏｎ）开放阅读框架（ＯＲＦ）的长１．８０ｋｂｐ的ＤＮＡ片段,和能分解ＨｙｇｒｏｍｙｃｉｎＢ的含有ＳＶ４０早期启动子和ＨｇｒｙｏｍｙｃｉｎＢ磷酸转移酶全基因（长１０２５ｂｐ）的ＤＮＡ片段（长１．６０ｂｐ）,同时重组于亚克隆载体ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔＳＫ（ｐＢＳ）中,并使该重组质粒ｐＢＳ－ＬＭＰ－Ｈｙｇ（长５７６７ｂｐ）在乳地鼠肾传代细胞（ＢＨＫ）中获得表达。ＢＨＫ细胞在经此重组质粒转染后,ＬＭＰ阳性细胞是２％,在ＨｙｇｒｏｍｙｃｉｎＢ的持续压力下,ＬＭＰ表达细胞率可达２０％。３个月后,ＬＭＰ表达细胞逐渐减少。５个月后,不能测到ＬＭＰ表达细胞。经免疫荧光和蛋白印迹（Ｗｅｓｔｅｍｂｌｏｔ）实验证实,人鼻咽癌、风湿性关节炎和正常人血清中不含有抗ＬＭＰ抗体。     

横纹肌样瘤的起源研究——高变异率BHK-21细胞致裸鼠产生恶性横纹肌样瘤的实验研究

横纹肌样瘤（ＲＴ）的起源迄今仍是世界上悬而未决的重大难题。第一例ＲＴ发现于肾脏。但迄今发现的ＲＴ均难以复制成功。在纯化３代的肿瘤阴性对照猫肾和犬肾原代细胞皮下接种裸鼠的致癌／致瘤率为０％（０／３２）,肿瘤阳性对照Ｈｅｌａ细胞皮下接种裸鼠产生进行性生长恶性肿瘤的比率为１００％（４０／４０）的前提下,ＢＨＫ－２１细胞皮下接种裸鼠均产生进行性生长的恶性肿瘤（６５／６５）,其中染色体众数为４０±２（比率５８％～６８％）的ＫＡ株致ＲＴ比率为５２．３８％（１１／２１）,具有两个染色体众数４０±２（比率４１％～５３．５）和７２±２（比率３１％～３５％）的ＹＡ株致ＲＴ的比率为８３．３３％（１０／１２）,染色体众数为７３±３（比率４２％～５０％）的成瘤细胞体外再培养ＮＭ２８／ＹＡ株致ＲＴ的比率为７１．４３％（１５／２１）,染色体众数为４２（比率２８％～３０％）的Ｍ株致ＲＴ的比率为０％（０／１０）,致形态类似于分化比较好的平滑肌肉瘤的恶性肿瘤的比率为１００％（１０／１０）,可见ＢＨＫ－２１细胞不能用作病毒活疫苗培养基质,可替代Ｈｅｌａ细胞用作恶性肿瘤阳性对照细胞。高变异率ＢＨＫ－２１细胞株皮下接种无胸腺裸鼠大多产生恶性ＲＴ（２６／４２）,但要求完形活细胞接种量要大（２～９×１０７／鼠）,肿瘤产生迅速,生长快速,血管丰富,供血充分,接种细胞后１０～２０天或２～３周肿瘤长径×短径均值基本达到３０ｍｍ×２０ｍｍ标准。其它高变异率细胞系接种丧失免疫机能的无菌实验动物,如环境条件和生长状况达到上述标准,理当可能产生恶性ＲＴ。ＲＴ在模型动物体内的首次发现和成功复制,为弄清ＲＴ的起源问题提供了机会。可见,肾上皮是恶性ＲＴ的重要起源组织,本研究开辟了ＲＴ起源研究的新阶段。克隆出致ＲＴ的高变异率ＢＨＫ－２１细胞株,建立ＲＴ裸鼠模型,并应用于ＲＴ的临床诊断防治或进一步探索,都具有重大意义。     

