冬虫夏草蛋白图谱及干燥条件对超氧化物歧化酶活性影响

本文采用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）和双向电泳（2-DE）技术对3个野生冬虫夏草样本和3个培植冬虫夏草样本进行了比较分析。SDS-PAGE结果显示6个样品的蛋白质分子量主要分布在3-66.4kDa之间,Quantity one软件处理凝胶图谱显示蛋白条带在20-23条之间;采用PDQuest软件对双向电泳图谱处理,共检测到670-936个蛋白点,蛋白质主要分布在等电点为pI 4.5-6、分子量为29.0-66.7kDa和14.3-20.1kDa两个区域。尽管在不同样品之间存在一定程度的蛋白质差异,但是并没有发现野生冬虫夏草和培植冬虫夏草之间有显著差异。以超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力为评价指标对新鲜冬虫夏草以及冷冻干燥、20℃阴干和60℃烘干冬虫夏草样品进行比较,发现新鲜冬虫夏草SOD活力最高,冷冻干燥对冬虫夏草SOD活力的影响小于20℃阴干干燥,60℃烘干干燥对冬虫夏草SOD活力破坏最大,结果表明干燥条件对冬虫夏草SOD活性极其重要。     

壶瓶枣干燥预处理及提取工艺对其多糖得率的影响

本文考察了不同的干燥预处理手段(烘箱干燥和真空冷冻干燥)及减压内部沸腾法中各因素(真空度、温度、液料比和提取时间等)对壶瓶枣多糖及蛋白质得率的影响。实验结果表明:干燥方式对原料枣粉的色差和多糖、蛋白质含量均有显著影响,对含水量无明显影响;真空冷冻干燥所得的枣粉色差小、多糖含量高、蛋白质含量低,综合考虑,选用真空冷冻干燥作为原料预处理手段;减压内部沸腾法最佳工艺参数为体系内温度60℃,液料比50∶1(mL∶g),提取时间30 min,此时外界温度为71℃,真空度为80 kPa,此条件下多糖及蛋白质得率分别为26.05 mg/g和2.14 mg/g;与传统热浸提相比,有效物质多糖得率提高了16.66%。     

不同干燥技术对金银花药用品质的影响

采用真空干燥、冷冻干燥、微波干燥、蒸后烘干、烘干和晒干等6种干燥技术对大白期金银花花蕾外观性状及内在品质的影响进行分析研究.结果表明:(1)微波干燥、蒸后烘干和冷冻干燥所获得的金银花外观品质好;(2)从水溶出物量和醇溶出物量上看,微波干燥、蒸后烘干和晒干技术所获得的溶出物量高;用比色法和HPLC法检测显示,蒸后烘干样品中有效成分———绿原酸、总黄酮含量最高,其次是微波干燥法,而烘干样品中含量最低;(3)不同干燥技术对金银花中营养成分———游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量的影响以及对药用有效成分的影响不同,因此金银花作为药材使用时应选择蒸后烘干技术进行初加工;(4)晒干、冷冻干燥和微波干燥3种干燥方法对金银花挥发油主要组分种类没有产生影响,但相对质量分数仍有明显差异,只有晒干的金银花挥发油中检测出了9,19-环化-羊毛甾烯醇,而微波干燥的样品中维生素E含量最高,挥发油中γ-5-谷甾烯-3-醇、5,2-豆甾二烯-3-醇、菜籽甾醇相对含量较其它方法明显高出很多.因此,蒸后烘干和微波干燥技术可作为规模化干燥加工金银花的最佳方法.     

紫淮山全粉喷雾冷冻干燥工艺及其特性研究

制备高品质的紫淮山全粉,有利于拓宽紫淮山的消费途径和提升产品价值。本文考察了固液比、进料流量和冻结温度对紫淮山全粉水分含量、溶解度和花色苷含量的影响,通过四因素三水平正交试验,优化了紫淮山全粉喷雾冷冻干燥工艺,并对热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、喷雾冷冻干燥这4种干燥方式制备的紫淮山全粉理化特性和抗氧化能力进行了比较。结果表明,紫淮山冷冻喷雾干燥的最佳工艺条件为进料流量25 mL/min、固液比1∶1、冻结温度-30℃,在此条件下得到的紫淮山全粉水分含量为3. 89%、溶解度为23. 12%、花色苷含量为13. 28 mg/100 g。干燥方式对紫淮山全粉的物理性质、营养成分、活性成分和抗氧化能力的影响显著。     

