苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器田间诱捕效应影响因子

苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的果树害虫和检疫对象.本文比较研究了性信息素诱捕器颜色、类型、放置位置、诱芯颜色及诱芯数量等对苹果蠹蛾雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响.结果表明：白色和绿色诱捕器的诱捕量是蓝色的2倍以上,诱捕效果显著优于后者;三角形诱捕器与水瓶式诱捕器的诱捕效果间不存在显著差异;放置在树冠中部的诱捕器诱蛾量是树冠上部的2倍左右,诱捕效果显著优于后者;诱芯颜色及诱芯数量对诱蛾量无显著影响.本研究结果可为苹果蠹蛾的性信息素监测技术提供指导.     

不同口径陷阱诱捕器诱杀梨小食心虫研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是重要的蛀果类害虫之一,目前性信息素广泛应用于梨小食心虫防治,为明确性信息素陷阱诱捕器的诱捕效果,针对开口方式设计四面开口和两面开口两种处理的陷阱诱捕器;针对口径的大小下设计2、3、4、5、6 cm的5种口径的对口瓶陷阱式诱捕器,分别在桃园对梨小食心虫进行诱捕试验,诱捕结果显示两面开口的诱捕器诱捕效果比四面开口的诱捕器效果显著,口径为2 cm和3 cm的陷井式诱捕器诱捕效果最佳,诱捕量显著高于5 cm和6 cm,诱捕量达34.6头/日和20.4头/日。通过试验明确了陷阱诱捕器的最佳诱捕效果的参数,同时为测报及田间大量诱杀的诱捕器使用提供依据,为防控梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器提供标准化参数。     

二化螟性信息素应用技术:笼罩诱捕器和筒形诱捕器

除目前在我国普遍使用的水盆诱捕器 ,本文还介绍了两种诱捕器———笼罩诱捕器和筒形诱捕器。 3种诱捕器的诱蛾效果比较研究表明 :( 1 )笼罩诱捕器中使用铁纱所制的诱笼的诱蛾量较多 ,同时其锥体的锥角以 60°左右为宜 ;( 2 )筒形诱捕器的诱蛾量略高出笼罩诱捕器 ;( 3) 3种诱捕器中 ,水盆诱捕器的诱蛾效果较好 ,筒形诱捕器次之 ,而笼罩诱捕器较差。     

斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱捕器田间应用技术

考查斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)性信息素诱捕器放置高度、间隔距离以及气象因子对性信息素诱集效果的影响。结果表明,放置高度为1m时,性信息素诱捕器易引起斜纹夜蛾的反应,明显优于0.5m和1.5m的诱集效果。诱捕器放置的间隔距离,以25m为诱集效果最佳,与10,15,20及30m的具有显著差异。夜间风向对诱捕器的诱蛾效果具有明显影响,在3个成一列放置的诱捕器中,诱集量最大的是放在上风口位置的诱捕器;同时,与夜间风向平行设置的诱捕器,其诱集量显著高于与夜间风向垂直设置诱捕器的诱集量。     

亚洲玉米螟性诱剂诱捕器诱捕效果研究

研究了不同类型诱捕器、诱捕器悬挂高度及诱捕器颜色对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)的诱捕效果,结果表明,水盆式和三角式两种诱捕器的诱捕效果较好,日均诱蛾量分别为0.7和0.6头,周诱蛾量分别为12.7和10.3头,总诱蛾量分别为46.3和41.3头,均与瓶水式、飞翼式诱捕器的日均诱蛾量、周诱蛾量和总诱蛾量显著差异;三角式诱捕器悬挂在2.5 m和2.0 m处的诱捕效果较好,日均诱蛾最分别为0.7和0.6头,周诱蛾量分别为11.0和10.3头,总诱蛾量分别为43.7头和41.3头.颜色对诱捕器的诱捕效果影响不大,红、白、黄、绿四种不同颜色的三角式诱捕器的13均诱蛾量、周诱蛾量和总诱蛾量均差异不显著.     

