猪产仔数性状基因效应与有效基因数的研究

利用太湖猪（Ｐ１）、长白猪（Ｐ２）、杂交一代（Ｆ１）、杂交二代（Ｆ２）、杂交三代（Ｆ３）;和回交一代（Ｂ２）等６个世代产仔数的材料,分析了猪产仔性状的基因效应和基因数。结果表明上位效应不显著,猪产仔数性状符合加性－显性遗传模式,受一个有效基因控制。太湖猪产仔数性状基因加性值比长白猪高１．３９头,太湖猪高产仔数基因对长白猪等位基因呈显性,显性度为０．８１。     

猪产仔数性状基因效应与有效因数的研究

利用太湖猪（Ｐ１）、长白猪（Ｐ２）、杂交一代（Ｆ１）、杂交二代（Ｆ２）、杂交三代（Ｆ２）和回交一代（Ｂ２）等６个世代产仔数的材料,分析了猪产仔性状的基因效应和基因数,结果表明上位效应不显著,猪产仔数性状符合加性－显性遗传模式,受一个有效基因控制。太湖猪产仔数性状基因加性值比长白猪高１．３９头,太湖猪高产仔在因对长白猪等位基因呈显性,显性度为０．８１。     

雄性核不育水稻育性转换的光周期效应指数值（PE）和温度效应指数值（T …

对比考察了农垦５８ｓ与７００１ｓ、８９０２ｓ与培矮６４ｓ及８９０２ｓ与安农Ｓ－１等３个光（温）敏核不育水稻杂交组合的双亲、Ｆ１、Ｂ１、Ｂ２和Ｆ２世代的样本及每一个体的ＰＥ和ＴＥ的变异。无论双亲核不育基因的等位程序及栽培环境的光、温周期如何,在多数情况下都显示了如下的规律：（１）后代样本ＰＥ、ＴＥ的大小虽然形形色色,但都取决于其双亲。Ｆ１表示完全显性甚至超显性。（２）Ｆ２个体的ＰＥ或Ｔ３,尤其同一个     

棉花矮化突变体的遗传分析

陆地棉科遗２号×中棉完紫的种间杂交衍生后代群体中分离出一株矮秆小叶突变体,经多年选择育成了矮早棉１号。在北京气候条件下,矮早棉１号成熟时,株高只有４５ｃｍ,不到正常陆地棉的１／２。遗传分析揭示矮早棉１号的矮化早熟特性系由两对隐性基因控制,其基因符号定名为ｄ_１和ｄ_２,矮早棉１号为双隐性纯合子,基因型为ｄ_１ｄ_１ｄ_２ｄ_２。正常陆地棉ＴＭ－１、中棉所１２及中棉所１６均为显性纯合子,基因型为Ｄ_１Ｄ_１Ｄ_２Ｄ_２。控制棉花株高的两对基因Ｄ_１／ｄ_１和Ｄ_２／ｄ_２间表现重叠作用。矮早棉１号在棉花早熟育种中有重要价值。     

大豆短叶柄性状的遗传分析

２个短叶柄遗传材料ＮＪ９０Ｌ１ＳＰ及Ｄ７６１６０９与长叶柄品种（系）杂交的９个组合的后代分离结果表明：（１）新发现的突变体ＮＪ９０Ｌ１ＳＰ的短叶柄与不正常叶枕两性状之间为一因多效,受２对隐性重叠基因控制;（２）由美国引进的Ｄ７６１６０９的短叶柄性状受２对隐性重叠基因控制;（３）ＮＪ９０Ｌ１ＳＰ与Ｄ７６１６０９短叶柄性状的遗传控制不同,叶柄长度至少受两两重叠的４对基因控制。     

