贝类派琴虫和折光马尔太虫二重荧光定量PCR方法的建立

根据基因库中派琴虫和折光马尔太虫基因序列,设计了两对特异性引物和两条用不同荧光基团标记的TaqMan探针。对反应条件和试剂浓度进行优化,建立了能够同时检测派琴虫和折光马尔太虫的二重荧光定量PCR方法。该方法对派琴虫和折光马尔太虫的检测敏感性达到40个模板拷贝数;对派琴虫和折光马尔太虫不同浓度模板进行组合,该方法仍可有效地同时检测出这二种原虫。研究建立的派琴虫和折光马尔太虫荧光定量PCR具有特异、敏感、快速、定量和重复性好等优点,可用于临床上派琴虫和折光马尔太虫感染的检测。       

洪湖碘泡虫SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及其应用

洪湖碘泡虫(Myxobolus honghuensis)引起的鲫“喉孢子虫病”严重危害我国异育银鲫养殖。病原丰度是决定病害发生的最重要因素之一, 因此建立洪湖碘泡虫的定量检测方法, 不仅可用于异育银鲫“喉孢子虫病”的早期诊断, 也可应用于养殖系统中洪湖碘泡虫的定量监测, 为该病的暴发风险预警及防控措施的效果评价提供技术手段。研究根据洪湖碘泡虫的ITS基因序列, 设计合成一对特异性引物HHF/R, 建立了洪湖碘泡虫的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR方法, 并对该方法的特异性、灵敏性、重复性及应用性进行了验证。结果显示, 该方法能特异性检测出洪湖碘泡虫, 而与多涅茨尾孢虫、倪李碘泡虫、普洛宁碘泡虫、吴李碘泡虫之间无交叉反应; 最低检测限为3.02×101copies/μL, 灵敏性较常规PCR高出1000倍; 组内和组间重复性试验的变异系数均小于2%。应用该方法可定量检出洪湖碘泡虫全生活史阶段, 包括鱼体内移行发育的前孢子阶段及养殖系统环境, 如池塘水样及底泥样品中分布的洪湖碘泡虫。因此, 所建立的洪湖碘泡虫SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR方法特异性好、灵敏度高、重复性稳定, 可应用于异育银鲫全养殖阶段洪湖碘泡虫的定性、定量监测。     

产气荚膜梭菌实时荧光PCR方法的建立

目的:利用荧光定量PCR技术,建立快速敏感特异的检测产气荚膜梭菌的方法。方法:以产气荚膜梭菌基因为靶序列设计引物和探针,以自产气荚膜梭菌菌株中提取的DNA为模板,优化引物和探针的浓度比,同时验证方法的特异性、敏感性。结果:建立的反应体系在上游引物浓度为0.45μmol/L、下游引物浓度为0.15μmol/L、探针浓度为0.3μmol/L时,具有良好的特异性和敏感性,与创伤弧菌等12种相关细菌均无交叉反应;对纯菌检测的灵敏度低于10 CFU/反应体系。结论:建立的实时荧光PCR方法特异、灵敏、快速,能对战时气性坏疽做出快速准确的报告,实现对这种战时高发疾病的安全、快速和定量检测。     

WSSV和IHHNV二重实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中对虾白斑综合征病毒WSSV(AF369029)和传染性皮下及造血器官坏死病毒IHHNV(AF218226)基因序列,设计了WSSV和IHHNV的两对特异性引物和两条用不同荧光基团标记的TaqMan探针。对反应条件和试剂浓度进行优化,建立了能够同时检测WSSV和IHHNV的二重实时荧光PCR方法。该方法特异性好,对WSSV和IHHNV的检测敏感性分别达到2和20个模板拷贝数;此外抗干扰能力强,对WSSV和IHHNV不同模板浓度进行组合,仍可有效地同时检测这二个病毒。对保存的30份经常规PCR检测仅为WSSV或IHHNV阳性的样品进行二重实时荧光PCR检测,结果都为阳性,其中1份为WSSV和IHHNV混合感染。本研究建立的二重实时荧光PCR方法用于WSSV和IHHNV的检测具有特异、敏感、快速、定量等优点。     