性信息素、黑光灯和杨树枝把在棉铃虫成虫监测中的作用

1997年在南疆棉区 3个地点研究了性信息素、黑光灯和杨树枝把对棉铃虫成虫的诱捕效果。试验结果表明 ,性信息素笼罩诱捕器的诱蛾量分别是黑光灯和杨枝把的 9 5和 2 5 4倍 ,性信息素水盆诱捕器的诱蛾量是杨枝把的 1 4 4倍。经统计分析 ,以上倍数随发蛾量的增大有上升趋势 ,即在发蛾量大时性信息素的诱捕效果进一步提高。考虑到笼罩诱捕器的高效、稳定和简易 ,作者希望在我国尽快将其用于进行棉铃虫成虫的标准化监测。     

合成性信息素对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾田间诱捕试验

自亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis雌娥尾端抽提物中检出十四碳醇乙酸酯(14:Ac,Ⅰ),反-12-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(E12-14:Ac,Ⅱ) 及顺-12-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z12-14:Ac,Ⅲ).Ⅱ/Ⅲ为53/47,Ⅰ/(Ⅱ+Ⅲ)为180/100。田间诱捕试验表明,单组份的Ⅱ具有弱的性引诱活性,而单组份的Ⅰ或Ⅲ均不显活性。(Ⅱ+Ⅲ)混合物中,以按天然比例配制的性诱剂活性最高,其平均诱捕量均远高于3头活处女雌蛾。比例偏离天然比的性引诱活性显著下降,天然比的(Ⅱ+Ⅲ)混合物在1×10^-7-1×10^-5克/诱捕器范围内诱捕活性最高,在此剂量范围内未能发现平均诱捕量对剂量的依赖关系。偏离此剂量范围的,诱捕活性急剧下降。剂量高于1×10^-4克/诱捕器时,几乎完全诱不到雄娥。在按天然比配制的(Ⅱ+Ⅲ)混合物中加入少量(5%)的1,平均诱捕量显著下降。随着加入Ⅰ量的增加,平均诱捕量下降愈甚。此外,诱捕率和最高诱捕量均依类似的规律下降。可见Ⅰ虽共存于雌娥性信息素腺体附近的组织中,它实为一种性引诱的抑制剂。     

用性信息素诱捕法防治槐小卷蛾研究

林间试验研究了用合成性信息素（反,反）－8,10－十二碳双烯－1－醇（E8,E10－12,OH）和（反,反）－8,10－十二碳双烯乙酸酯（E8,E10－12,Ac)(2:3)诱捕法防治行道树害虫槐小卷蛾（Cydia trasias Meyrick)的防治效果,诱捕区长500米,宽40米,三角形粘胶诱捕器悬挂在距地面约3m的国槐树侧枝上,诱捕器间距约15m,共悬挂62个诱捕器,对照区长250m,与诱捕区相距400米,防治效果用活雌蛾诱捕器,粘翅活雌蛾交配率以及国槐叶柄和果荚的受害率进行评价,槐小卷蛾一年有3次成虫发生高峰期,雌雄性比接近1：1,在诱捕区内,越冬代,第一代和第二代成虫发生期间分别诱集到雄蛾2268,2149和2342头,在越冬代和第二代成虫发生盛期,诱捕区内活雌蛾诱捕器诱捕雄蛾的数量比对照区明显减少（P＜0．01）,诱捕区内粘翅雌蛾的交配率比对照下降86．0％,在第一代,第二代和第三代幼虫为害盛末期,诱捕区内叶柄及果荚被蛀率分别比对照降低63．51％,68．47％和73．45％（P＜0．01）,试验结果表明,用合成性信息素诱捕法防治槐小卷蛾效果明显,前景广阔。     

