谷子抽穗期与农艺性状的相关与回归分析

抽穗期是农作物的重要性状,决定着作物的地区和季节适应性。明确不同谷子品种适合的种植区域,对生产实践具有重要意义。在海南、洛阳、吉林3个地区连续2年调查了160份谷子资源的抽穗期、株高、穗长、穗重等9个主要性状。相关性分析发现3个地区抽穗期与千粒重均呈负相关,而在海南、洛阳2个地区抽穗期与株高、叶片数、穗长、穗粗、穗重、穗码数、穗粒重均呈正相关,吉林地区抽穗期与穗粒重呈负相关,说明随着抽穗期的适当延长,谷子主要通过增加子粒数目提高产量,而抽穗期过度推迟,则可能导致产量潜力下降;方差分析表明,3个地区抽穗期对千粒重、株高、叶片数、穗长、穗粗、穗重、穗粒重、穗码数均有显著影响(P<0.05)。在海南,随着抽穗期的延长穗粒重递增,抽穗期40 d以上品种穗粒重最大;在洛阳,抽穗期50～60 d的品种穗粒重最高;在吉林,抽穗期70～80 d的品种穗粒重最高。求得每个品种在3个地区的穗粒重均值,以此为依据筛选出53份广生态适应性品种,在3个地区成功建立了叶片数、株高、穗码数对抽穗期的最佳回归方程。本研究表明一定抽穗期范围内谷子主要通过增加穗粒数而不是千粒重来实现增产,筛选出的广生态适应性谷子资源以及建立的回归方程为开展广适应育种、利用抽穗期信息对叶片数、株高、穗码数进行准确选择奠定了基础。     

不同光周期条件下谷子农艺性状的光周期敏感性评价

本研究连续2年在海南和洛阳两个不同日照长度的生态区调查了156份谷子材料的株高、叶片数、抽穗期、穗长、穗粗、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重、千粒重9个主要农艺性状,通过9个性状的相对光周期敏感度比较分析、构建光周期敏感性综合评价指标D值对各性状进行回归分析两种方法评价9个性状的光周期敏感性,筛选能够准确反映谷子光周期敏感性的指标性状,为开展谷子光周期敏感性遗传学分析、光周期敏感性相关基因的定位奠定基础。结果表明:光周期相对敏感度排列顺序为:穗码数抽穗期穗长株高叶片数穗粒重;各个农艺性状对光周期敏感综合指标D的回归方程为D=-8.803×10-18+0.187X_1+0.041X_2+0.146X_3+0.202X_4+0.130X_5+0.081X_6+0.098X_7-0.086X_8+0.126X_9,其中X_1、X_2、X_3、X_4、X_5、X_6、X_7、X_8、X_9分别代表抽穗期、穗粒重、株高、叶片数、穗长、穗粗、穗码数、码粒数、千粒重。9个农艺性状对光周期敏感综合指标D的直接作用最大的是穗码数(0.395),其次是穗长(0.239)、抽穗期(0.228)、穗粒重(0.176)、叶片数(0.164)、株高(0.144)。结合各个农艺性状的相对敏感度比较分析结果以及各农艺性状对综合指标D的回归分析结果,得出穗码数、穗长、抽穗期3个性状为谷子光周期极敏感指标,叶片数光周期敏感度较弱,可以作为谷子光周期敏感性评价的次要指标,株高、穗粒重在两种评价方法中排序差异较大,稳定性差,不适合作为谷子光周期敏感性评价指标。     

不同小麦品种茎秆特性及其与抗倒性的关系

以黄淮麦区优良品种矮抗58、周麦18、豫麦49、百农418为研究对象,采用田间试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,对不同小麦品种在不同生育时期的抗倒伏性状进行研究.结果表明: 茎秆机械强度在开花期至花后20 d处于较高水平,在花后30 d明显下降;倒伏指数在开花期最小,花后30 d最大,其余两个时期处于中间水平.相关分析表明,开花期机械强度与重心高度呈显著负相关,与纤维素、木质素含量呈显著正相关,倒伏指数与节长、株高、重心高度呈显著正相关,与纤维素、木质素含量呈显著负相关;花后10 d和花后20 d机械强度与节长、株高、重心高度呈显著负相关,与茎粗、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量呈显著正相关,倒伏指数这段时期正好与之相反;花后30 d机械强度与株高、重心高度呈显著负相关,倒伏指数与株高、重心高度呈显著正相关,与木质素含量呈显著负相关.因此,明确各个生育时期与抗倒性相关的茎秆特性,可为黄淮麦区高产抗倒性品种的选育提供依据.     