TaqMan探针双重荧光定量PCR同时检测解脲支原体和巨细胞病毒

目的探讨双重荧光定量PCR技术的优化条件,建立基于TaqMan探针技术荧光定量法检测同时检测解脲支原体和巨细胞病毒的新方法。方法分别采用普通定性PCR扩增母婴垂直传播常见的病原体（解脲支原体和巨细胞病毒）测序鉴定,然后分别采用TaqMan探针的单重和双重定量PCR技术对解脲支原体和巨细胞病毒同时定性定量检测。结果解脲支原体和巨细胞病毒单种定性PCR检测均为阳性,TaqMan探针单重和双重定量PCR检测解脲支原体和巨细胞病毒阳性率和特异性均为100％,相同样品TaqMan探针单重、双重定量PCR分别检测的结果符合率100％。结论TaqMan探针双重荧光定量PCR技术可同时检测两种靶分子,结果可靠,应用前景广阔。     

不同DNA抽提方法对普通PCR和实时荧光定量PCR方法检测家蚕微孢子虫的影响

为了优选快速、 灵敏、 特异的家蚕微孢子虫Nosema bombycis分子检测方法和DNA抽提方法, 本文通过对家蚕微孢子虫TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR检测方法和SYBR Green荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立以及反应体系优化, 并与普通PCR方法进行比较; 再采用4种不同DNA抽提方法分别对PCR和实时荧光定量PCR方法检测家蚕微孢子虫悬浮液的效果评价。结果显示: 不经过DNA抽提, 直接将家蚕微孢子虫发芽液进行PCR反应的效果优于其他方法, 检测灵敏度由高到低依次为直接法、 酚/氯仿抽提法、 动物组织DNA试剂盒抽提法和植物组织DNA试剂盒抽提法; TaqMan探针法检测家蚕微孢子虫发芽液的灵敏度和SYBR Green法相近, 达到微孢子10²个/mL, 两者均优于普通PCR方法。实验表明, 直接采用发芽液结合荧光定量PCR方法检测家蚕微孢子虫最为简便、 快速、 灵敏。该研究结果将有助于提高家蚕微粒子病监控技术和检疫能力, 对家蚕微粒子病的检疫和防治具有积极意义。     

选择性富集沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌的共增菌培养基SVV

本研究通过单因素试验和响应面分析试验建立了能够选择性富集沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌的共增菌培养基SVV,采用平板计数法及三重荧光PCR技术验证了SVV的增菌效果。结果表明:SVV能同时富集以不同浓度比例混合的3种目标菌,37oC振荡培养18h后,菌体浓度达到105~108CFU/mL;SVV强烈抑制大部分的非目标菌;用荧光PCR方法检测经过37oC振荡培养18h的10份人工接种样品和608份实际样品,结果表明目标菌在SVV中增殖18h后菌量达到检测限以上,SVV联合荧光PCR检测方法的检出率为4.06%,比传统检测方法(3.78%)高,无假阴性和假阳性。SVV可望应用于水产品中沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌检测前的增菌处理,可简化检测过程,有效克服漏检,提高检出率。     

坏疽病原体快速检测方法的临床应用

目的:利用荧光定量PCR技术,建立一种快速、敏感、特异的检测产气荚膜梭菌的方法,及时用于指导临床治疗。方法:以产气荚膜梭菌16srRNA基因作为靶序列,设计一对特异引物和探针,以伤口分泌物和脓液提取的核酸作为模板,利用已经优化的引物和探针进行PCR反应;同时与细菌培养作比较,验证此方法的快速性、敏感性及特异性。结果:建立的反应体系在上游引物浓度为0.45μmol/L,下游引物浓度为0.15μmol/L,探针浓度为0.3μmol/L时,具有很好的敏感性,与21种其他细菌均无交叉反应,其敏感性为9cfu/反应体系。荧光定量PCR检测结果与细菌培养结果完全一致。结论:所建立的荧光定量PCR方法特异、灵敏、快速,能对产气荚膜梭菌感染做出准确的检测报告,具有对战时高发疾病气性坏疽进行快速和定量检测潜质。     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测施罗氏弧菌(Vibrio shilonii)

