中华绒螯蟹亲蟹的饥饿代谢研究

1998年 10～ 12月 ,对体重为 5 4 .5 9(± 2 .37) g的亲蟹在 2 0 (± 0 .5 )℃温度条件下进行饥饿实验 ,研究了饥饿对中华绒螯蟹亲蟹代谢的影响 .结果表明 ,经过 30d的饥饿处理 ,亲蟹的耗氧率降低为摄食状态的 5 0 .0 % ;CO2 排出率减小为摄食状态的 6 3.4 % ;NH3 N排泄率减小为 5 9.1% .耗氧率和CO2 排出率、NH3 N排泄率的变化差别较大 ,耗氧率的减小可分为 4个阶段 ,而CO2 排出率和NH3 N排泄率的减小仅可分 3个阶段 .与此同时 ,亲蟹的标准代谢水平同样受到饥饿的影响 ,饥饿 30d后 ,由 4 .4 5J·g-1·h-1减小为 2 .36J·g-1·h-1;在饥饿亲蟹的代谢中 ,脂肪消耗最多 ,其次是碳水化合物 .     

盐度与体重对台湾罗非鱼耗氧率的影响

在盐度为淡水、7、14、2 1、2 8和 35的条件下 ,测定了 3个体重组 (1.5 7～ 4.87g ,7.0 7～ 18.2 3g和31.5 0～ 5 2 .41g)的台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率 ,方差分析表明 ,盐度对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率有极显著的影响(P <0 .0 1) .体重范围为 1.5 7～ 18.2 4g时 ,盐度 7实验组的耗氧率最高 ,分别为 0 .41mgO2 ·g-1·h-1(1.5 7～ 4.78g)和 0 .34mgO2 ·g-1·h-1(7.0 7～ 18.2 3g) ,体重范围为 31.5 0～ 5 2 .41g时 ,耗氧率最高值出现在盐度 35组 ,为 0 .30mgO2 ·g-1·h-1.耗氧率最低值也因体重范围的不同而出现在不同的盐度 ,体重范围为1.5 7～ 4.78g时 ,盐度 14组的耗氧率最低 ,为 0 .2 8mgO2 ·g-1·h-1,体重范围在 7.0 7～ 5 2 .41g时 ,耗氧率的最低值均出现在盐度 2 1组 ,其中体重范围 7.0 7～ 18.2 3g的最低值为 0 .2 2mgO2 ·g-1·h ,而体重范围31 5 0～ 5 2 .41g的最低耗氧率为 0 .13mgO2 ·g-1·h-1.协方差分析表明 ,盐度和体重对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率存在极显著的交互作用 (P <0 .0 1) .     

栉孔扇贝耗氧率和排氨率的研究

1999年 4～ 6月 ,采用室内实验生态学方法对栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究 .结果表明 ,在适宜的温度范围内 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率均与温度成正比 ,而与体重呈负相关关系 .在实验室温度 (8～ 2 8℃ )条件下 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率为 0 .48～ 9.0 9mg·g-1·h-1,排氨率为 0 .0 5～ 1 0 1mg·g-1·h-1.其中耗氧率在 2 3℃时达到最高值 ,2 8℃时开始下降 ,而排氨率则呈持续升高趋势 .栉孔扇贝的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢 ,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高约 35 .8%和 75 .9% .     

温度和体重对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饥饿代谢的影响

于1998年9月—12月对均重为3．64、1．69和0．52g三种规格的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹在15、20、25和30℃四种温度条件下的饥饿代谢进行了测定,以探讨体重和温度变化对代谢的影响。结果表明,耗氧率(Ro)和氨氮排泄率(Rs)都随温度升高而增大,随体重增大而减小,其关系式可分别表示为：Ro=0．1309We^0.0490T和Ro=0．4254W^-0.1999;Rs=3．3649e^0.0484T和RN=0．4400W^-2.900不同体重幼蟹在不同温度条件下的饥饿代谢率差异显,饥饿代谢率随体重的增大而减少,随温度升高而增大。同时,体重对能源物质的供能比有较大影响,三种规格的幼蟹,其代谢底物中蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪提供的能量比分别为6．4：41．8：518、6．7：27．8：65．5和7．3：43．8：48．9。     