基于GC-IMS比较不同干燥方式对柴达木枸杞中挥发性物质的影响CSCD

柴达木枸杞作为青藏高原特有的中药材之一,为探究不同干燥方式对柴达木枸杞品质以及挥发性成分的影响。本文采用自然阴干、热风烘干、真空冷冻干燥以及微波干燥的方式处理柴达木枸杞鲜果,通过气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用(GC-IMS)法分析枸杞鲜果和各类枸杞干果的挥发性成分的变化,构建挥发性成分的差异谱图,并进行主成分分析。从样品中共鉴别出了52种挥发性有机物质以及部分物质的单体和二聚体,包括醛类、烯醛类、酯类、酮类和醇类等。差异图和主成分分析图表明枸杞干燥后挥发性有机物发生了显著的变化,冷冻干燥后的枸杞中挥发性有机物质的种类和含量与枸杞鲜果较为相近,但与其他干燥方式干燥后的枸杞干果差异较大,而热风烘干和微波干燥后的枸杞干果中挥发性有机物种类非常相似。通过建立一种利用GC-IMS检测分析枸杞中挥发性成分的方法,结果表明与其他干燥方式相比,冷冻干燥法能够有效保留枸杞中的挥发性成分,使枸杞保持较高的品质,该研究结果为后续柴达木枸杞的质量评价和加工提供一定的参考依据。     

硅藻金色奥杜藻色素的HPLC分析与超临界CO2萃取研究

以硅藻金色奥杜藻(Odontella aurita)为实验材料,利用高效液相色谱法分析了其色素组成与含量,采取超临界CO2萃取技术研究了从干藻粉内提取岩藻黄素的条件。结果表明,该藻主要含有岩藻黄素、硅甲藻黄素、β-胡萝卜素、硅藻黄素等类胡萝卜素以及叶绿素a和叶绿素c1,其中岩藻黄素为该藻含量最高的类胡萝卜素。色素的萃取率与压强、温度、夹带剂含量以及萃取时间呈正相关,夹带剂含量对萃取率影响最大,CO2流速的影响最小;与有机溶剂法相比,超临界CO2萃取岩藻黄素效率略低,而更利于岩藻黄素的选择性萃取及分离提纯;岩藻黄素的SFE-CO2适宜条件为压强400 bar、温度50℃、CO2流速0.2 L/min、夹带剂比例10%、萃取时间2～3 h。     

铜藻岩藻黄素提取及纯化工艺研究

为了对岩藻黄素的提取、纯化进行系统研究,进而为高纯度岩藻黄素的工业化生产提供研究基础,筛选了适用于提取铜藻（Sargassum horneri）鲜藻中岩藻黄素的有机溶剂,并通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了最佳的提取溶剂浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比等工艺参数。随后采用硅胶柱层析法进行纯化,并通过单因素实验确定了最佳的硅胶柱床高度、上样量和洗脱流速。最后采用制备液相法对经层析纯化的岩藻黄素进一步纯化。结果表明,有机溶剂萃取的最佳工艺条件为：甲醇浓度90%,提取温度50 ℃,提取时间1 h,料液比1∶10,此条件下岩藻黄素提取率达到(0.258 9±0.003 6) mg·g-1鲜重（FW）［(1.078 8±0.015 0) mg·g-1干重（DW）］。硅胶柱层析的最佳工艺条件为：硅胶柱床高度10 cm,上样量6 g,洗脱流速10 mL·min-1,此条件下岩藻黄素得率为0.176 5 mg·g-1FW（0.735 3 mg·g-1 DW）,纯度为87.01%±0.88%。经制备液相进一步纯化后,岩藻黄素得率为0.127 1 mg·g-1 FW（0.529 4 mg·g-1 DW）,纯度为99.27%±0.22%。研究所用工艺简单,岩藻黄素得率高,为高纯度岩藻黄素的制备提供了实验基础。     

不同处理方法对杨梅叶精油提取得率及成分的影响研究

对比分析了新鲜、阴干、微波干燥、鼓风干燥、真空冷冻干燥5种不同处理方法对荸荠种杨梅叶精油的得率及成分的影响。研究采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取杨梅叶精油,并应用GC-MS技术分离和鉴定了获得的精油的组成成分。结果表明,不同处理方法对杨梅叶精油的得率及成分有较大的影响,精油的得率为鲜叶微波干燥自然阴干鼓风干燥真空冷冻干燥。5种处理方法得到的精油分别鉴定出了33、43、42、39、41个化合物,分别占总量的96. 45%、96. 1%、97. 38%、97. 28%、68. 03%,均以顺-4-环戊烯-1,3-二醇、α-律草烯、(+)-4-庚烯醇、反式石竹烯、环氧化蛇麻烯II、石竹素为主。     

