中华绒螯蟹幼蟹标准代谢的研究

对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的耗氧率、CO2 排出率及NH3-N排泄率进行了测定 ,并研究了幼蟹的能耗率及能源物质的供能比。结果表明 ,体重 ( 2 70± 1 4 0 )g的幼蟹 ,在水温 ( 2 0± 0 5 )℃时 ,耗氧率、CO2 排出率和NH3-N排泄率分别为 ( 0 4 14± 0 0 91)mg·g-1·h-1、( 0 4 76± 0 12 5 )mg·g-1·h-1和 ( 4 179± 1 171) μg·g-1·h-1;标准代谢的蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪提供的能量比为 7 3∶3 8 8∶5 3 9。其耗氧率 (R0 )受水中溶氧水平的影响 ,并与体重(W )呈负相关 (R0 =0 84 0 3W-0 72 6 5)。     

盐度与体重对台湾罗非鱼耗氧率的影响

在盐度为淡水、7、14、2 1、2 8和 35的条件下 ,测定了 3个体重组 (1.5 7～ 4.87g ,7.0 7～ 18.2 3g和31.5 0～ 5 2 .41g)的台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率 ,方差分析表明 ,盐度对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率有极显著的影响(P <0 .0 1) .体重范围为 1.5 7～ 18.2 4g时 ,盐度 7实验组的耗氧率最高 ,分别为 0 .41mgO2 ·g-1·h-1(1.5 7～ 4.78g)和 0 .34mgO2 ·g-1·h-1(7.0 7～ 18.2 3g) ,体重范围为 31.5 0～ 5 2 .41g时 ,耗氧率最高值出现在盐度 35组 ,为 0 .30mgO2 ·g-1·h-1.耗氧率最低值也因体重范围的不同而出现在不同的盐度 ,体重范围为1.5 7～ 4.78g时 ,盐度 14组的耗氧率最低 ,为 0 .2 8mgO2 ·g-1·h-1,体重范围在 7.0 7～ 5 2 .41g时 ,耗氧率的最低值均出现在盐度 2 1组 ,其中体重范围 7.0 7～ 18.2 3g的最低值为 0 .2 2mgO2 ·g-1·h ,而体重范围31 5 0～ 5 2 .41g的最低耗氧率为 0 .13mgO2 ·g-1·h-1.协方差分析表明 ,盐度和体重对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率存在极显著的交互作用 (P <0 .0 1) .     

体质量和水温对太湖秀丽白虾人工驯养子代耗氧率和排氨率的影响

以太湖秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)人工驯养子代为实验样本,实验共设置6个体质量梯度及7个温度梯度,样本体质量范围为(0.12±0.01)～(1.93±0.05)g,实验温度范围为12℃～30℃,研究了体质量及水温对耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明:秀丽白虾耗氧率变幅为0.1497～0.9053mg·g-1·h-1,均值为0.3901mg·g-1·h-1;排氨率变幅为0.0165～0.0866mg·g-1·h-1,均值为0.0379mg·g-1·h-1。体质量、水温及两者的交互效应均对耗氧率和排氨率具有极显著的影响(P0.01)。体质量与耗氧率和排氨率之间的回归关系分别符合幂函数方程Ro=0.3114W-0.2414(r=-0.436)和Rn=0.0307W-0.3007(r=-0.653);水温与耗氧率和排氨率之间的回归关系分别符合指数方程Ro=0.0711e0.0749t(r=0.877)和Rn=0.0113e0.0530t(r=0.747);体质量、水温与耗氧率及排氨率的二元回归方程分别为Ro=0.028T-0.147W-0.053(r=0.948)和Rn=0.002T-0.017W+0.013(r=0.922)。耗氧率和排氨率Q10变幅分别为1.17～4.20和1.15～2.29,均值分别为2.10和1.64。在实验温度范围内,氧氮比均随着水温的上升而增大,变幅为7.42～13.62,均值为10.04。秀丽白虾在低温阶段(12℃～18℃)主要以蛋白质为供能物质,在高温阶段(21℃～30℃)对脂肪的利用有所增加,中等规格个体的脂肪代谢率最高。     

