印楝愈伤组织开矿及其印楝素含量测定

取印楝不同器官作外植体,研究培养基和继代次数对愈伤组织生长及其印楝素生物合成的影响。印楝的不同器官（根、叶、茎及皮）均能诱导出愈伤组织,这些愈伤组织均有合成印楝素的能力。其中以叶诱导的愈伤组织生长速率及印楝素含量为最高。含有较低铵盐的Ｂ５培养基有利于细胞生长,含有较高铵盐的ＭＳ培养基有利于印楝素积累,不含铵盐的Ｗｈｉｔｅ培养基对两者均不利。愈伤组织继代２－３代,有利于愈伤组织生长和印楝素合成。     

印楝油对印楝素的增效作用和保护作用

印楝油对印楝素具有增效作用,印楝素A和印楝种子石油醚抽提物和印楝种子植物油分别按1：10(m／m)混用处理斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫,共毒系数分别为150．17和226．87,印楝素B和两者混用后的共毒系数分别为166．00和242．18。印楝种子植物油对印楝素具有保护作用,在54℃下热贮7d,印楝油(甲醇：印楝油=9-1,v／v)对印楝素A和印楝素B的保护效果分别为56．96％和50．86％;热贮14d,保护效果分别为26．72％和38．42％。     

印楝素A和印楝素B对棉铃虫生长发育的影响

为了明确印楝素A和印楝素B生物活性的差异,选用印楝素A和印楝素B对棉铃虫生长发育的影响进行了比较研究。结果表明:印楝素A和印楝素B对棉铃虫3龄幼虫具有良好的拒食活性,5μg/mL处理48 h对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的拒食率分别为85.17%和69.02%。分别用含有药剂(1μg/mL)的饲料饲喂棉铃虫5龄幼虫,结果表明:印楝素A和印楝素B能够明显抑制棉铃虫5龄幼虫的体重增长,处理14 d后幼虫的体重分别下降50.28%和43.08%,仅有少量个体化蛹,化蛹率分别为26.67%和13.33%。进一步的羽化结果表明:经印楝素A和印楝素B处理的虫蛹均未能完成羽化。综合各阶段试验结果来看,印楝素A和印楝素B的生物活性存在差异,印楝素B对棉铃虫生长发育的抑制作用高于印楝素A。     

印楝素A与印楝素B对粉纹夜蛾BTI-Tn-5B1-4的细胞毒性

为了明确印楝素A和B活性差异的机理,本研究比较了印楝素A和印楝素B对粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusia ni离体培养胚胎细胞系BTI-Tn-5B1-4的毒性。结果表明：印楝素A与印楝素B对BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞具有良好的增殖抑制活性,处理后3 d,其IC₅₀值分别为2.9 μg/mL和9.85 μg/mL,印楝素A的细胞毒力显著高于印楝素B。倒置显微镜观察发现,印楝素A和印楝素B处理可导致细胞变形,贴壁能力下降,并出现明显空泡,印楝素A的影响明显高于印楝素B。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,印楝素可导致BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞体积显著膨大,印楝素A处理细胞体积增大程度显著高于印楝素B;印楝素可以明显影响BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞膜电位,1.25 μg/mL印楝素A和印楝素B处理后3 d,细胞DiBAC4（3）荧光强度分别增加88.12%和55.37%,印楝素A的影响显著高于印楝素B。荧光显微镜观察发现,印楝素对BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞核具有明显影响,印楝素B的影响明显高于印楝素A,印楝素B处理后,细胞核受损细胞数更多,受损程度更严重。结果显示印楝素A和印楝素B的细胞作用机理存在差异,本研究从细胞学水平解释了印楝素的生长发育抑制作用机理。     

树干注射印楝素的动态研究

本文主要以雪橙Citrus sinensis（um）Osbeckcv．Xue Cheng为研究对象,研究了成年雪橙树对印楝素药液的吸收速率,印楝素注射雪橙树后在雪橙叶片中的富集和消解动态,结果显示：采用药水吸收系数评价雪橙树对印楝索水溶液的吸收速率和日平均吸药量的试验结果表明,雪橙树对印楝素水溶液的吸收速度在不同时间存在明显差异,以14时至15时为吸药量最高点,吸收值为35．8mL／h,该时段也是试验当天最高温度时段。日平均累积吸药量为221．8mL,药水系数为2．98。不同浓度印楝素注射雪橙树后,在叶片中的富集量和消解动态一致。印楝素富集量在注射后9一lO天达到了峰值,注射后56天各注射浓度的雪橙树叶片中仍能检测到印楝素,而印楝素喷雾处理的雪橙树植株的叶片在药后7天即无检测量。     