小麦核仁在细胞周期中的变化

运用Bernhard染色方法研究了小麦根端分生组织细胞核仁在细胞周期中的变化。结果显示,间期核仁染色很深,能够区分出纤维中心（FC）、致密纤维组分（DFC）和颗粒组分（G）,而染色质被漂白,在染色质间可以观察到细小的RNP颗粒。进入前期,在染色质的边缘有小的RNP颗粒分布。中期,染色体周边分布着类似于间期核仁的深染的大RNP颗粒,形成一个不完全连续的“鞘”状结构;在染色体内部看不到类似核仁的深染颗粒。到了后期时,仍可见RNP“鞘”状结构的存在。进入末期,这些RNP植物逐渐由“鞘”脱离,最后参与新核仁的形成。这些结果表明,核仁解体后的物质直接转移到了中期染色的表面,并形成不连续的表层,没有进入染色体的内部。     

侧肠锡叶吸虫的精子发生和中期染色体的超微结构

利用透射电镜详细研究寄生在牛瘤胃中的同盘科侧肠锡叶吸虫的精子发生、精子形成及精母细胞第一次减数分裂时分裂中期染色体的超微结构。发现侧肠锡叶吸虫精子发生,形成过程和形态与过去研究过的多数吸虫种类相同,不同处仅在中央间体最外侧一对条带是由颗粒组成。该吸虫染色体为染色质纤维反复折叠形成的多级螺旋围中央轴区缠绕而成。染色质纤维直径为１０７￣１７９Ａ,其组成的环长０．４３￣０．５０μｍ,染色体的整体形态,基     

树下丘脑视交叉上核突触超微结构的电镜观察

本研究借助免疫电镜和溃变纤维电镜追踪等技术,探索我国南方特产,昼行动物“灵长类原宗”树鼠句（ＴＢＣ）下丘脑视交叉上核（ＳＣＮ）的突触,特别是ＳＣＮ中５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）能和视纤维传入的突触联系的超微结构特征,结果表明：ＴＢＣ的ＳＣＮ主要包含不对称性ＧｒａｙⅠ型（ＧＴⅠ）和对称性ＧｒａｙⅡ型（ＧＴⅡ）两种突触类型。其中ＧＴⅠ突触的后膜下颇多呈现“三体一线”的节下小体。５－ＨＴ能末梢在ＴＢＣ的ＳＣＮ（主要在其腹侧）中形成丰富的ＧＴⅠ和ＧＴⅡ突触。还观察到ＳＣＮ中５－ＨＴ能末梢和非５－ＨＴ能轴突构成颇多的轴－轴突触,５－ＨＴ能末梢既可为突触前也可为突触后成分。这在大鼠ＳＣＮ中未见报道,而视纤维传入在ＳＣＮ腹外侧区主要形成ＧＴⅠ突触     

Localization of DNA in the condensed interphase chromosomes of Euglena

The localization of DNA in the condensed interphase chromosomes of Euglena was determined by immunoelectron microscopy. Deposits of gold particles that coincided with the localization of DNA followed threads that corresponded to the chromatin fibers. The threads were 55–80 nm in diameter and were assumed to be supersolenoids. The localization of gold deposits on chromosomes that had been sectioned in various directions suggested that the chromatin fibers coiled around the surface of chromosomes, with a wide central axial region of the chromosomes remaining free of DNA. These findings are discussed in relation to current models of chromosomal structure.     

Intermediate structure between chromatin fibers and chromosome revealed by mechanical stretching and SPM measurement

The morphology of chromosomes (certain rod-shaped structures) is highly reproducible despite the high condensation of chromatin fibers (∼1 mm) into chromosomes (∼1 μm). However, the mechanism underlying the condensation of chromatin fibers into chromosomes is unclear. We assume that investigation of the internal structure of chromosomes will aid in elucidating the condensation process. In order to observe the detailed structure of a chromosome, we stretched a human chromosome by using a micromanipulator and observed its morphology along the stretched region by scanning probe microscopy (SPM). We found that the chromosome consisted of some fibers that were thicker than chromatin fibers. The found fiber was composed of approximately 90-nm-wide beads that were linked linearly. To explore the components of the fiber, we performed immunofluorescence staining of the stretched chromosome. Fluorescence signals of topoisomerase (Topo) IIα, which is known to interact with and support chromatin fibers, and DNA were detected both on the found fiber and beads. Furthermore, after micrococcal nuclease and trypsin treatments, the fibers were found to be mechanically supported by proteins. These results suggest that chromosome comprises an intermediate structure between chromatin fibers and chromosomes.     