【背景】近年来,珊瑚白化事件频有发生,面临着严重衰退。由气候变化引起的珊瑚病原菌快速增殖是导致珊瑚白化的主要因素之一。施罗氏弧菌是枇杷珊瑚的致病菌,能侵入珊瑚虫体内而使珊瑚白化死亡。【目的】优化并建立一种钙黄绿素显色法快速检测珊瑚致病菌施罗氏弧菌的环介导等温扩增(Loop-mediatedisothermalamplificaiton,LAMP)检测技术。【方法】以枇杷珊瑚致病菌施罗氏弧菌为研究对象,针对施罗氏弧菌的rpoD (RNA polymerase subunit D)基因设计6条特异性扩增引物,建立LAMP检测体系并检测其特异性和灵敏度,同时对LAMP法、常规PCR和荧光定量PCR3种检测方法进行比较分析。【结果】供检测的10个样品菌株中,施罗氏弧菌反应结果为阳性,呈亮绿色,其他9株包括阴性对照(灭菌水为模板)反应结果为阴性,呈浅橙黄色;同时,所建立的钙黄绿素-LAMP方法最低检测限度为3.641×10~3 cps/mL,具有与荧光定量PCR等同的灵敏度和准确性,是常规PCR最低检测限度的0.1%;此外,通过模拟野外海水样品检测发现,钙黄绿素-LAMP方法对海水样品中施罗氏弧菌的检测限度可达1.3×10~2 CFU/mL。【结论】建立的钙黄绿素-LAMP检测技术具有很好的特异性、灵敏度和准确性,其操作方法简单、方便,无需昂贵仪器,适用于野外现场珊瑚致病菌施罗氏弧菌的快速检测。     

禽流感和新城疫病毒二重荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

目的：建立二重荧光定量RT-PCR方法,用于禽流感病毒（AIV）和新城疫病毒（NDV）的检测。方法：根据AIV和NDV的基因保守序列,设计了AIV和NDV的2对特异性引物和2条用不同荧光基团标记的TaqMan探针;对反应条件和试剂浓度进行优化,建立了能够同时检测AIV和NDV的Z-重荧光定量RT-PCR方法。结果：所建方法特异性好,对AIV和NDV的检测敏感性均达到2000个模板拷贝数,比常规RT-PCR敏感性高100倍;抗干扰能力强,对AIV和NDV不同模板浓度进行组合,仍可有效地同时检测2种病毒。对保存的AIV或NDV鸡胚尿囊液及临床病料进行二重荧光定量RT-PCR检测,结果尿囊液检测的拷贝数均达到10^10/μL以上,临床病料的拷贝数为2．13x10^8-6．52x10^4／μL。结论：建立了用于检测AIV和NDV的二重荧光定量RT-PCR法,该方法特异、敏感、快速、可定量,对AIV和NDV的防制有重要意义。     

牡蛎单孢子虫环介导等温扩增可视化检测方法的建立

目的:建立基于环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术的单孢子虫可视化检测方法。方法:根据尼氏单孢子虫的小亚基核糖体RNA保守序列,设计一套特异性LAMP引物,对反应条件如温度和试剂浓度进行优化,建立检测牡蛎单孢子虫的LAMP方法。结果:所建立的方法的敏感性可达1 fg,是常规PCR方法的100倍;全部反应可在1 h内完成;可通过肉眼观察颜色,直接判定结果;对其他牡蛎常见病原体的检测结果均为阴性。结论:建立的LAMP方法简便、快速、灵敏、特异,可用于牡蛎单孢子虫感染的快速检测。     

Simultaneous detection and differentiation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Leptospira spp. by multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay

Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira, is one of the most important zoonoses in the world. Several molecular techniques have been developed for detection and differentiation between pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira spp. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and simple assay for specific detection and differentiation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. by multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay using primers and probes targeting Leptospira genus specific 16S ribosomal RNA gene, the pathogen specific lig A/B genes and nonpathogen Leptospira biflexa specific 23S ribosomal RNA gene. Sixteen reference strains of Leptospira spp. including pathogenic and nonpathogenic and ten other negative control bacterial strains were used in the study. While the 16S primers amplified target from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires, the ligA/B and the 23S primers amplified target DNA from pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires, respectively. The multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay detection limit, that is, the sensitivity was found approximately 1 x 10(2) cells/ml for ligA/B gene and 23S ribosomal RNA gene, and 10 cells/ml 16S ribosomal RNA. The reaction efficiencies were 83-105% with decision coefficients of more than 0.99 in all multiplex assays. The multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay yielded negative results with the ten other control bacteria. In conclusion, the developed multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay is highly useful for early diagnosis and differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires in a reaction tube as having high sensitivity and specificity.     