印楝愈伤组织的化学成分

从印楝（Ａｚａｄｉｒａｃｈｔａ ｉｎｄｉｃａ Ａ．Ｊｕｓｓ）的愈伤组织中,共分离鉴定出５个化合物,经理化性质和波谱分析分别确定为：柳杉酚⑴,豆甾醇⑵,软酯酸－１－甘油酯⑶,豆甾醇－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖甙⑷,豆甾醇－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖甙－６’－十六烷酸酯⑸。     

印楝素乳油对小菜蛾种群的控制作用

通过室内外系统试验探讨了印楝素乳油对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella种群的控制作用。结果表明,其控制作用主要表现在对成虫产卵的显忌避作用。对幼虫的拒食作用以及对生长发育的影响和减少幼虫危害为等方面,印楝素乳油0.005mL/59.0%,使小菜蛾种群趋势指数（I值）降为2.4干扰作用控制指数（IIPC）为0.1079,采用状态空间分析法就印楝素乳油施用后小菜蛾种群数量动态的模拟分析亦表明,其显的控制作用表现在种群发展初期对成虫的忌避作用。     

元谋干热河谷实生印楝人工林产量和品质与叶片养分含量之间的关系

应用临界值浓度法、DRIS图解法和指数法等叶片营养诊断分析方法,研究了元谋干热河谷地区的实生印楝人工林产量和品质与叶片养分含量之间的关系.结果表明:6月份所采集的印楝叶片其养分含量与印楝产量之间存在显著线性相关;获得印楝高产的叶片全N、全P和全K的临界值分别为15.09、1.22和7.68 g·kg-1,相应的最适范围分别为15.09 ～ 22.68、1.22～1.59和7.68 ～9.17 g·kg-1;低产印楝人工林的叶片养分的DRIS图解法和DRIS指数法诊断结果基本一致,它们对N、P、K的需求次序均为P＞N＞K,并且这一结果与当地土壤本底肥分检测结果相印证.此外,叶片养分含量与印楝素含量之间不存在相关性,可能与印楝素本身的遗传因素有关,故不能在印楝实生群体中采用叶片营养诊断技术来进行种仁印楝素含量的诊断分析.     

印楝素对亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长发育的影响

本文报道印楝素对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis Guene幼虫生长发育的抑制作用和引起幼虫各器官的病变症状。用含20ppm印楝素的人工饲料饲喂亚洲玉米螟3—4龄幼虫2天,然后换入正常饲料,可使幼虫期显著延长,最后不能化蛹而死亡。印楝素对幼虫的作用是缓慢的,虫体受药后还可发育一个龄期。处理幼虫的行为失常,取食动作逐渐消失,主要靠消耗体内的水分和脂肪来维持生命。幼虫的胸足变黑,胸部出现褐色斑,这些部位的表皮分层不正常,真皮细胞坏死或自溶。处理幼虫的大脑萎缩,生殖器官和前胸腺肿大,前胸腺细胞膜厚而松散,血淋巴中β-蜕皮酮含量显著降低。从整个中毒症状来看,印楝素可能作用于亚洲玉米螟幼虫的神经和内分泌系统,从而逐渐引起各器官的病变。     

印楝愈伤组织的培养条件及对印楝素含量的影响

由于印楝（ＡｚａｄｉｒａｃｈｔａｉｎｄｉｃａＡ．Ｌｕｓｓ）提取物对农业、仓库和卫生害虫具有明显的拒食、抑制生长发育、忌避、毒杀、内吸和不育等活性,并有高效、低毒、无环境污染、不易引起昆虫抗药性等优点〔１〕,受到人们的关注。但是,它的自然分布有限,我国...     