Assembly of chromatin fibers into metaphase chromosomes analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

The higher-order assembly of the approximately 30 nm chromatin fibers into the characteristic morphology of HeLa mitotic chromosomes was investigated by electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of serial sections was applied to view the distribution of the DNA-histone-nonhistone fibers through the chromatid arms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided a complementary technique allowing the surface arrangement of the fibers to be observed. The approach with both procedures was to swell the chromosomes slightly, without extracting proteins, so that the densely-packed chromatin fibers were separated. The degree of expansion of the chromosomes was controlled by adjusting the concentration of divalent cations (Mg2+). With TEM, individual fibers could be resolved by decreasing the Mg2+ concentration to 1.0-1.5 mM. The predominant mode of fiber organization was seen to be radial for both longitudinal and transverse sections. Using SEM, surface protuberances with an average diameter of 69 nm became visible after the Mg2+ concentration was reduced to 1.5 mM. The knobby surface appearance was a variable feature, because the average diameter decreased when the divalent cation concentration was further reduced. The surface projections appear to represent the peripheral tips of radial chromatin loops. These TEM and SEM observations support a "radial loop" model for the organization of the chromatin fibers in metaphase chromosomes.     

Chromosome structure: improved immunolabeling for electron microscopy

To structurally dissect mitotic chromosomes, we aim to position along the folded chromatin fiber proteins involved in long-range order, such as topoisomerase IIα (topoIIα) and condensin. Immuno-electron microscopy (EM) of thin-sectioned chromosomes is the method of choice toward this goal. A much-improved immunoprocedure that avoids problems associated with aldehyde fixation, such as chemical translinking and networking of chromatin fibers, is reported here. We show that ultraviolet irradiation of isolated nuclei or chromosomes facilitates high-level specific immunostaining, as established by fluorescence microscopy with a variety of antibodies and especially by immuno-EM. Ultrastructural localizations of topoIIα and condensin I component hBarren (hBar; hCAP-H) in mitotic chromosomes were studied by immuno-EM. We show that the micrographs of thin-sectioned chromosomes map topoIIα and hBar to the center of the chromosomal body where the chromatin fibers generally converge. This localization is defined by many clustered gold particles with only rare individual particles in the peripheral halo. The data obtained are consistent with the view that condensin and perhaps topoIIα tether chromatin to loops according to a scaffolding-type model.     

几种动物染色体超微结构的研究

应用表面舒展技术、原位培养表面舒展技术和临界点干燥以及空气干燥等方法制备染色体标本,用FESEM和SEM观察了CHO、IB-RS-2哺乳动物细胞以及黄鳝肾细胞和鲫鱼血淋巴细胞的染色体。看到了染色体处于不同舒展状态的染色质纤维。在染色质纤维未完全展开排列紧密时,染色体臂的染色质纤维,缠绕排列有序,垂直于染色体纵轴,螺旋盘绕形成疏密程度不同的横纹。在纤维较为松散和完全松敌的状态下,可以看见直径约为300(?)的染色质纤维从有序到不完全有序到无序,弯扭、螺旋、缠绕,有些似“辐射环”状结构。在着丝点处可清楚地看到有二条纤维平行分别通连二染色单体臂,未见有染色体膜。初步比较了鱼类和哺乳类的染色质纤维,二者基本一致,但鱼类染色质纤维排列较哺乳动物的松散,类似“辐射环”状的结构较为明显。     

Whole mount electron microscopy of meiotic chromosomes and the synaptonemal complex