数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传分析中鉴定多基因存在的IECM算法

为了进行２对主基因＋多基因混合遗传分析中的主基因存在的鉴定和多基因存在的鉴定以及多世代的联合遗传分析的分布参数估计,在ＥＣＭ算法和剖分成分分布方差为主基因变异组分、多基因变异组分和误差变异组分三部分基础上,提出了计算简便的迭代ＥＣＭ算法,简称ＩＥＣＭ算法,以利用 Ｐ_１、Ｆ_１、Ｐ_２和 Ｆ_（２：３）家系世代鉴定多基因存在为例阐明该算法．它的 ＣＭ步包含迭代ＣＭ_１、迭代ＣＭ_２和迭代ＣＭ_３步,在固定其它参数的情况下分别求分布平均数、多基因方差组分和误差方差的极大似然估计．通过１１３８－２ｘ邳县天鹅蛋杂交组合的Ｐ_１、Ｐ_２、Ｆ_１和Ｆ_（２：３）家系群体研究了大豆豆秆黑潜蝇的遗传规律．结果表明,它受 １对主基因的控制并有多基因的修饰．     

大豆花叶病的抗性遗传──Ⅰ．几个引用抗原对东北大豆花叶病毒二号株系的抗性遗传

本文通过１２个（抗×感）杂交组合Ｆ＿１、Ｆ＿２、回交ＣＦ１和基因等位性测交组合Ｆ＿１、Ｆ＿２群体对东北大豆花叶病毒２号株系抗性的分析,明确了４个引用抗原的抗性水平及应用价值。鲁豆４和跃进４抗原的抗性为两对具有抑制作用的显性基因控制,抗、感分离比例为１３：３;徐豆２和辽８１－５０１７抗原的抗性为两对显性互补基因控制,抗、感分离比例为９：７,但在其杂交后代中易出现大量顶枯株。等位性测验表明：吉林２１和跃进４、鲁豆４的抗病基因不在同一座位,并且独立遗传。跃进４和鲁豆４抗原有亲缘关系。     

Z6／陕7859胚培养再生植株的细胞遗传学研究与易位系选育

二体附加系Ｚ６携带抗大麦黄矮病毒病基因,为了将其抗性导入小麦,将Ｚ６与普通小麦陕７８５９杂交,杂种Ｆ１经幼胚培养诱导形成再生植株,对再生植株及后代进行抗性鉴定,农艺性状考察及对ＳＣ２部分抗病植株花粉母细胞减数分裂期染色体行为进行了观察。结果表明,（１）ＳＣ２不同单株间存在染色体数目,结构的变异。（２）同一再生植株后代的不同单株,染色体数目可能相同,但染色体组成及减数分裂期行为可心不同,致使后代抗性     

雄性核不育水稻育性转换的光周期效应指数值(PE)和温度效应指数值(TE)的遗传性初步研究

对比考察了农垦５８ｓ与７００１ｓ、８９０２ｓ与培矮６４ｓ及８９０２ｓ与安农Ｓ１等３个光（温）敏核不育水稻杂交组合的双亲、Ｆ１、Ｂ１、Ｂ２和Ｆ２世代的样本及每一个体的ＰＥ和ＴＥ的变异。无论双亲核不育基因的等位程度及栽培环境的光、温周期如何,在多数情况下都显示了如下的规律：（１）后代样本ＰＥ、ＴＥ的大小虽然形形色色,但都取决于其双亲。Ｆ１表示完全显性甚至超显性。（２）Ｆ２个体的ＰＥ或ＴＥ、尤其同一个体ＰＥ与ＴＥ的集成类型发生有规律的分离和超亲分离,产生形形色色的育性转换类型。在纯粹由雄性不育个体组成的Ｆ２不育分样本中也发生同样分离。（３）ＰＥ或ＴＥ的广义遗传力的估值都大于５０％。据此推断ＰＥ、ＴＥ是两个可遗传并可供选择的独立性状;并对育性转换现象的遗传机制也进行了讨论。     

籼稻品种地谷抗稻瘟病基因的遗传

籼稻地谷是我国杂效裟育种上重要的稻瘟病抗源之一。利用我国稻区的稻瘟病菌系ＺＢ１３和ＺＢ１５对地谷与感病品种江南香糯的杂效Ｆ１、Ｆ２和Ｂ１Ｆ１群体,以及地谷与感病品种丽江新团黑谷、冈４６Ｂ和８９８７的Ｆ２群体进行接种鉴定,根据抗病性的分离确认地谷对ＺＢ１３和ＺＢ１５的抗性受显性基因控制。利用菌系ＺＢ１３接种地谷和１０个具有已知抗病基因的鉴别品种及其杂交Ｆ１和Ｆ２群体,进一步证明了地谷的抗温性受１对显     