四十里湾栉孔扇贝清滤率、摄食率和吸收效率的现场研究

运用生物沉积法在四十里湾不同海区对栉孔扇贝的生理生态学特征进行了研究。 1龄栉孔扇贝 (4 1 .1± 4.1 mm,软体干重 0 .48± 0 .1 0 g/ ind)清滤率变化范围为 0 .72～ 2 .5 4(平均 1 .2 7) L/ (ind· h)或 1 .65～ 5 .97(平均 2 .61 ) L/ (g· h)。清滤率受 TPM的变化影响不大 ,而摄食率却随 TPM的升高而升高。 2龄扇贝 (软体干重 1 .91± 0 .3 2 g/ ind)清滤率为2 .0 9～ 3 .99(平均 3 .1 0 ) L/ (ind· h)。栉孔扇贝吸收速率与 POM呈正相关关系 ,而与饵料质量 (POM/ TPM)无明显的相关性。1龄扇贝和 2龄扇贝吸收效率没有显著差别 ;扇贝对 POM的吸收效率与 TPM (或 POM)关系不大 ,却与饵料质量呈明显的正相关关系 ;扇贝对 POC、PON和 PP的吸收效率平均分别为 68.9%、64.0 %和 63 .6%。在沿岸养殖海域 ,栉孔扇贝通过大量的滤水摄食以及较高的吸收效率对生态系统的能量流动和物质循环产生影响。     

中华绒螯蟹亲蟹的饥饿代谢研究

1998年 10～ 12月 ,对体重为 5 4 .5 9(± 2 .37) g的亲蟹在 2 0 (± 0 .5 )℃温度条件下进行饥饿实验 ,研究了饥饿对中华绒螯蟹亲蟹代谢的影响 .结果表明 ,经过 30d的饥饿处理 ,亲蟹的耗氧率降低为摄食状态的 5 0 .0 % ;CO2 排出率减小为摄食状态的 6 3.4 % ;NH3 N排泄率减小为 5 9.1% .耗氧率和CO2 排出率、NH3 N排泄率的变化差别较大 ,耗氧率的减小可分为 4个阶段 ,而CO2 排出率和NH3 N排泄率的减小仅可分 3个阶段 .与此同时 ,亲蟹的标准代谢水平同样受到饥饿的影响 ,饥饿 30d后 ,由 4 .4 5J·g-1·h-1减小为 2 .36J·g-1·h-1;在饥饿亲蟹的代谢中 ,脂肪消耗最多 ,其次是碳水化合物 .     

温度和个体大小对单齿螺耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用静水法测定了不同温度、不同个体大小的单齿螺耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明:在16-33℃的实验温度范围内单齿螺的耗氧率(R_O)和排氨率(R_N)与软体部干重(W)都呈负相关,它们之间关系可以分别用幂函数R_O=aW^-b和R_N=a₁W^-b1表示。16～29℃温度范围内单齿螺的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而增加,29℃时耗氧率和排氨率达到最大值,当温度继续升高超过29℃后,耗氧率和排氨率则随温度的升高而下降,耗氧率、排氨率与温度之间呈显著的指数函数关系R_O=ce^dT和R_N=c₁e^d1T;不同个体大小单齿螺的O:N比在16～20℃时较大,Q₁₀取值范围0.56-3.74,平均值为1.64。方差分析表明,温度、软体部干重对单齿螺的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。     

西施舌的耗氧率与排氨率研究

采用室内实验生态学方法研究了不同栖息水温和不同溶解氧水平下处于标准代谢状态的西施舌耗氧率与排氨率,并测定了窒息点.结果表明,在25 ℃时,水中DO≥3.11±0.15 mg·L^-1时,西施舌的耗氧率和排氨率分别为0.7±0.05 mg·g^-1·h^-1和2.56±0.05 μmol·g^-1·h^-1,处于相对稳定状态;当DO低于此值则代谢出现异常,耗氧率随DO下降而下降,直到窒息为止,其窒息点为1.22±0.06 mg·L^-1,而排氨率也呈直线下降,但排氨停止滞后于耗氧停止.耗氧率与栖息水温呈二次线型关系:OCR=-0.0027T²+0.1367T-0.9557,R²=0.972;水温为25.3 ℃时,西施舌的耗氧率达到最大,为0.77 mg·g^-1·h^-1.处于适温状态(15 ℃和20 ℃)的O/N值要高于低温(10 ℃)和高温(25 ℃和30 ℃)时的O/N值,西施舌在适宜条件下更多地依赖于脂肪供能维持标准代谢,而在环境不适时则更多地调用机体的蛋白质来维持生理代谢需要.     