Detection of Minchinia sp., in rock oysters Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778) using DNA probes

Haplosporidian parasites infect various invertebrate hosts including some commercially important shellfish. Haplosporidium nelsoni (along with Perkinsus marinus) has severely affected Eastern oyster production on the eastern seaboard of the United States and flat oyster production in Europe has been severely impacted by Bonamia ostreae. These parasites are also often present at a very low prevalence and there are a variety of morphologically similar species that can be difficult to differentiate during cytological or histological diagnosis hence the need to develop specific tests. Recently, a Minchinia sp. was described affecting rock oysters (Saccostrea cuccullata) in north Western Australia. In this study, two in situ hybridisation (ISH) assays and a PCR assay have been developed and optimised for use in investigating these parasites. The first ISH assay used a 166bp polynucleotide probe while the second used a 30bp oligonucleotide probe. The specificity of each ISH assay was assessed by applying each probe to a variety of haplosporidian (5), a paramyxian (1) or ciliophora (1) parasites. The polynucleotide probe produced strong hybridisation signals against all of the haplosporidian parasites tested (Minchinia sp., Minchinia teredinis, Bonamia roughleyi, H. nelsoni and Haplosporidium costale) while the oligonucleotide probe recognised only the Minchinia sp. Both probes failed to detect the paramyxian (Marteilia sp.) or the Rhynchodid-like ciliate. The PCR assay amplifies a 220bp region and detected Minchinia sp. DNA from 50ng of genomic DNA extracted from the tissues of infected oysters and 10fg of amplified Minchinia sp. DNA. The assay did not react to oysters infected with H. nelsoni or H. costale. The ability of the PCR and oligonucleotide ISH assay to diagnose Minchinia sp. infected oysters was compared to histological examination from a sample of 56 oysters. The PCR assay revealed 26 infections while histological examination detected 14 infections. The oligonucleotide ISH assay detected 29 infections. The oligonucleotide ISH and PCR assays were found to be significantly more sensitive than histology for detecting the parasite.     

Real-time PCR detection of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters: comparison of oligonucleotide primers and probes targeting vvhA

We compared three sets of oligonucleotide primers and two probes designed for Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin A gene (vvhA) for TaqMan-based real-time PCR method enabling specific detection of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. Two of three sets of primers with a probe were specific for the detection of all 81 V. vulnificus isolates by TaqMan PCR. The 25 nonvibrio and 12 other vibrio isolates tested were negative. However, the third set of primers, F-vvh1059 and R-vvh1159, with the P-vvh1109 probe, although positive for all V. vulnificus isolates, also exhibited positive cycle threshold (C(T)) values for other Vibrio spp. Optimization of the TaqMan PCR assay using F-vvh785/R-vvh990 or F-vvh731/R-vvh1113 primers and the P-vvh874 probe detected 1 pg of purified DNA and 10(3) V. vulnificus CFU/ml in pure cultures. The enriched oyster tissue homogenate did not exhibit detectable inhibition to the TaqMan PCR amplification of vvhA. Detection of 3 x 10(3) CFU V. vulnificus, resulting from a 5-h enrichment of an initial inoculum of 1 CFU/g of oyster tissue homogenate, was achieved with F-vvh785/R-vvh990 or F-vvh731/R-vvh1113 primers and P-vvh875 probe. The application of the TaqMan PCR using these primers and probe, exhibited detection of V. vulnificus on 5-h-enriched natural oysters harvested from the Gulf of Mexico. Selection of appropriate primers and a probe on vvhA for TaqMan-PCR-based detection of V. vulnificus in post-harvest-treated oysters would help avoid false-positive results, thus ensuring a steady supply of safe oysters to consumers and reducing V. vulnificus-related illnesses and deaths.     