Reactivity of anti-human milk fat globule antibodies with synthetic peptides

The nucleotide sequence of partial cDNA clones coding for the core protein of a human polymorphic epithelial mucin has recently been obtained, this mucin consists of a highly conserved 60 bp tandem repeat and the amino acids commonly found are PDTRPAPGSTAPPAHGVTSA. We synthesized three peptides, 1) P1.24 containing the 20 amino acids and four amino acids (PDTR) of the adjoining repeat; 2) P1.15 consisting of the first fifteen (PDTRPAPGSTAPPAH) and P1.09 the second nine amino acids (GVTSAPDTR) of peptide P1.24. The reactivities of the synthetic peptides with mAb known to react with breast cancer (BC1, BC2, BC3, HMFG-1, 3E1.2, and RCC-1) were studied. The synthetic peptide, P1.24, corresponding to the antigenic sequence predicted from the tandem repeat reacted with antibodies BC1, BC2, and BC3 (known to react with human milk mucin and mucin expressed in breast cancer) and the antibody HMFG-1 which was used to select the cDNA clones. In addition, the epitopes recognized by BC1, BC2, and BC3 appear to be in the same region of the molecule represented by their reactions with the nine amino acids in peptide P1.09 (GVTSAPDTR). By contrast, other antibodies such as 3E1.2 which reacts only weakly with components of human milk, and RCC-1 that detects a low Mr component (95 kDa) in breast cancer, had no specific reaction with the synthetic peptides, indicating that their epitopes are distinct from those of BC1, BC2, BC3, and HMFG-1. Inasmuch as the antibodies HMFG-1, BC1, BC2, and BC3 react with the fully processed milk mucin, it is likely that some of the peptide is exposed, even in the fully glycosylated molecule. Identification of the different epitopes could lead to the development of "second generation" mAb with enhanced specificity for breast carcinoma using the appropriate synthetic peptides as immunogens.     

小偃6号背景下黑麦遗传物质的荧光原位杂交分析

利用普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)“小偃6号”与黑麦(Secale cereale L.)品种“德国白粒”杂交,选育出“小偃6号”类型带有黑麦性状的种质材料。应用总基因组原位杂交(GISH)进行检测,在8份材料中探测到黑麦染色质的存在,其中附加系3个,代换系1个,易位系4个;进一步用荧光绿标记探针pSc119.2及荧光红标记探针pAs1的双色荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术,对其中部分品系的染色体组成进行分析鉴定,结果表明:易位系BC116-1是1RS/1BL小麦/黑麦易位系,BC152-1是涉及一条1B染色体的1RS/1BL易位系, 代换系BC97-2是2R(2D)二体代换系;附加系BC122-3附加了一条6R黑麦染色体,一条6B染色体的长臂缺失。同时,对连续的总基因组原位杂交和双色荧光原位杂交技术在小麦育种中的应用进行了讨论。     

Identification of essentially derived varieties with molecular markers: an approach based on statistical test theory and computer simulations

Genetic similarities (GS) based on molecular markers have been proposed as a tool for identification of essentially derived varieties (EDVs). Nevertheless, scientifically reliable criteria for discrimination of EDVs and independently derived varieties with GS estimates are scanty, and implementation into practical breeding has not yet taken place. Our objectives were to (1) assess the influence of chromosome number and length, marker density, and distribution, as well as the degree of polymorphism between the parental inbreds on the distribution of GS between parental inbreds and their progenies [GS(P1,O)] derived from F2 and different backcross populations and (2) evaluate these factors with regard to the power for distinguishing F2- versus BC1- and BC1- versus BC2-derived lines with molecular markers. We developed an approach based on statistical test theory for the identification of EDVs with molecular markers. Standard deviations and overlaps of distributions of GS(P1,O) of F2-, BC1-, and BC2-derived lines were smaller with (1) increasing chromosome number and length, (2) increasing marker density, and (3) uniformly instead of randomly distributed markers, approaching a lower boundary determined by the genetic parameters. The degree of polymorphism between the parental inbreds influenced the power only if the remaining number of polymorphic markers was low. Furthermore, suggestions are made for (1) determining the number of markers required to ascertain a given power and (2) EDV identification procedures.     