温度对黑鱾幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

本文研究了温度对饱食和饥饿状态下黑纪(Girella melanichthys)幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响.结果表明:在温度为15～30℃范围内,黑纪幼鱼在饱食状态下的耗氧率、饥饿状态下的耗氧率、饱食状态下的排氨率和摄食率均随温度的升高而增加(P＜0.01),30℃时达到最大,温度为32℃时,均下降;在温度为15～32℃范围内,黑鱾幼鱼在饥饿状态下的排氨率随温度升高而增加(P＜0.01),32℃时达到最大.多项指标表明黑纪幼鱼生长适温在30℃左右.     

环境因子对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

运用封闭流水式实验方法研究温度、盐度、pH和流速对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响.实验结果表明,随着温度的升高,耗氧率和排氨率均是先增大后减小,当温度为27℃时,耗氧率和排氨率达最大值,温度对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响显著(P＜0.0l);耗氧率和排氨率随着盐度的升高均出...     

盐度与体重对台湾红罗非鱼耗氧率的影响

在盐度为淡水、7、14、21、28和35的条件下,测定了3个体重组(1.57～4.87g,7.07～18.23g和31.50～52.41g)的台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率,方差分析表明,盐度对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率有极显著的影响(P＜0.01).体重范围为1.57～18.24g时,盐度7实验组的耗氧率最高,分别为0.41mg O2*g-1*h-1(1.57～4.78g)和0.34mg O2*g-1*h-1(7.07～18.23g),体重范围为31.50～52.41g时,耗氧率最高值出现在盐度35组,为0.30mg O2*g-1*h-1.耗氧率最低值也因体重范围的不同而出现在不同的盐度,体重范围为1.57～4.78g时,盐度14组的耗氧率最低,为0.28mg O2*g-1*h-1,体重范围在7.07～52.41g时, 耗氧率的最低值均出现在盐度21组, 其中体重范围7.07～18.23g的最低值为0.22mg O2*g-1*h,而体重范围31.50～52.41g的最低耗氧率为0.13mg O2*g-1*h-1.协方差分析表明,盐度和体重对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率存在极显著的交互作用(P＜0.01).     

The effect of body temperature on the locomotory energetics of lizards

Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and stamina were measured in the lizard Tupinambis nigropunctatus running at sustainable and non-sustainable velocities (v) on a motor-driven treadmill. Three experimental groups were measured: field-fresh animals at body temperature (Tb) = 35 degrees C and laboratory-maintained animals at Tb = 35 and 25 degrees C. Mean preferred Tb was determined to be 35.2 degrees C. At 35 degrees C, field-fresh animals had a greater maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max corr) (4.22 vs 3.60 ml O2 g-0.76h-1) and a greater endurance. The net cost of transport (slope of VO2 on v) did not differ between the groups (= 2.60 ml O2 g-0.76)km-1). Velocity at which VO2max is attained (MAS) is 0.84 km h-1. The respiratory exchange ratio (R) exceeded 1.0 at v above MAS, indicating supplementary anaerobic metabolism. At 25 degrees C, VO2max corr was lower (2.34 ml O2 g-0.76h-1) as was endurance, MAS occurring at 0.5 km h-1. Net cost of transport was not significantly different than at 35 degrees C. The effect of Tb on locomotory costs was analyzed for this lizard and other species. It was concluded that the net cost of transport is temperature independent in all species examined and the total cost of locomotion (VO2 v-1) is temperature dependent in Tupinambis (Q10 = 1.4-2.0) and all other species examined except one. The energetic cost of locomotion [(VO2active-VO2rest)v-1], previously reported to be temperature independent in lizards, is temperature dependent in Tupinambis (Q10 = 1.3-1.6) and in two other species.2r     

Effects of temperature and salinity on nitrogenous excretion by Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles

Excretion rates of ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (3.85+/-0.83 g) were quantified in response to nine different combinations of temperature (24, 28, and 32 degrees C) and salinity (10, 25, and 40 ppt) under laboratory conditions. Results indicated that L. vannamei is ammonotelic, with ammonia-N accounting for 61.9-84.3% of total nitrogen (TN) excretion. There were significant effects of temperature and salinity, but no significant interaction between them, on ammonia-N excretion rate (R(AN)). R(AN) increased with increasing temperature, over the interval 24-32 degrees C. R(AN) was lower at 25 ppt than at 10 and 40 ppt, at all temperatures. DON excretion rate (R(DON)) was not significantly influenced by either temperature or salinity; the overall mean R(DON) was about 5.24 μg-N g -1 h -1. However, the percentages of DON in TN (P(DON)) varied from 15.4 to 36.4% under the various temperature-salinity combinations. P(DON) at 28 and 32 degrees C was significantly lower than at 24 degrees C, and P(DON) at 10 ppt was significantly lower than at 25 and 40 ppt. Only very small amounts of nitrogen were excreted by L. vannamei as nitrite-N and nitrate-N.     