小地老虎中国种群性信息素的成分鉴定及田间试验（英文）

研究了小地老虎中国种群的性信息素组分,3日龄处女蛾单腺体性信息素提取物中性信息素的含量非常低。GC和GC-MS分析表明,小地老虎性信息素含有5种成分：顺-7-12碳乙酸酯（A）、顺-9-14碳乙酸酯（B）、顺-11-16碳乙酸酯（C）、顺-5-10碳乙酸酯（D）和顺-8-12碳乙酸酯（E）。它们的含量分别为：（0.245±0.098）、（0.080±0.031）、（0.089±0.03）、(0.085±0.031)和 (0.105±0.065)ng, 这5种物质的百分比分别为40.451±13.66、13.176±5.279、14.943±5.142、14.392±6.10和17.225±9.792,前3种物质的百分比为58.75±9.429、18.91±7.539和22.34±7.209。田间试验表明,性信息素单一组分均未诱到雄蛾,AB以3∶1的比例配成的诱芯对雄蛾有一定的引诱活性,一个诱捕器平均诱捕到2.6头。ABC组分以3∶1∶1的比例配成的诱芯对雄蛾引诱活性显著增强,一个诱捕器平均诱捕量为7.40头,是AB（3∶1）诱芯的2.8倍。诱芯中性信息素的含量对诱蛾活性有明显的影响,在剂量为200 µg时的平均诱捕量最高。     

笋秀夜蛾雄蛾对性信息素化合物的电生理和行为反应

利用气质联用仪对笋秀夜蛾雌蛾性腺体粗提物成分进行了分析比对,通过触角电位(EAG)试验研究了笋秀夜蛾雄成虫对性信息素组分的电生理反应,以Y形嗅觉仪进行了室内和林间的行为生测.结果表明： 雌蛾性腺体粗提物中顺11-十六碳乙酸酯(Z11-16:Ac)和顺11-十六碳烯醇(Z11-16:OH)为笋秀夜蛾性信息素活性组分,性腺粗提物、两种化合物及其混合物均能激发雄蛾明显的EAG反应,且EAG反应值随性信息素组分浓度增加而增加.Z11-16:Ac和Z11-16:OH按57∶43配置成的二元混合物所激发的EAG反应强于同等剂量下的单一组分.室内的行为生测和林间诱捕试验结果与EAG反应基本一致,Z11-16:Ac+Z11-16:OH(57∶43)混合物对雄蛾引诱力最强,在林间单诱捕器(诱芯浓度为10⁴ng·μL^-1)的平均诱捕量达到(48.5±6.7)头.     

Female moths of cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) captured by waterbasin traps baited with synthetic female sex pheromone

Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important pest insects in cotton fields in China. Female moths were captured by waterbasin traps with a synthetic female sex pheromone blend in cotton fields over three years. The blend contained (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal and (Z)‐9‐hexadecenal with a ratio of 97:3. Each pheromone dispenser was impregnated with 2.0 mg of pheromone blend and 0.2 mg of antioxidant dissolved with 0.1 mL of hexane, and there was a control dispenser with a similar amount of antioxidant and solvent only. Waterbasin traps were deployed in three configurations in the fields. ‘A’ was pheromone traps only, ‘B’ was both pheromone and control traps, ‘C’ was control traps only. (i) In four plots of ‘A’, the average weekly female catch was 1.5, and more females were captured by centrally located pheromone traps, (ii) In three plots of ‘Brsquo;, control traps also captured female as well as male moths, but average weekly female catches of control traps was significantly lower than that in pheromone‐baited traps. (iii) There were significant linear relationships between the average weekly female catch and the corresponding layer in pheromone‐baited traps in both ‘A’ and ‘B’ plots, and in quadratic equations in control in ‘B’ plots. (iv) With the increase of the interval of traps, average weekly female catches per trap increased but average weekly female catches per hectare decreased. (v) Among the female moths captured by pheromone traps, 88.3% were mated female moths which each containing 1.46 spermatophores, while in control traps 86.9% of the mated female moths had 0.90 spermatophores. There was a significant difference between the average numbers of spermatophores of mated females in pheromone traps and in controls.     