中国小麦主推品种和育成品系的抗倒伏性评价

倒伏是影响小麦产量的主要因素之一,选育抗倒伏性强的品种是育种研究的重点目标。本研究以528份我国主推的小麦品种和育成品系为材料,对影响小麦倒伏的主要性状进行测定,利用无偏线性估计值进行遗传变异分析、相关分析、主成分分析、线性回归分析和聚类分析,综合评价不同小麦品种的抗倒伏性。研究表明,6个抗倒伏性状在品种间都存在着广泛的遗传变异。基部节间长度、株高与抗推力呈极显著负相关,基部节间直径与抗推力呈极显著正相关,节间长度与节间直径相关性不显著。主成分分析表明,所有性状的信息可以用3个主成分代表,其累计贡献率达83.837%。回归分析结果表明,第1节间直径、第1节间长度、第2节间直径、第2节间长度和株高等5个性状均对抗推力有显著影响。依据抗推力将528份材料聚类为4类,其中第Ⅰ类群有66份小麦品种(系),其抗倒伏能力最强。研究结果为小麦抗倒伏品种利用、抗倒伏育种亲本的筛选以及育种后代品系的选育评价提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

水稻直立穗突变体抗倒伏性的遗传力分析

为研究直立穗突变体R1338和R334在抗倒伏特性方面的遗传力与配合力,选用弯曲穗型不育系川农1A、ABG15s和2个含有DEP1直立穗基因的直立穗不育系E69A、E102A,与蜀恢498及其直立穗突变体R1338、R334进行不完全双列杂交,比较F1基部各节的抗倒伏特性。发现F1基部各节抗折力与倒伏指数呈极显著负相关性,抗折力与茎节的直径和茎壁厚度呈极显著正相关;通过回归分析发现影响水稻基部节抗倒伏能力的主要影响因子为茎节的抗折力和弯曲力矩,抗折力越大、弯曲力矩越小其倒伏指数也就越低;2个直立穗突变体基部节倒伏指数的一般配合力效应值均低于野生型,其中R1338的倒伏指数的一般配合力效应值更低一些。因此利用直立穗亲本配组可以显著改良杂交后代的抗倒伏能力。     

“黄欧”系列玉米自交系宜机械粒收特征特性研究

黄旅群种质是我国重要的地方种质,具有较强的生态适应性。20世纪80、90年代以来我国育种家对黄改群和旅大红骨群种质进行了大量创新研究工作,通过相互改良,聚积了丰富的有利基因,通过导入外源种质,拓宽了遗传基础,为品种更新换代做出了突出贡献。机械粒收是未来我国玉米生产的重要方向,黄旅群种质急需提升籽粒脱水速度、成熟后抗倒伏(折)和抗茎腐病等农艺性状以适应机械化粒收,而在黄旅群种质内部缺少这些关键性状基因。本研究利用欧洲早熟种质硬粒种质UH004F和欧洲早熟Iodent种质UH004M改良黄旅群种质的机收特性,通过系谱法和回交转育法获得宜机械粒收黄旅群后代系,称之为"黄欧系"。通过对其农艺性状的观察研究,发现:(1)抽雄日数、吐丝日数和生育期缩短,表现出良好的早熟性;开花散粉至吐丝日数(ASI)增大;株高有增加趋势;穗位高有降低趋势;雄穗主支长有增加趋势;雄穗分支数在6～9个之间,与原有黄旅系相比互有增减;茎粗变细;穗位上节间长有增加趋势;田间倒伏(折)率大幅度降低,抗倒伏(折)能力进一步提高;穗长有增加趋势;穗行数略有减少的趋势;穗粗和轴粗均有下降趋势,其中轴粗下降趋势更加明显;籽粒长度有增加的趋势;在百粒重方面,除昌7-2后代系外,黄旅系后代系均有所降低;穗粒重有降低趋势;出籽率有增加趋势;籽粒含水量明显降低;(2)导入25%和50%比例的UH004F和UH004M的黄欧系在大多数性状上都有一定的变化趋势,主要表现在抽雄吐丝和生育期提早、ASI值增大、株高增高、穗位降低、雄穗主支长变长、雄穗分支数增加、茎粗变细、穗位上节间长拉长、抗倒伏(折)能力提高、穗长增加、穗行数减少、穗粗和轴粗降低、百粒重和穗粒重降低、收获时籽粒含水量降低等趋势。上述大多数性状都是在导入50%比例的欧洲早熟硬粒种质UH004F的变化趋势进一步增强。本研究表明,欧洲早熟种质含有适合创新改良黄旅群种质在机械粒收性状方面的优良等位基因,利用欧洲早熟种质改良黄旅群种质在宜机械粒收农艺性状的效果明显,可为后续大规模"黄欧系"的选育和应用提供理论指导。     

