抗生素保存褐马鸡粪便分泌型免疫球蛋白A的时效性研究

粪便免疫球蛋白是衡量野生动物健康状况及生存状态的有效手段之一,其中粪便的保存问题是关键。为探索抗生素对粪便分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)的保存时效性,采用酶联免疫吸附法对4种常用抗生素(利福平、四环素、卡那霉素和庆大霉素)的3种不同浓度(1μg·m L~(-1)、25μg·m L~(-1)、50μg·m L~(-1))保存的褐马鸡Crossoptilon mantchuricum粪便SIg A的含量进行了测定。结果表明,25μg·m L~(-1)的利福平保存的褐马鸡粪便SIg A效果最佳,其次是50μg·m L~(-1)的四环素和50μg·m L~(-1)的卡那霉素,庆大霉素保存效果最差。     

铵态氮和浮游植物对穗花狐尾藻的生理影响

为探讨铵态氮-浮游植物-沉水植物三者之间关系,在滇池岸边开展室外模拟实验。在初始叶绿素a为100μg·L~(-1)的浮游植物密度下,研究不同浓度(0、0.05、0.15、0.50、1.50、5.00 mg·L~(-1))铵态氮和浮游植物对穗花狐尾藻的生长和生理状况的影响。结果表明:各处理组穗花狐尾藻的各项生长和生理指标在实验期间存在明显差异;当铵态氮浓度为1.50mg·L~(-1)时,穗花狐尾藻的株高和生物量明显大于其他处理组;穗花狐尾藻叶片的总叶绿素含量、光合活性和可溶性蛋白在铵态氮浓度为1.50 mg·L~(-1)时,实验期间能维持原来的水平,其余铵态氮浓度下,呈现下降的趋势;在铵态氮与浮游植物的复合作用下,适宜穗花狐尾藻生长的铵态氮浓度为1.50 mg·L~(-1),高浓度的铵态氮(5.00 mg·L~(-1))和氮缺乏(NH4+-N≤0.50 mg·L~(-1))都不利于穗花狐尾藻的生长;铵态氮浓度达到5.00 mg·L~(-1)时,浮游植物大量生长带来的相关效应,如水体浊度上升,水下光强降低等,导致穗花狐尾藻耐受铵态氮的阈值较单一铵态氮胁迫下的耐受阈值低,此时,沉水植物对藻类的抑制效应也将解除,水华大量发生,叶绿素a的浓度可达(948.1±313.0)μg·L~(-1)。     

两种麦田蚜茧蜂对蚜虫外激素行为反应的比较研究

【目的】麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)是我国冬小麦产区的重要害虫,燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius avenae Haliday和烟蚜茧蜂A.gifuensis Ashmead是麦田寄生蜂优势种。试验比较了2种蚜茧蜂对蚜虫报警外激素(Eβf)和性外激素(NEP)的嗅觉行为反应,为蚜虫外激素在害虫控制中的科学应用提供理论依据。【方法】本文以四臂嗅觉计测定了燕麦蚜茧蜂和烟蚜茧蜂对蚜虫报警外激素及性外激素的嗅觉行为趋向及反应阈值。【结果】烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂对高浓度的Eβf(1μg·μL~(-1)、0.1μg·μL~(-1))具有显著的正趋向反应(P0.01),而燕麦蚜茧蜂雌蜂对低浓度的Eβf(0.01μg·μL~(-1)和0.001μg·μL~(-1))具有显著的正趋向反应(P0.01)。0.1μg·μL~(-1) Eβf对2种蚜茧蜂雌蜂都有显著吸引作用(烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂:P0.01;燕麦蚜茧蜂雌蜂:P0.05)。烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂对设定浓度的NEP具有显著的趋向反应(1μg·μL~(-1)和0.01μg·μL~(-1):P0.01;0.1μg·μL~(-1)和0.001μg·μL~(-1):P0.05),而燕麦蚜茧蜂对此没有明显的嗅觉行为反应。从嗅觉行为反应的选择系数看,烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂对1μg·μL~(-1)的Eβf或1μg·μL~(-1) NEP的选择系数最高而燕麦蚜茧蜂雌蜂对0.01μg·μL~(-1)的Eβf选择系数最高。【结论】Eβf和NEP可以作为麦田操纵寄生性天敌行为反应的信号化合物。烟蚜茧蜂可利用Eβf或NEP作为寄主搜寻和定位的化学线索,而燕麦蚜茧蜂仅可利用Eβf作为寄主搜寻和定位的化学线索。     