缺氧胁迫对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)生理代谢的影响

采用苏木精-伊红(H-E)染色的方法,对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)在缺氧(DO2 mg·L-1)胁迫20 d后组织结构进行研究,同时对菲律宾蛤仔在正常充氧(对照组)和缺氧状态下(缺氧组)的耗氧率、排氨率(NH3-N)、CO2排出率和O∶N进行研究,以期了解缺氧条件下菲律宾蛤仔生理代谢特征及其代谢变化规律。结果表明:缺氧胁迫20 d后菲律宾蛤仔组织结构与对照组相比出现差异,缺氧组个体组织中分布有零星的深紫色圆斑点,可能是由于缺氧引起菲律宾蛤仔脂质代谢发生异常,形成脂质沉积;在22℃水温条件下,随着缺氧胁迫时间的推移,缺氧胁迫对菲律宾蛤仔耗氧率、排氨率、CO2排出率影响显著;在缺氧胁迫2 d时,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率、排氨率和CO2排出率呈下降趋势,分别为0.566、0.079和26.236 mg·g-1·h-1,菲律宾蛤仔耗氧率和排氨率在缺氧胁迫2 d达到最低值,而CO2排出率在第20 d达到最低值,为7.422 mg·g-1·h-1,约为对照组的1/2;缺氧组的O∶N比值范围是6.25~12.11,且在缺氧20 d达到最高值,为12.11。由此可知,缺氧胁迫对菲律宾蛤仔的组织结构和生理代谢产生了影响,缺氧组的菲律宾蛤仔组织结构异常、活力下降,生理代谢功能降低,研究结果可为菲律宾蛤仔养殖的科学管理提供依据。     

鼎湖山苗圃和主要森林土壤CO2排放和CH4吸收对模拟N沉降的短期响应

研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区苗圃(幼苗)、马尾松、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林(季风林)土壤CO2排放和CH4吸收的一些特征及其对模拟N沉降增加的响应.结果表明,土壤CO2日(白天)平均排放量的大小顺序为(平均值±标准误)苗圃(258±62mg·m-2·h-1)＞季风林(177±42 mg·m-2·h-1)＞马尾松林(162±39 mg·m-2·h-1)＞混交林(126±30 mg·m-2·h-1).土壤CH4日(白天)平均吸收量的大小顺序为马尾松林(-0.15±0.02 mg·m-2·h-1)＞季风林(-0.08±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1)＞混交林(-0.07±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1)＞苗圃(-0.05±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1).低N(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和中N(100kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理对苗圃、马尾松林和混交林样地土壤CO2日平均排放量的影响均不明显,高N(150 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理对苗圃土壤CO2的日平均排放量也无显著影响,但倍高N(300kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理显著促进苗圃样地土壤CO2的排放.然而,所有N(低N、中N和高N)处理均显著促进季风林土壤CO2日平均排放量,且这种促进作用随N处理水平的升高而增加.N处理显著促进季风林和马尾松林土壤对CH4吸收速率,但对混交林土壤CH4吸收则无明显的影响.在苗圃样地,除倍高N外,N处理对土壤CH4吸收速率也无显著作用,但倍高N处理使苗圃土壤发生功能转变,即从CH4汇转变为CH4源.     

池塘养殖中华绒螯蟹扣蟹附肢自切规律的研究

对中华绒螯蟹扣蟹培育池塘中幼蟹的自切规律进行了调查研究,结果显示:1)池塘养殖幼蟹的自切率较高,达29.2%,但无性别差异;根据体重将幼蟹分成4种规格(大:6~8 g;中:4~6 g;小:2~4 g;极小:0~2 g),就不同规格扣蟹而言,中等规格扣蟹的自切率相对较高,但4者之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)大多数个体自切一条(50%~60%)或2条附肢(25%~35%),自切3个或3个附肢以上的比例较低,自切5条附肢比例仅为2%。3)附肢自切通常发生在幼蟹身体的其中一侧,身体两侧同时自切的概率较低(12%~15%)。4)各肢型受到自切的概率不同,后3对附肢的自切率显著高于第1第2对附肢(P<0.05),自切螯足的概率最低。5)整体上,扣蟹雌雄个体的自切规律基本一致,不存在显著的性别差异(P>0.05)。     