环境因子对细基江蓠繁枝变种氮、磷吸收速率的影响

实验室条件下,研究了光强、酸碱度、温度、盐度对细基江蓠繁枝变种N、P吸收速率的影响.细基江蓠繁枝变种对N的吸收速率在光强为800～2400μmolphoton     

Physiological energetics of the zebra musselDreissena polymorpha in lakes III. Metabolism and net growth efficiency

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the zebra musselDreissena polymorpha from 3 sites in lakes were estimated regularly over the course of 1 1/2 years at ambient temperature. They showed a pronounced annual cycle, when expressed in absolute terms (at standard shell length) and in weight specific terms (at standard tissue weight). The atomic ratio of oxygen consumed to ammonia-N released (O/N ratio) was lowest in late summer at all sites (10 to 20) and highest during winter and spring (50 to > 100). The mean body weight exponent pooled from these sites was 0.78 (95% confidence interval±0.07) for the oxygen consumption rate and 0.80 (confidence interval±0.10) for the ammonia excretion rate. Both oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were significantly correlated with the water temperature at the 2 shallow water sites, where temperature variation was most pronounced. Correlation with seston content or gonad volume were insignificant at these sites. The quotient of filtration capacity to oxygen consumption rate was about 3 times higher at the site with the poorest food conditions compared to the other sites. Net growth efficiency was highly variable; its annual average was 35 to 40 per cent and independent of locality and animal size.     

温度对橄榄蛏蚌耗氧和氨氮排泄的影响

The respiration metabolismand excretion of marinebivalves were studied by different researchers[1—6].Themetabolic rate of bivalves is influenced by a number ofvariables,includingtemperature,body size,oxygen ten-sion,food concentration,reproductive state,activityleveland physiological condition.The excreted metabolites ofbivalves include ammonia,urea,uric acid and others,with ammonia comprising70%of the total excretion.Solenaia oleivorais a proper freshwater bivalve in China.For the consumer it has the follo...     

Oxygen consumption in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following acute exposure to water-borne selenium

Following determination of a concentration of selenate-Se lethal during 24-hr exposures at 22 degrees C, routine oxygen consumption was measured in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to various sublethal concentrations of Se for 24 hr. A median lethal concentration for 24-hr exposures (24-hr LC50) of fathead minnows equalled 82 mg Se/l with 95% fiducial limits of 76-89 mg Se/l. Mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates of minnows exposed to 0, 15, 40 and 60 mg Se/l for 24-hr ranged from 0.43 to 0.49 mg O2/g-1/hr-1 and were not significantly different. These results indicate that acute exposure to Se does not affect oxygen consumption; however, observations during respirometry trials suggest that minnows at the highest Se concentration may have physiologically compensated to maintain oxygen consumption rates.     

Thermoregulation in the meerkat (Suricata suricatta Schreber, 1776)

Tre of the suricates exhibits a marked diurnal rhythm (mean Tre at night 36.3 +/- 0.6 degrees C and 38.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C during the day). Oxygen consumption is lowest at Ta 30-32.5 degrees C (mean 0.365 +/- 0.022 ml O2 g-1 hr-1); this is 42% below the value expected from body mass. At Ta below the TNZ, oxygen uptake rises rapidly, minimal thermal conductance (0.040 ml O2 g-1 h-1 degrees C-1) being 18% above the mass-specific level. Lowest heart rates occur at Ta 30 degrees C (mean 109.6 +/- 9.8 beats min-1) and oxygen pulse is minimal at Ta 30-35 degrees C with 40-45 microliter O2 beat-1. At Ta 15-32.5 degrees C total evaporative water loss is between 0.46-0.63 ml H2O kg-1 hr-1 and increases markedly during heat stress (to a mean of 5.35 ml H2O kg-1 hr-1 at Ta 40 degrees C). This rise of TEWL is mainly attributable to the onset of panting at Ta above 35 degrees C.