植物凝胶和蔗糖对橡胶树体胚植株再生的影响

为了筛选巴西橡胶体胚植株最为适合的植物凝胶和蔗糖用量,该研究以巴西橡胶树无性系热研7-33-97成熟体细胞双子叶次生胚状体为材料,以添加0.23μmol·L~(-1)KT,0.11μmol·L~(-1)IAA和8.7μmol·L~(-1)GA3的MS培养基为植株再生培养基,研究了添加不同用量的植物凝胶和蔗糖对巴西橡胶树体胚植株再生和生长的影响。结果表明:在橡胶树体细胞胚植株再生培养基中,不同用量的植物凝胶对植株再生频率和植株生长状况有显著影响,较低浓度(0~1 g·L~(-1))时,随着用量增加,植株再生频率提高,但较高浓度(1~4 g·L~(-1))时,随着用量增加,植株生长受到抑制。植物凝胶添加1 g·L~(-1)时植株生长最好,植株再生率为(86.4±5.7)%,株高5 cm以上的占(53±9.4)%,带叶植株为(81.7±3)%;而蔗糖对植株再生频率影响不显著,但对再生植株生长的影响显著,低蔗糖(20~30 g·L~(-1))时促进植株抽叶但抑制茎干伸长,高蔗糖(70~80 g·L~(-1))时显著抑制抽叶但促进茎干伸长。蔗糖添加50 g·L~(-1)时植株生长最好,株高5 cm以上的占(57.6±5.4)%,株高5 cm以上带叶植株占(46.3±12.3)%,均为最高且从外观来看,在50 g·L~(-1)时植株茎干和根都较为粗壮。因此,在橡胶树体细胞胚植株再生培养基中,植物凝胶和蔗糖最佳用量分别为1 g·L~(-1)和50 g·L~(-1)。     

二硫氰基甲烷对斑腿泛树蛙蝌蚪抗氧化系统及丙二醛含量的影响

采用半静态染毒法研究了二硫氰基甲烷(MBT)对斑腿泛树蛙Polypedates megacephalus蝌蚪的急性毒性。在此基础上,进一步研究了不同浓度(0.6μg·L~(-1)、1.2μg·L~(-1)、1.8μg·L~(-1)、2.4μg·L~(-1)和3.0μg·L~(-1))的MBT对蝌蚪的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,MBT对斑腿泛树蛙蝌蚪的48 h和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为8.024μg·L~(-1)和6.095μg·L~(-1)。蝌蚪的T-AOC和GSH-Px活力在短时间和低浓度下被诱导后,随着MBT浓度的增加逐渐被抑制而降低;在3.0μg·L~(-1)(96 h)和2.4μg·L~(-1)(48 h和96 h)的MBT溶液中,蝌蚪的T-AOC及GSH-Px活力显著被抑制。MDA含量在1.2μg·L~(-1)的MBT溶液明显降低后,出现增高的趋势并保持高值状态。研究表明蝌蚪抗氧化酶活性的变化间接反映了环境中氧化胁迫的存在,MBT对斑腿泛树蛙蝌蚪会造成一定的毒性影响。     

不同杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力及田间药效

【目的】西花蓟马是一种世界性的危险性入侵害虫,筛选防治西花蓟马的有效药剂可为生产中科学用药提供依据。【方法】通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定了2种化学药剂和8种生物药剂对西花蓟马成虫的致死中浓度(LC_(50))和药后不同时期的防治效果。【结果】室内毒力测定依据LC_(50)值将各药剂对西花蓟马的敏感性由高到低依次排序为乙基多杀菌素(0.1958 mg·L~(-1))、印楝素(0.9399 mg·L~(-1))、苦参碱(1.2483 mg·L~(-1))、阿维菌素(1.8096 mg·L~(-1))、高效氯氰菊酯(4.4458 mg·L~(-1))、藜芦碱(10.7628 mg·L~(-1))、鱼藤酮(18.1898 mg·L~(-1))、吡虫啉(46.3964 mg·L~(-1))、松脂酸钠(131.5214 mg·L~(-1))、苏云金杆菌(446.2318 mg·L~(-1));田间药效试验发现,乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉防治西花蓟马均表现出较强的速效性和持效性,药后1～14 d的防效分别可达84%和73%以上;其次是藜芦碱,药后1～14 d的防效可达48.15%～61.37%;高效氯氰菊酯的防效较低,药后14 d的防效为46.22%;生物药剂阿维菌素、苏云金杆菌、苦参碱、印楝素的速效性均较低,但防效随施药后时间的延长而逐渐上升;鱼藤酮持效性最低。【结论】乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉可推荐为生产中防治西花蓟马的首选药剂,植物源药剂藜芦碱和生物药剂阿维菌素可作为交替使用药剂。     