Effects of phenylacetaldehyde and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate on male response to synthetic sex pheromone in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract  The influence of two synthetic plant volatiles on the number of male Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caught in sex pheromone-baited traps was studied in field plots in Australia. Phenylacetaldehyde and ( Z )-3-hexenyl acetate were combined with synthetic sex pheromone in traps. Generally, most males were captured in traps baited with pheromone alone and more males were captured by the mixture containing ( Z )-3 hexenyl acetate than that containing phenylacetaldehyde. At the three concentrations studied, neither volatile synergised the activity of the pheromone. Traps baited with the plant volatiles alone caught very few moths of either sex.     

Local dispersal of maleHelicoverpa zea

Local dispersal ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) males as they emerged following the F₁ and F₂ generations in dent corn was examined in a 4 km diam. area in South Carolina, USA. Males were marked at artificial nectar feeding stations using RbCl, and recovered in traps baited with a synthetic pheromone. Effects of nocturnal boundary layer winds, crop pattern at the pheromone traps, and crop pattern between the marking area and pheromone traps were examined. Local movement of captured male moths was predominantly downwind in both flights in both years of the study. Crop pattern at the traps had no effect on capture of marked moths. During some flights, flowering crops between the marking area and traps had a negative effect on the number of marked moths captured.     

枫杨枝把在田间对棉铃虫的引诱作用

观察了枫杨枝把和性诱剂在田间对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 的引诱作用。结果表明,枫杨枝把在田间对棉铃虫成虫有较强的引诱作用,所诱雌蛾略多于雄蛾。枫杨枝把上所诱雄蛾量与上把的雌蛾量呈正相关。棉铃虫性诱剂对枫杨枝把的诱蛾作用没有显著的影响。讨论了枫杨枝把在田间引诱棉铃虫的作用。     

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND SYNTHESIS OF THE FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE TEA TUSSOCK MOTH, EUPROCTIS PSEUDOCONSPERSA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIDAE)

Abstract The sex attractant pheromone of the tea tussock moth, a serious economic pest of tea plantations in southern China, has been identified as 10,14-dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate. A synthesis of the racemic form of the pheromone was developed, and traps baited with the synthetic compound at doses of 40–1000 micrograms captured male moths. The synthetic pheromone was as effective as a trap bait as, virgin female moths, or extracts of female moths.     

The circadian rhythm of flight activity of Spodoptera exigua males in response to sex pheromone

In many moths, male attraction to the blend of synthetic sex pheromone releasing continuously in the field shows an apparent circadian rhythm similar to that of locomotion activity. In this study, the daily rhythms of electroantennography (EAG) and behavioral responses to sex pheromone, and the daily rhythms of locomotion activity were measured in male beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The peaks of males trapped by light and sex pheromone were all during the latter part of the night in the field. However, there was no significant variation among time intervals in the EAG responses of male antennae to sex pheromone stimuli. The principal period of locomotion activity under L15:D9 (LD) continued to occur during the scotophase and the subjective scotophase in the day of constant darkness (DD1) and the second of two consecutive days of constant darkness (DD2). The majority of males contacted the sex pheromone source in a wind tunnel during the latter part of the scotophase under LD and the subjective scotophase for DD1 and DD2. There were significant associations between the rhythm of the behavioral response to sex pheromone and locomotion activity. These results suggested that the male's behavioral response to sex pheromone in the beet armyworm could be observed only until locomotion activity of the male occurred at the end of the dark period, despite sex pheromone being released continuously from synthetic pheromone‐baited traps in the field.     