O1群霍乱弧菌实时荧光定量PCR快速检测方法的建立

目的:建立针对O1群霍乱弧菌的实时荧光定量TaqMan PCR快速检测方法,并进行模拟粪便标本的检测评价。方法:根据O1群霍乱弧菌O抗原编码基因rfb的特异性序列设计引物和TaqMan探针,建立检测O1群霍乱弧菌的实时荧光定量TaqMan PCR快速检测方法,对所建立的方法分别进行实验室内的灵敏度及特异性评价;将O1群霍乱弧菌灭活菌株悬液倍比稀释后与健康成人新鲜粪便混匀,制备成模拟带菌者粪便标本,提取DNA,进行Taq-Man PCR检测,用以评价该方法。结果:建立了快速检测O1群霍乱弧菌的实时荧光定量TaqMan PCR方法,灵敏度为每反应体系104拷贝;该方法对其他14种肠道菌DNA没有扩增;该方法对模拟粪便标本的检测灵敏度为每反应体系102 CFU。结论:建立了一种快速、高效检测O1群霍乱弧菌的荧光定量PCR检测方法,该方法可用于O1群霍乱弧菌临床粪便标本的检测。     

基因芯片技术检测3种肠道病原微生物方法的建立

目的:建立一种运用多重PCR和基因芯片技术检测和鉴定伤寒沙门氏菌、痢疾杆菌和单核细胞增生利斯特菌的方法。方法:分别选取伤寒沙门氏菌染色体ViaB区域中编码调控Vi抗原表达的基因(vipR)、痢疾杆菌编码侵袭质粒抗原H基因(ipaH)和单核细胞增生利斯特菌溶血素基因(hlyA)设计引物和探针,探针3'端进行氨基修饰,下游引物标记荧光素Cy3。在优化的PCR和杂交反应条件下,进行三重PCR扩增,产物与包括3种致病菌特异性探针的基因芯片杂交。在评价基因芯片的特异性和灵敏度之后,对临床样本进行检测。结果:只有3种目的致病菌的PCR产物在相应探针位置出现特异性信号,其他阴性细菌均无信号出现;3种致病菌的检测灵敏度均可达到103CFU/mL;检测30例临床样本的结果与常规细菌学培养结果一致。结论:所建立的可同时检测伤寒沙门氏菌、痢疾杆菌和单核细胞增生利斯特菌的基因芯片方法快速、准确,特异性高,重复性好,为3种肠道致病菌的快速检测和鉴定提供了新方法和新思路。     

应用TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测土拉弗朗西斯菌

目的：利用Roche LightCycler实时定量PCR系统建立一种快速、灵敏、特异的检测土拉弗朗西斯菌的方法。方法：基于TaqMan荧光探针实时定量PCR技术,选择土拉弗朗西斯菌染色体上的特异序列[醇醛酮还原酶（AKR）和外膜蛋白FopA基因]作为检测靶序列,建立土拉弗朗西斯菌实时定量PCR检测方法;评价该检测方法的特异性和灵敏性;采用克隆菌株污染环境土壤来模拟实际样品,评价该检测方法在快速检测与现场检测等实际应用中的表现。结果：优化筛选基因组中的FT-AKR和FT-fopA片段作为检测靶序列,所建立的土拉弗朗西斯菌实时定量PCR检测方法检测克隆菌株质粒的灵敏度均为10个拷贝/每个反应体系;以其他非土拉弗朗西斯菌为模板未出现非特异扩增;模拟环境土壤样品检测灵敏度2个引物对分别为440和960CFU/g土壤;盲测实验结果显示对于灵敏度范围内的阳性样本均能正确识别,并能正确检测出不同浓度的阳性样本。以FT-fopA片段为靶序列的扩增效率不及基于FT-AKR引物对的扩增。结论：基于FT-AKR片段的引物对扩增效率高,检测土拉弗朗西斯菌具有特异、灵敏的特点,对临床诊断、环境污染监测、防治生物突发事件等具有重要意义。