人工湿地对氮、磷的去除效率与动态特征

1999年1月~2003年12月对荣成人工湿地污水处理系统处理效果以及氮、磷去除效果的动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、COD、BOD均有很好的去除效果,出水浓度分别为27·8±6·7、91·0±13·7和23·8±4·6mg·L-1,去除率分别为71·8±8·4%、62·2±10·1%和70·4±9·6%。大肠菌群去除率为99·7%。对NH4+-N和TP去除效果较差,出水浓度分别为11·3±2·6和2·00±0·28mg·L-1,去除率分别为40·6±15·3%和29·6±12·8%。NH4+-N去除效果和季节变化有关,每年7~9月去除效果最佳,1~3月效果最差,去除率分别为50·7±12·4%和23·0±11·6%。TP的去除效果季节性变化不如NH4+-N明显。NH4+-N年平均去除率2001~2003年逐年增加。TP年平均去除率在2001和2002年基本相同,2003年有所降低。     

盐度与体重对台湾红罗非鱼耗氧率的影响

在盐度为淡水、7、14、21、28和35的条件下,测定了3个体重组(1.57～4.87g,7.07～18.23g和31.50～52.41g)的台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率,方差分析表明,盐度对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率有极显著的影响(P＜0.01).体重范围为1.57～18.24g时,盐度7实验组的耗氧率最高,分别为0.41mg O2*g-1*h-1(1.57～4.78g)和0.34mg O2*g-1*h-1(7.07～18.23g),体重范围为31.50～52.41g时,耗氧率最高值出现在盐度35组,为0.30mg O2*g-1*h-1.耗氧率最低值也因体重范围的不同而出现在不同的盐度,体重范围为1.57～4.78g时,盐度14组的耗氧率最低,为0.28mg O2*g-1*h-1,体重范围在7.07～52.41g时, 耗氧率的最低值均出现在盐度21组, 其中体重范围7.07～18.23g的最低值为0.22mg O2*g-1*h,而体重范围31.50～52.41g的最低耗氧率为0.13mg O2*g-1*h-1.协方差分析表明,盐度和体重对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率存在极显著的交互作用(P＜0.01).     

七种捕食性鱼类对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹捕食风险的评估

分别以鲤、鳜、斑点叉尾、黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、大口鲇和乌鳢作为捕食者,以中华绒螯蟹幼蟹作为猎物,在室内水泥池(2.4 m3)进行捕食试验。以日捕获率和日摄食率为指标,评估这些鱼类对幼蟹的捕食作用和危害程度,为提高湖泊幼蟹放流效果、建立蟹—鱼复合的优质高效养殖模式提供科学依据。在幼蟹完全暴露的条件下,经过多次(至少9次)重复的试验(短期1d和长期7d),鳜对不同大小的硬壳和软壳(刚蜕壳的)幼蟹没有任何捕食作用;黄颡鱼对硬壳和软壳幼蟹也没有捕食作用,但还需做进一步观察;虽然鲤、瓦氏黄颡鱼对硬壳蟹的捕获率低,但对软壳的幼蟹有较大的危害性,对幼蟹的日摄食率分别为0.070%、0.012%;大口鲇、斑点叉尾、乌鳢对幼蟹具有较强的捕食能力,对幼蟹的日摄食率分别为0.122%、0.188%和0.284%。根据这些研究结果,可以建议:(1)在池塘和湖泊河蟹养殖中,完全可以将鳜作为套养或混养对象,以期提高养殖效益;(2)在河蟹放养的湖泊,需要抑制乌鳢和大口鲇种群,适当减少鲤和瓦氏黄颡鱼丰度,以期减少这些鱼类的捕食作用,提高幼蟹存活率;(3)在河蟹养殖池塘,不能放养乌鳢、大口鲇、斑点叉尾、瓦氏黄颡鱼和鲤。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.