The inheritance of seed color in a resynthesizedBrassica napus line No. 2127-17 including a new epistatic locus

Yellow seed is an important trait inBrassica napus. To know the genet ic basis of yellow seed color inBrassica napus, we carried out genetic studies by using conventional genetics analyses. The conventional genetics was studied in generations (F1 F2 reciprocal F2, BC1, and F23) ofB. napus derived from crosses between a yellow-seeded (No. 2127-17) and nine different black-seeded parents. The results indicated that seed color was mainly controlled by the maternal genotype but influenced by the interact ion between the maternal and endosperm and/or embryonic genotypes. In the combinations which included black-seeded lines SW0780, 94560, 94545 and 1141B, the yellow seed is partially dominant over black with two or three dominance epistasis ratio. A dominant yellow-seeded gene Y which exhibits epistatic effects on the two independent dominant black-seeded genes B and C was ident ified in DH line No. 2127-17. These observations are in agreement with our previous reports. But in the rests, including the crosses with HS No.4, HS No. 3, XY No. 15, 94570 and ZS No. 10, the black seed color was dominant over yellow seed color. The inheritance of this trait in the segregating populations fits the model of a digenic dominance epistasis or triplicate dominance epistasis. A new locus was identified and designated as D: the dominant gene D for black seed color inhibits the dominant gene Y. Therefore, in combination with the Y, B and C, we found that the seed color was influenced by at least four genes. Identifying seed color genes and defining their inheritance should further our understanding of yellow seed color trait and facilitate development of new and better yellow-seeded cult ivars ofBrassics napus.     

分子标记辅助选择改良蜀恢527对白叶枯病的抗性

以含抗性基因Xa2 1和Xa4的抗白叶枯病近等基因系IRBB6 0为供体亲本 ,以不抗白叶枯病强恢复系蜀恢5 2 7为轮回受体亲本 ,连续回交 3代 ,自交 1代 ,在分离世代用分别与Xa2 1和Xa4紧密连锁的标记pTA2 48和MP12对目标基因Xa2 1和Xa4进行辅助选择 ,直至BC3F2 。在BC3F2 中选出株型、粒型、播抽期等农艺性状与蜀恢 5 2 7相似且pTA2 48和MP12的扩增带型纯合的 10个单株 ,用 10 0个RAPD和 12 0对SSR引物进行背景选择 ,决选出 5个单株 ,作为改良的蜀恢 5 2 7。抗性分析表明 ,这些改良的蜀恢 5 2 7株系对我国菌系CⅠ CⅦ和来自菲律宾的P1 和P6 均表现抗性 ,说明抗性基因已成功导入蜀恢 5 2 7中并表达。同时对pTA2 48和MP12在亲本间的多态性和选择的准确性也进行了分析 ,结果显示这两个标记在亲本间的多态性明显 ,共显性 ;选择的准确率分别在 97%和 83%以上 ,可以用其进行标记辅助选择。     

Genetics of promiscuous nodulation in soybean: nodule dry weight and leaf color score

The symbiotic relationship between the soybean plant and rhizobium results in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N(2)) in the root nodules, with the result that nitrogenous fertilization of the soybean is unnecessary. The effectiveness of nodule formation and N(2) fixation with rhizobial strains is under genetic control with two general categories identified: (1) promiscuous, which produces functional nodules with cowpea-type rhizobial strains; and (2) nonpromiscuous, which forms no or nonfunctional nodules with these strains. The segregation pattern of this promiscuity trait was studied using nodule dry weight (NDW) and leaf color score (LCS) as indicators of N(2) fixation effectiveness. Individual plants in each of six populations [P(1) = nonpromiscuous, P(2) = promiscuous, F(1) = P(1) x P(2) (and the reciprocal cross), BC(1)(P(1)) = F(1) (female) x P(1), BC(1)(P(2)) = F(1) (female) x P(2), F(2)] were scored for these characters after inoculation with a rhizobial strain that would distinguish between both types. For NDW, nonpromiscuity was found to be partially dominant (h/d = 0.37), controlled by four loci. For LCS, nonpromiscuity was shown to be almost completely dominant (h/d = 0.74), controlled by two loci. LCS was a more meaningful estimate of N(2) fixation because it represented the total effectiveness of nodulation to provide nitrogen for the plant.     