不同遗传背景下杂交籼稻功能叶与产量构成因素的相关

为明确水稻功能叶与产量构成因素间的相关性,以不同遗传背景下籼稻的10个不育系和16个恢复系为亲本,按照NCII设计配制两套双列杂交组合,对水稻12个功能叶性状与8个产量性状构成因素进行了相关分析,结果表明：3片功能叶叶长与叶面积、剑叶宽、倒2叶宽等性状之间均存在极显著正相关,功能叶夹角之间也存在极显著正相关,但不同遗传背景对夹角性状与9个形态性状之间的相关性则存在明显差异,在第一套组合中,其相关系数均为负值,且相关均不显著;而第二套组合则相反。8个产量构成因素中,单株穗数与平均穗长、着粒密度、穗实粒数以及穗着粒数之间存在极显著负相关,平均穗长与穗着粒数、结实率与单株产量呈显著或极显著正相关,遗传背景对产量组成上有较大影响,在第一套组合中单株产量主要由结实率、单株穗数以及穗实粒数等性状决定,而在第二套中则主要由穗实粒数和结实率等性状决定。在功能叶与产量构成因素的相关中,功能叶叶长、叶面积、剑叶宽、倒2叶宽与着粒密度、穗实粒数以及穗着粒数等3个性状之间存在显著或极显著正相关。12个水稻功能叶性状与8个产量构成因素之间的主成分分析表明,在不同的遗传背景下,产量构成因素均主要受叶面积和叶夹角影响,两种不同遗传背景中其累积贡献率分别为69.8%和84.0%。     

中国骨干玉米自交系抗旱性分析与评价

在新疆典型干旱、半干旱地区,通过玉米自交系的14个主要产量性状对干旱胁迫的响应特征进行分析,用主成分分析法筛选其抗旱性的主要鉴定指标,并采用抗旱系数和抗旱指数对自交系的抗旱性进行聚类分析,综合评价47份自交系的抗旱性。结果显示:(1)干旱导致玉米自交系株高、穗位高、叶绿素含量降低,果穗短小,秃尖增大,穗行数和行粒数减小,千粒重和穗粒重降低,最终造成产量下降。(2)各自交系抗旱性强弱与干旱条件下的穗粒重、穗粗、行粒数、千粒重、株高、穗位高、穗长、秃尖长、穗行数、叶绿素含量等性状具有较密切的关系,其中抗旱性表现较好的自交系是掖52106、英64、478等,其次是Mo17Ht、Mo17、丹340、郑58、X178、C103等。研究表明,在育种实践中,田间自交系抗旱性筛选应以穗粒重、穗粗、行粒数、千粒重、株高、穗位高、穗长、秃尖长、穗行数、叶绿素含量等为主要指标,并结合产量抗旱系数、抗旱指数对自交系抗旱性进行综合评价。     

江苏省高粱种质资源的收集及多样性分析

2016-2017年"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"江苏调查队收集到江苏41个县市区地方高粱资源104份,并对15个农艺性状进行调查,利用相关系数、聚类分析研究了高粱资源的遗传多样性。结果表明:高粱资源农艺数量性状变异类型丰富。穗粒重与株高、穗长、节数、百粒重、抽穗期、地上部鲜重呈极显著正相关;地上部鲜重与株高、节数、抽穗期呈极显著正相关,与穗柄长呈极显著负相关。聚类分析将该批高粱资源划分为7个类群,第Ⅰ类群为甜高粱品种,是糖用与饲用材料;第Ⅱ类群穗很长,为工艺专用材料;第Ⅲ类群单穗与百粒重较高,是粒用、糖用兼型材料;第Ⅳ类群植株矮,节数少,早熟,是粒用、饲用及工艺用兼型材料;第Ⅴ类群偏野生型材料,可粒用、饲用及工艺用,但产量性状表现较差;第Ⅵ类群株高、穗长、抽穗期、地上部鲜重适中,是粒用、糖用、工艺用及饲用兼型材料;第Ⅶ类群植株矮、百粒重高、裸粒、生育期较早,是粒用材料。综合表型筛选出9份具有优良与特异性状的种质资源。总之,江苏地方高粱资源具有丰富的多样性,蕴藏着较多的可利用遗传变异,在高产、早熟、穗型和籽粒大小等方面存在可供育种和生产利用的优异资源。     

不同结荚习性夏大豆种质的农艺表现及其与产量的相关分析

以533份不同结荚习性大豆种质为试验材料,研究了不同结荚习性大豆种质在黄淮夏播生态区的农艺性状表现,并对主要农艺性状和产量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:大豆种质的营养期、株高、有效分枝、单株荚数、倒伏性、株型等性状的平均值随无限-亚有限-有限结荚习性递减,生殖期、单株粒重、百粒重、小区产量等性状平均值的变化趋势则相反。相关分析表明,无限结荚习性种质的产量与株高、单株粒重呈极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.602**、0.566**,与有效分枝、倒伏性呈显著负相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.384*、-0.451*。亚有限结荚习性种质的产量与生殖期、单株粒重呈显著、极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.156*、0.536*,与有效分枝呈极显著负相关,偏相关系数为-0.323**。有限结荚习性种质的产量与单株粒重、株高呈极显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.433**、0.262**,与株型、单株荚数呈显著、极显著负相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.149*、-0.198**。结合不同结荚习性品种的生长特点,本研究认为,无限结荚习性品种株高较高且株高与产量呈极显著正相关,适合干旱地区种植;亚有限结荚习性品种生殖期与产量呈正相关,生殖期内生长旺盛需要较多的养分供应;有限结荚习性品种的营养生长持续时间短,株高较矮,吸收光能有限,实现高产主要依赖各性状器官间的平衡。生产中,有限结荚习性品种的营养生长期间既需要充足的肥水促其生长,又要防止旺长。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.