The mechanism by which homologous chromosomes pair and crossover has been a major unsolved problem in genetics. Thin section electron microscopy of the synaptonemal complex has not provided enough details to allow any significant insight into this problem. Whole mount preparations of the testis of mice, quail, crayfish, and frogs provided a striking improvement in visualization of the morphological features of meiotic chromosomes. These studies, when combined with the use of deoxyribonuclease and trypsin allowed the following conclusions. 1. The synaptonemal complex (lateral and central elements with connecting L-C fibers) is composed of protein. 2. Contrary to common speculation the central element is not the pairing surface of homologous chromosomes. 3. The L-C fibers, averaging 75–100 Å in width, extend from the lateral elements and meet to form the central element which is usually composed of four fibers. 4. During leptotene, homologous axial elements, although unpaired for most of their length, attach next to each other at the nuclear membrane. 5. Short segments of the chromatin fibers attach to the lateral elements. These points of attachment are clustered, producing the chromomeres seen by light microscopy. 6. The chromatin fibers extend out from the lateral element as loops. Lampbrush chromosomes are thus not restricted to oogenesis but are common to all meiotic chromosomes.Since the morphological features of the central element of the synaptonemal complex persist despite extensive deoxyribonuclease digestion, pairing is perhaps best visualized as a two-step process consisting of a) chromosomal pairing during which the proteinaceous synaptonemal complex pulls homologous chromosomes into approximate association with each other, and b) molecular pairing, which probably takes place in the area around the synaptonemal complex.Supported by NIH Grants GM-15886 and C-2568, and The Charles and Henrietta Detoy Research Fellowship.     

小鼠生精细胞染色质与染色体构筑的扫描电镜研究（简报）

It remains unclear about the intermediate construction of chromosome due to its highly compact nature and the limitation in methods. The present study was designed to investigate the construction of chromatin and mitotic chromosome in situ with scanning electron microscopy. Mouse testes were selected as the material, because of in which the spermatogenic cells divide actively and successively to form the sperm. Such a feature would be able to study the structure of mammalian chromatin and chromosomes along with the change of nuclear cycle. The animal were perfused with 200 ml of 0.075 mol/L KCl hypotonic solution to remove blood and placed for 15-20 min on ice followed by 0.5% glutaraldehyde and 0.5% formaldehyde for fixing. Through treated by the routine process of fractured and freeze dried with t-butyl alcohol, the specimens were then coated with a 3 nm thick platinum and observed with Hitachi S-430 scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the hypotonic treatment with 0.075 mol/L KCl solution was suit for demonstrating the nuclear structure, when the organelles were well preserved. The chromatin fibers of 10-30 nm and 80-125 nm in diameter could be recognized in the interphase nuclei, which were arranged losely at the region of euchromatin, and folded with each other into chromatin masses at the region of heterochromatin, while the chromatin fibers with the diameter of 80-125 nm often could be viewed on the mitotic chromosomes. Since its presence in interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes, it was considered that the chromatin fibers with 80-125 nm in diameter might play a role in the condensation of chromosome, serve as a type of the intermediate structure.     

Immunoelectron microscope localization of Mr 90000 heat shock protein and Mr 70000 heat shock cognate protein in the salivary glands of Chironomus thummi

The Mr 90000 heat shock protein (hsp 90) and one of the Mr 70000 heat shock cognate proteins (hsc 70) were localized by immunoelectron microscopy in salavary gland cells of normal and heat-shocked larvae of Chironomus thummi using polyclonal antibodies raised against Drosophila proteins. Immunoblotting after separation of proteins by gel electrophoresis shows that these antibodies cross-react with the corresponding proteins of Chironomus. Hsp 90 was localized both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, where it is associated with intrachromosomal and extrachromosomal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fibrils, as well as with the peripheral region of compact chromatin. After heat shock the concentration of hsp 90 increases in the nucleus. This increase is prevented by actinomycin D administration during the heat shock. Hsp 90 is associated with the chromatin of puffs repressed by heat shock and with the RNP fibrils of actively transcribing heat shock puffs. Hsc 70 is mainly found in RNP fibrils and in the periphery of compact chromatin. During heat shock the concentration of hsc 70 decreases in the cytoplasm while it becomes more abundant in association with chromatin and intrachromosomal and extrachromosomal RNP fibrils. These results suggest a translocation of the existing protein from the cytoplasm toward the nucleus. They are supported by observations of the effect of heat shock carried out in the presence of actinomycin D.by D.P. Bazett-Jones