茶黄毒蛾Euproctis pseudoconspersa(Strand)性外激素的分离鉴定和合成(英)

茶黄毒蛾是中国南方茶树上的重要害虫,其性引诱外激素经鉴定为10,14——二甲基十五碳异丁酸酯。本研究发展了一种外消旋式外激素合成法。装有40-1000μg的诱芯能够诱扑雄蛾。合成外激素的引诱性能相当于未交配雌蛾或雌蛾提取物。     

Monitoring grape berry moth (Paralobesia viteana: Lepidoptera) in commercial vineyards using a host plant based synthetic lure

For some Lepidopteran pests, such as the grape berry moth Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), poor correlation between males captured in traps baited with sex pheromone and oviposition activities of female moths has called into question the value of pheromone-based monitoring for these species. As an alternative, we compared the capture of female and male grape berry moth in panel traps baited with synthetic host volatiles with captures of males in pheromone-baited wing traps over two growing seasons in two blocks of grapes in a commercial vineyard in central New York. Lures formulated in hexane to release either 7-component or 13-component host volatile blends captured significantly more male and female grape berry moth on panel traps compared with the numbers captured on panel traps with hexane-only lures. For both sexes over both years, the same or more moths were captured in panel traps along the forest edge compared with the vineyard edge early in the season but this pattern was reversed by mid-season. Male moths captured in pheromone-baited wing traps also displayed this temporal shift in location. There was a significant positive correlation between captured males and females on panel traps although not between females captured on panel traps and males captured in pheromone-baited traps for both years suggesting pheromone traps do not accurately reflect either female or male activity. Male moths captured in pheromone traps indicated a large peak early in each season corresponding to first flight followed by lower and variable numbers that did not clearly indicate second and third flights. Panel trap data, combining males and females, indicated three distinct flights, with some overlap between the second and third flights. Peak numbers of moths captured on panel traps matched well with predictions of a temperature-based phenology model, especially in 2008. Although effective, panel traps baited with synthetic host lures were time consuming to deploy and maintain and captured relatively few moths making them impractical, in the current design, for commercial purposes.     

The development of an improved model trap for monitoring Ephestia cautella

Delta, Covered funnel and Uni-traps containing pheromone used for monitoring male Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) moths were compared in a wind tunnel in moving and still air. The shape and design of the traps and the form of pheromone plume emitted from them determined the moth's latency time, numbers orientating, alighting on the traps and captured. To improve trap design, the visual responses of the moths to rectangles of different colours and sizes and to brown and white stripes, showed that more moths were attracted to darker coloured 6×50 cm vertical rectangles on a white background and to 7.5 mm brown and white stripes. A cylindrical trap containing pheromone incorporating these features captured 90% and 80% of the moths released in the wind tunnel in moving and still air respectively, compared with 70% and 35% for the best commercial traps.     

旋花蛾性信息素成分的鉴定

提取和鉴定了杂草田旋花Convolvulus arvensis的天敌旋花蛾Tyta luctuosa的性信息素主要成分,并应用风洞实验对雄蛾进行了测试。结果表明,腺体提取物和雌蛾求偶时所释放的主要性信息素成分均为2种化合物：顺-9-十四碳烯醛（Z9-14∶Ald）和顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z11-16∶Ald）。腺体提取物中2种化合物的总量在个体间差异很大（22～167 ng）,但二者的比率相对稳定（Z9-14∶Ald/Z11-16∶Ald=0.3±0.15）。雌蛾所释放的性信息素量及比率在个体间也存在差异。每只雌蛾求偶时平均每小时释放94 ng Z9-14∶Ald和45 ng Z11-16∶Ald,平均比率为2.2。风洞实验结果显示,48%的雄蛾可被合成的性信息素混合物（0.4 μg Z9-14∶Ald, 2 μg Z11-16∶Ald）引诱完成逆风飞行并最终触及刺激源,而2种对照组（以求偶期雌蛾或性信息素腺体提取物为刺激源）的引诱率则分别为62%和44%。