成熟度及干燥方法对刺天茄果实中芦丁与槲皮素含量的影响

目的:探索成熟度及干燥方式刺天茄中芦丁和槲皮素含量变化规律,为确定刺天茄合理采收期及干燥方式提供依据。方法:采用HPLC法测定不同成熟度及干燥方式刺天茄果实中芦丁和槲皮素的含量。结果:新鲜与阴干处理后第Ⅱ成熟度刺天茄果实芦丁和槲皮素含量达到最大值,烘干、微波干燥、晒干等处理以在第Ⅳ成熟度达到最大值。除烘干外,其余各种干燥处理刺天茄果实中芦丁含量最大值均超过鲜果,分别为晒干阴干微波干燥鲜果烘干;槲皮素的顺序为烘干晒干鲜果微波干燥阴干。结论:采用烘干、晒干或微波干燥等加工可选择采集第Ⅳ成熟度果实,鲜果保存或采后阴干处理则可选取第Ⅱ成熟度进行采收;综合比较各干燥方式建议选择晒干处理为宜。     

不同干燥方法对白芍中6种化学成分的影响与评价

研究不同干燥方法对白芍中单萜苷类和酚酸类化学成分的影响,为白芍适宜干燥方法的确定提供依据;采用HPLC同时测定经不同干燥方法制备的样品中4种单萜苷类、2种酚酸类化学成分的含量;利用SPSS软件进行主成分分析,利用主成分得分进行综合评价。结果表明:不同干燥方法所得白芍均能达到2015年版《中国药典》对白芍含量和水分的要求,采用真空冷冻干燥单萜苷类和酚酸类总量最高,为6.248%,热风60℃干燥次之,为6.141%;经主成分分析,不同干燥方法处理的白芍中单萜苷类和酚酸类成分含量综合评分依次为:真空冷冻干燥热风60℃干燥微波干燥远红外干燥晒干热风40℃干燥热风80℃干燥阴干热风100℃干燥。不同干燥方法对白芍中单萜苷类和酚酸类成分有一定的影响。因此,从各成分含量、成本和实用性方面综合分析,热风60℃干燥为白芍适宜的干燥方法。     

红酵母固态发酵类胡萝卜素产物稳定性的研究

探讨了红酵母固态发酵类胡萝卜素产物的干燥及储存方法;比较了真空干燥和鼓风干燥2种方法对固态发酵产物稳定性的影响;考察了光照、空气、储藏温度对固态发酵产物稳定性的影响。结果表明:在相同温度下,真空干燥(5.67±0.58)h比鼓风干燥所需时间短(9.33±0.58)h、类胡萝卜素损失小,效果也较好;光照和空气对其储藏过程中色素稳定性影响很大,30 d后类胡萝卜素损失了53%;培养物烘干后用透明塑料袋真空避光储藏效果显著,6个月后类胡萝卜素只损失19%,不抽真空损失了46%;温度对培养产物中色素稳定性影响不显著;红酵母菌株固态发酵培养产物应选择真空避光室温储藏。     

Cold shock during liquid production increases storage shelf-life of Cryptococcus nodaensis OH 182.9 after air-drying

Fermentation, formulation and drying studies are necessary and important in order to simplify production, transportation, storage and application of biocontrol agents. Air-drying is a convenient and economical drying method for developing microbial biocontrol products. Experiments were designed to determine the effect of temperature shock during liquid cultivation on cell survival of a Fusarium head blight biocontrol agent Cryptococcus nodaensis OH 182.9 after air-drying. OH 182.9 cultures were grown at various temperatures in semi-defined complete liquid media, with cultures grown at 25°C for 48 h serving as the standard control culture condition. Harvested cultures were mixed with 10% diatomaceous earth (DE), vacuum filtered, air dried for 20 h at 60-70% RH, and stored at 4°C. In general, cells grown at 25°C for 20 h followed by cultivation at 15°C for 28 h survived air-drying better than control cells. The survival of cells subjected to heat shock at 31°C generally did not differ from control cells regardless of whether heat shock was applied at the late exponential or early stationary stage of growth. In another experiment designed to optimize the effect of cold temperatures during cultivation on subsequent survival of air-dried cells in DE at 4°C and room temperature (25°C), prolonged (28 h) cold shock at 10 and 15°C after incubation at 25°C for 20 h enhanced the storage stability (shelf-life) of a DE-formulated OH 182.9 product. In greenhouse tests, air-dried cells of OH 182.9 stored for 6 weeks at 4°C maintained a higher biocontrol efficacy than cells stored for 6 weeks at 25°C.     