Embryogenic Callus Formation and Plantlet Regeneration of Piragmites communis

The present paper reports the embryogenic callus formation and plantlet regeneration of Phragmites communis. The results have been obtained as follows: The efficiency of callus induction was much higher, if reed seeds were used as explants. No dedifferentiation was observed by using leaf sheath and leaf blade as explants. The optim, um concentration of sucrose was 4% in medium. VB group and inositol had beneficial effects on callus growth. But yeast extract inhibited callus induction and callus growth markedly. For this inhibited reaction, the higher concentration, the more obviously the callus growth was inhibited. Higher levels of 2,4-D had unfavourable effects on callus growth in callus subculture. The concentration of 2,4-D in dedifferentiation medium had relation to embryogenic callus formation. Embryogenic callus had higher frequency of differentiation for long-term subculture. On the other hand, nonembryogenic callus most often lost their morphogenetic competence. Authors found that the surface structure of the two types of calluses was different by means of observation by scanning electron microscope. The peroxidase and the esterase isoenzyme pat- terns, as well as the soluble protein of both types of calluses were different too.     

芦苇胚性愈伤组织的形成及植株的再生

以芦苇种子为外植体,其愈伤组织的诱导率最高。叶鞘和叶片不发生脱分化。培养基中最合适的蔗糖浓度为4%。维生素 B 类、肌醇对愈伤组织的生长起促进作用。而酵母提取物对愈伤组织的诱导和生长具有明显的抑制作用。这种抑制效应,将随酵母提取物浓度的提高而增大。愈伤组织的继代培养,随培养基中2,4-D 浓度的提高,其平均鲜重明显降低。脱分化培养基中2,4-D 浓度对胚性愈伤组织的诱导形成具有一定的相关性。胚性愈伤组织经30代继代培养依然具有90%的分化频率,只是每块愈伤组织的分化苗数减少。反之,非胚性愈伤组织则完全丧失形态发生的能力。对两类愈伤组织进行扫描电镜的观察,发现其表面结构有很大差异。其过氧化物酶、酯酶同工酶谱以及可溶性蛋白的含量均有明显的差别。     

黄山药愈伤组织的诱导与分化

以黄山药的叶片、茎段和叶柄作外植体,以MS为基本培养基,试验了不同激素组合对愈伤组织诱导的影响,采用正交试验法研究了愈伤组织的分化效果。结果表明,以MS+2,4-D1~2mg/L+6-BA2mg/L培养基对叶片的愈伤组织诱导效果最好,接种12d后初见愈伤组织,20d后可形成大量的愈伤组织,而茎段和叶柄的诱导效果较差。分化试验结果表明,生根率最高可达85.3%,而出芽率最高仅达29.6%。     

Callus formation and plant regeneration in various <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lilium</Emphasis> species and cultivars

Summary In researching the application of genetic transformation to lily breeding, callus formation from cultured explants and plant regeneration from induced calluses were examined in 33 Lilium genotypes, 21 species, three Asiatic hybrids, two LA hybrids, two Longiflorum hybrids, three Oriental hybrids, and two Trumpet hybrids. Seed, bulb scale, leaf, or filament explants were placed on a medium containing 4.1 μM 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram; PIC) and cultured in the dark. After 2 mo., callus formation was observed in 30 genotypes, and a formation frequency of more than 50% was obtained in 24 genotypes. Bulb scale and filament explants showed great ability to form calluses, whereas seeds had poor ability. Most of the induced calluses were yellow and had a nodular appearance. When subcultured onto the same fresh medium, twofold or more increases in callus mass were obtained in 1 mo. for 15 genotypes. Callus lines showing sustained growth 1 yr after the initiation of subculture were examined for their ability to produce shoots on a medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs) and a medium containing 22 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA). Shoot regeneration was observed in all genotypes examined, and a regeneration frequency of over 80% was obtained in 20 genotypes. Initial explants used for callus induction and callus type (nodular or friable) had no effect on shoot regeneration. Most of the regenerated shoots developed into complete plantlets following their transfer to a PGR-free medium.     