小麦农家品种大籽糙抗条锈性的遗传分析

以抗条锈病的农家品种大籽糙作父本、感病品种铭贤169作母本杂交获得F1代杂交种,F1代植株自交获得F2代种子,F1代植株与铭贤169回交获得 BC1代种子。在人工控制条件下,用我国小麦条锈菌优势小种条中28号和条中32号,分别对F1、F2、BC1代及其亲本的幼苗进行人工接种,研究了它们的抗性表现和杂交后代中抗条锈性的分离情况。结果表明,大籽糙对条中32号小种的抗性由一对隐性基因控制;对条中28号小种的抗性由一对显性基因和一对隐性基因的互补作用控制。 Abstract:Dazicao,a native wheat variety with stripe rust resistance from Henan,China,was crossed with susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169 as the female parent.The F1 progeny was selfed to produce F2 progeny and backcrossed with Mingxian 169 to produce BC1 progeny.In air-conditioned greenhouse,seedlings of the F1,F2,BC1 progenies and their parents were inoculated with the prevalent races CY28 and CY32 of Puccinia striiformis respectively.The phenotypes of the F1,F2 and BC1 plants were analyzed for resistance to the two races.The results indicated that the resistance in the Dazicao to race CY32 was controlled by one recessive gene,and the resistance to race CY28 by complementary action of one dominant gene and one recessive gene.     

In vitro shoot regeneration from leaf mesophyll protoplasts of hybrid poplar (Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii)

Summary Protoplasts were isolated from leaf mesophyll of hybrid poplar (Populus nigra X P. maximowiczii) with a mean yield of 10.4 x 10⁶ protoplasts per g fresh weight using 2.0% Cellulase Onozuka R-10, 0.8% Macerozyme R-10, 1.2% Hemicellulase, 2.0% Driselase, and 0.05% Pectolyase Y-23 with CPW salts solution containing 0.6 M mannitol, 0.002 M DTT, 3 mM MES at pH 5.6. A liquid plating method produced the highest frequency of dividing protoplasts (48.6%) using an MS medium without NH₄NO₃. The highest percent of colony formation was 22.8%, produced with fabric supported semi-solid (0.5% w/v) agar plating method using the same culture medium. Growing cell colonies and/or micro-calli were transferred to a fresh semisolid agar medium containing 0.44 M BAP and 9.0 M 2,4-D. Multiple shoots were produced from protoplast-derived callus after culture on MS medium containing 6.8 M zeatin. After root induction on half-strength MS medium that lacked growth regulators, shoots were transferred to pots containing artificial soil mix.Abbreviations CPW Cell and Potoplast Wash solution - LPM Liquid Plating Method - LDM Liquid Drop Method - HDM Hanging Drop Method - FSPM Fabric supported Semi-solid agar Plating Method - DTT Dithiothreitol - MES 2-(N-morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid - BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid - NAA -naphthalene acetic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962)     

Isolation of three dormancy QTLs as Mendelian factors in rice

Seed dormancy is a key adaptive trait under polygenic control in many plants. We introduced the chromosomal regions containing the dormancy QTLs qSD1, qSD7-1, and qSD12 from an accession of weedy rice into a nondormant genetic background to examine component genetic effects and their interactions with time of afterripening (DAR). A BC4F2 plant, which was heterozygous for the three loci, was selected to develop the BC4F3 population. Single point analysis detected only qSD7-1 and qSD12 (R2 = 38-72%) at 10, 30, and 50 DAR in the population. However, multiple linear regression analysis detected genetic effects of the three QTLs and their trigenic epistasis, an environmental effect of DAR (E), and interactions of E with qSD12 and with the qSD1 x qSD7-1 and qSD7-1 x qSD12 epistases. The linear model demonstrates that QTL main effects varied with DAR, and that some epistasis or epistasis-by-DAR interactions partially counteract the main effects. The three QTLs were isolated as single Mendelian factors from the BC4F3 population and estimated for component genic effects based on the BC4F4 populations. Isolation improved estimation of the qSD1 effect and confirmed the major effect of qSD12. The qSD1 and qSD12 loci displayed a gene-additive effect. The qSD7-1, which was further narrowed to a chromosomal region encompassing the red pericarp color gene Rc, displayed gene additive and dominant effects.