冻干乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的冻干工艺优化研究

为了研究优化冻干乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的冻干工艺,运用正交试验法L934考察不同冻干参数对该疫苗成品质量的影响,以外观、残余水分、病毒滴度以及热稳定性为直观分析指标,并对病毒滴度进行方差分析。结果显示,主干燥时间和主干燥真空压力对病毒滴度的影响有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。优化的冻干参数为预冻温度-35℃、时间2h;主干燥温度从-35℃升温至-10℃,再由-10℃升温至33℃,总耗时16h,真空压力0.220mbar;二次干燥的温度维持于30℃,真空压力为0.001mbar,终点测试压力无变化时结束。对冻干乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗冻干参数筛选优化后,可得到较佳的冻干曲线,经验证该曲线适用于生产。     

Combined influence of fermentation and drying conditions on survival and metabolic activity of starter and probiotic cultures after low-temperature vacuum drying

The influence of low temperature vacuum drying process parameters on the survival, metabolic activity and residual water content of three different bacterial strains (Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Bifidobacterium lactis) was investigated. Shelf temperature and chamber pressure were varied and optimized by response surface methodology with regard to survival and residual water content. It is shown that the survival rate after low temperature vacuum drying is comparable to that of freeze drying. Based on the optimization experiments the combined influence of fermentation pH and drying process parameters was studied for the most detrimental and the best process condition, respectively. The results show that interactions between process and fermentation conditions have to be taken in account and that these influences are highly strain specific.     

The effects of some storage conditions on viability of Lecanicillium lecanii conidia to whitefly (Homoptera: Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

A study on the survival of Lecanicillium lecanii conidia in storage at room temperature was carried out. Firstly, drying methods of conidia powder were compared. Vacuum-freeze drying (VFD) was more suitable for drying conidia as compared to vacuum drying (VD) at room temperature. Vacuum-freeze drying for 24-h resulted in a water content of 5.4%, and a viability, determined as germination of conidia in 2% glucose solution after16 h, was 90.3% and the infection in greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum was about 94.7% at a dose of 1×10⁸ conidia/mL. Secondly, the factors influencing viability of conidia stored at room temperature were evaluated in the laboratory. Temperature was the most critical factor influencing conidial storage stability, among the tested factors affecting survival of conidia stored at room temperature for 6 months. Both conidial germination and infection of hosts decreased with storage temperature increasing from 15 to 35°C, and at 35°C the survival of stored conidia for 6 months was near zero. The moisture content of the conidial powder was another major factor influencing viability of stored conidia at room temperature. Conidial powder dried to about 5% moisture content showed higher viability than non-dried conidial powder. For the carriers, clay and charcoal were more suitable for storage of L. lecanii conidia at room temperature. At a room temperature of 25°C, L. lecanii conidia which were dried to 5% water content and mixed with clay or charcoal could retain about 50% survival after 6 months' storage.     

Recovery of native protein from potato root water by expanded bed adsorption with amberlite XAD7HP

Potato root water (PRW) contains ～1.5% protein. In this study, expanded bed adsorption (EBA) chromatography with Amberlite XAD7HP resin adsorbent was used to isolate native protein from crude PRW. The optimal pH and ionic strength for potato protein binding onto Amberlite XAD7HP were 5.0 and 20 mmol/L. The EBA-refined proteins were dried by vacuum freeze drying and spray drying at varying outlet temperatures. Results indicated that low temperature spray drying was the most cost effective method with respect to retaining protease inhibitor activities. The dried protein concentrates appeared bright yellow or dark reddish brown, with a total glycoalkaloid content of ～170 μg/g. The protease inhibitor activity was ～400 mg/g and 11 ～ 12 mg/g for trypsin inhibition and chymotrypsin inhibition, respectively. The results presented here suggest that EBA using Amberlite XAD7HP as the adsorbent is a feasible strategy for the direct adsorption of native protein from crude PRW.     