Somatic embryogenesis in clonal neem, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Azadirachta indica</Emphasis> A. Juss. and analysis for <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> azadirachtin production

Summary Efficient and highly reproducible induction of somatic embryogenesis was obtained in four out of seven selected clones of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. This was achieved either directly from root and nodal explants or indirectly from callus cultures initiated from leaf explants excised from 1-yr-old axenic plants. Direct induction of somatic embryogenesis was achieved both from nodal and root segments within 8 wk of culture on MS1 medium without growth regulators. However, the addition of 2.3–4.5 μM thidiazuron and 0.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid into the medium were necessary to induce somatic embryogenesis via callus phase from leaf explants. Repetitive embryogenesis was observed within 3–4 wk following transfer of somatic embryos to a plant growth regulator-free medium. When somatic embryos of nodal and root segments were left on the induction medium without subculturing, approximately 15% of the somatic embryos developed into whole plantlets after passing through a series of developmental stages. Plantlets thus produced were hardy, lush green, and acclimatized casily under greenhouse conditions. However, somatic embryos derived from leaf explants showed low conversion rates (<5%). HPLC analysis revealed no detectable levels of azadirachtin in somatic embryos.     

长柄双花木愈伤组织诱导及植株再生

以长柄双花木当年生嫩梢上的叶柄、嫩茎、嫩叶为外植体,对影响长柄双花木愈伤组织诱导和继代、分化主要因素进行研究。结果表明:在培养基MS+NAA0.5mg/L+2,4-D2.0mg/L上,三种外植体均可诱导出愈伤组织,其中叶片愈伤组织诱导率最高。该培养基还可作为愈伤组织继代培养基,但继代培养周期不超过2周。愈伤组织接种在MS+BA2mg/L上分化不定芽,根的诱导在1/2MS+IBA0.5mg/L培养基上进行。     

苦丁茶愈伤组织的诱导与褐变抑制

以叶片为材料,对苦丁茶愈伤组织的诱导,继代培养及褐变调控的研究表明：（１）苦丁茶愈伤组织的诱导及继代培养均以ＭＳ附加ＢＡ ２．０ｍｇＬ＾－１和ＮＡＡ ４．０ｍｇＬ＾－１的培养基效果最好;（２）０．１％的植酸可明显促进愈伤组织生长、抑制褐变,而硫代硫酸钠效果最差;（３）连续培养４０－５０ｄ愈伤组织增长倍数达到最大值;（４）继代２７次以后愈伤组织生长速度开始下降。这些条件为下一步细胞培养生产苦丁茶甙等     

石蒜愈伤组织的诱导及其继代培养

以石蒜鳞茎为外植体,研究了不同激素组合、鳞茎不同部位和不同生长时期等因素对石蒜愈伤组织诱导的影响及其继代培养。结果表明：MS＋2,4-D 1 mg·L~（-1）＋6-BA 1 mg·L~（-1）激素组合能较好的诱导出石蒜愈伤组织,诱导率达61.13%;外植体的选择是石蒜愈伤组织诱导的关键因素,内层鳞茎诱导愈伤组织的效果最好;在一个生长周期中,9、10月的鳞茎作为外植体诱导愈伤组织最佳;MS＋2,4-D 0.5 mg·L~（-1）＋KT 0.5 mg·L~（-1）是愈伤组织较好的继代培养基,继代周期为24～27 d。     

6-BA、NAA和2,4-D不同配比对荠菜愈伤组织诱导、生长及植株再生的影响

以野生荠菜[Capsella bursa-pastoris （L.） Medic]无菌苗为试材,选取下胚轴、子叶、真叶和叶柄作为外植体,研究了不同外植体的出愈情况,不同植物生长调节剂及配比对愈伤组织诱导、继代及植株再生的影响。结果表明：（1）下胚轴作为外植体出愈情况最好,继代后生长快;（2）下胚轴愈伤组织的最适植株再生培养基为MS＋2～3mg·L-16-BA＋0.2~0.6mg·L-1NAA;（3）愈伤组织培养阶段的2,4-D浓度对其植株再生能力有影响。     

激素对樱桃番茄两种外植体诱导再生植株的影响

以 MS为基本培养基 ,附加不同浓度的 6-BA、IAA和 NAA培养樱桃番茄两种外植体以诱导再生植株。结果表明 :含 NAA的 MS+6-BA2 mg/L(单位下同 ) +NAA0 .2培养基诱导的叶片愈伤组织 ,经继续培养无芽的分化 ,含 IAA的 MS+6-BA2 +IAA0 .2培养基诱导的愈伤组织 ,经继续培养诱导芽的分化 ;含 NAA或IAA的 MS+6-BA2 +NAA0 .2和 MS+6-BA2 +IAA0 .2培养基利于下胚轴愈伤组织的诱导 ,而不含生长素的 MS+6-BA1 .0培养基可直接诱导芽的分化。