Developmental Changes in Relation to Desiccation Tolerance of Archontophoenix alexandrae (Palmae) Seeds

Germination of Archontophoenix alexandrae seeds and embryos were studied under gradient water content treatments throughout the seed development phases of maturation in 2005 to investigate seed desiccation tolerance and storage characteristics. During the maturation process, seed water content decreased gradually from55 DAF (days after flowering) to 70 DAF, and seeds reached the maximum dry-weight at 90 DAF. Seed germinability appeared after 60 DAF. Seeds germinated with a temperature range from15℃- 40℃ under alternating photoperiod (14 h light, 10 h dark, 12μmol m^{- 2}s ^{- 1} ), while the best germination percentage was obtained between 30℃- 35℃. A maximum germination capacity reached at 70 DAF. However, seed germination was greatly inhibited by light. Desiccation tolerance of seeds and embryos increasedgradually from 55 DAF to 90 DAF and reached the maximum at 90 DAF with a semilethal water content of 0.18 g/g ( seed) and 0.3 g/g ( embryo) respectively. Rapid dehydration maintained higher seed germination percentage than thatof slow dehydration when drying to the same water content. Seeds with without water content treatments failed to germinate after 1 month storage under - 18℃, whereas appropriate desiccation treatment prolonged seed longevity under 4℃, 10℃ and 15℃ storage temperatures. It revealed obviously the recalcitrant characteristics of Archontophoenix alexandrae seeds torage behaviour which are tolerant toward neither deep desiccation nor low temperatures.     

加工方法对黄花蒿提取青蒿素含量的影响

通过对采收后的黄花蒿植株进行适当的处理及干燥温度和贮藏时间对比试验,采用HPLC法测定,探讨提高青蒿素含量的加工新方法。结果表明:整株立式阴晾一定时间后晒干的处理随着阴晾时间的增加青蒿素含量呈抛物线状变化,4～5d最高,达显著水平,之后逐渐下降;随着干燥温度的升高青蒿素含量呈下降趋势,40℃时叶片青蒿素含量较高;随着贮藏时间的延长青蒿素含量逐渐下降,贮藏100 d后下降明显。采收后整株立式阴晾4～5 d后再晒干方法能提高黄花蒿叶片的青蒿素含量。40℃的干燥温度能使叶片中青蒿素含量损耗较少。黄花蒿叶片的保质贮藏时间约90 d。     

不同贮藏温度下大别山五针松花粉活力的变化

大别山五针松( Pinus dabeshanensis C. Y. Cheng et Y. W. Law)为松科( Pinaceae)松属( Pinus Linn.)植物,自然种群数量极少,目前仅发现在安徽省岳西县大王沟海拔900~1300 m阴坡和半阴坡有相对集中的分布,种群规模计200余株,且多为成年个体,林下幼苗极少,自然更新困难,为中国特有珍稀树种之一[1]。大别山五针松常在每年3月份至4月份形成花芽,5月中下旬花粉成熟并散发,花粉具气囊,此时雌球花张开接受传粉,球果翌年9月成熟[2]。据作者近年的调查,大别山五针松种子败育率较高,且种子质量较低,这也是该种类濒危的重要原因之一。     

Metabolism of Klebsiella pneumoniae freeze‐dried cultures for the design of BOD bioassays

Aims: The survival rate of freeze‐dried cultures is not enough information for technological applications of micro‐organisms. There could be serious metabolic/structural damage in the survivors, leading to a delay time that can jeopardize the design of a rapid biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) metabolic‐based bioassay. Therefore, we will study the metabolic activity (as ferricyanide reduction activity) and the survival rate (as colony‐forming units, CFU) of different Klebsiella pneumoniae freeze‐dried cultures looking for stable metabolic conditions after 35 days of storage. Method and Results: Here, we tried several simple freeze‐drying processes of Kl. pneumoniae. Electrochemical measurements of ferrocyanide and survival rates obtained with the different freeze‐dried cultures were used to choose the best freeze‐drying process that leads to a rapid metabolic‐based bioassay. Conclusions: The use of milk plus monosodium glutamate was the best choice to obtain a Kl. pneumoniae freeze‐dried culture with metabolic stable conditions after storage at ?20°C without the need of vacuum storage and ready to use after 20 min of rehydration. We also demonstrate that the viability and the metabolic activity are not always directly correlated. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study shows that the use of this Kl. pneumoniae freeze‐dried culture is appropriate for the design of a rapid BOD bioassay.