橡胶树MSAP反应体系优化及其不同开割高度单株DNA甲基化分析

以‘热研7-33-97’橡胶树无性系幼嫩叶片为材料,通过利用单因素和正交试验相结合的方法,对酶切、预扩增和选择性扩增3个影响甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)分析的关键步骤的反应体系中关键影响因素进行了优化,建立橡胶树MSAP反应最佳体系,并用于高低割线橡胶树基因组DNA甲基化差异分析。结果表明:在50μL反应体系中,750 ng基因组DNA用EcoRⅠ20 U,HpaⅡ20 U或MspⅠ10 U于37℃恒温同步酶切10 h,酶切完全。最佳预扩增体系(20μL)为:连接产物4μL,Mg Cl_2(25 mmol·L~(-1))0.15μL,d NTPs(2.5 mmol·L~(-1))0.1μL,上下游引物E-00/HM-00(10μmol·L~(-1))各0.3μL,Taq酶(5 U·μL~(-1))0.1μL,10×PCR Buffer 2μL。最佳选择性扩增反应体系(20μL)为:稀释20倍的预扩增产物2μL,Mg Cl_2(25 mmol·L~(-1))0.1μL,d NTPs(2.5 mmol·L~(-1))0.125μL,上下游引物E+3/HM+3(10μmol·L~(-1))各0.4μL,Taq酶(5 U·μL~(-1))0.1μL,10×PCR Buffer 2μL。高低割线树DNA的甲基化比例分别为37.22%和36.43%,2种开割胶树基因组CCGG位点胞嘧啶全甲基化率明显高于半甲基化率,推测橡胶树基因组甲基化主要模式可能是Cp G型。综上表明,建立的MSAP反应体系稳定可靠且重复性好,为后续橡胶树不同胁迫(割胶)程度DNA甲基化的研究奠定了基础。     

氮、磷、铁对三角褐指藻诱变株生长、总脂及脂肪酸的影响

为了优化微藻培养条件,采用单因子试验研究了不同氮浓度(5、10、15、20、25、30和35 mg·L~(-1))、不同磷浓度(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0和3.5 mg·L~(-1))、不同铁源(Fe Cl3、Fe C6H5O7和Fe SO4)和铁浓度(0、0.10、0.25、0.50和1.00 mg·L~(-1))对三角褐指藻紫外诱变株MP-2的影响。结果表明:氮、磷、铁对MP-2的生长、总脂含量和脂肪酸组成影响显著(P0.05);MP-2生长最适氮浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),其生长速率K值和生物量分别为(0.384±0.004)和(0.25±0.01)g·L~(-1),氮浓度为30 mg·L~(-1)时总脂积累量最高(26.51±1.96)%,氮浓度25 mg·L~(-1)时PUFA积累最高[(37.78±0.35)%];MP-2生长最适磷浓度为2.5 mg·L~(-1),生长速率K值和生物量分别为(0.305±0.010)和(0.28±0.02)g·L~(-1),磷浓度1.0 mg·L~(-1)时总脂积累量最高[(21.79±0.89)%],磷浓度为2.5 mg·L~(-1)时PUFA积累最高[(39.33±0.38)%];Fe SO4为铁源时生长最佳,显著优于其余各组(P0.05),生长最适铁浓度为0.50 mg·L~(-1),生长速率K值和生物量分别为(0.495±0.006)和(0.87±0.04)g·L~(-1),铁浓度0.25 mg·L~(-1)时总脂积累量最高[(28.86±0.50)%],铁浓度1.0mg·L~(-1)时PUFA积累最高[(41.73±0.42)%]。由此可见,MP-2生长、总脂和PUFA积累所需的氮、磷、铁需求量不同,在生产性培养时最好采用二次培养。     

塔杨松散型均质胚性愈伤组织培养体系

为了获得塔杨(Populus×canadensis Moench‘Tower’)松散型、均质、胚性愈伤组织(LHEC),以塔杨试管苗叶片为外植体,通过不同浓度激素(BA、KT、2,4-D)、蔗糖和无机盐处理,建立了松散型愈伤组织(LC)诱导—继代培养—胚性愈伤诱导的高效体系。结果显示:塔杨叶片在低蔗糖和低无机盐(1/4MS+2 mg·L~(-1)2,4-D+1mg·L~(-1)BA+10 g·L~(-1))的培养基上培养可以诱导出完全的LC(诱导率100%)。LC在继代培养基(MS+2.0mg·L~(-1)2,4-D+2.0 mg·L~(-1)BA+Vc100 mg·L~(-1)+30 g·L~(-1))上进行2~3次转接后,再转移到LHEC培养基(MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1)2,4-D+3 mg·L~(-1)BA+Vc100 mg·L~(-1)+40 g·L~(-1)蔗糖)上培养4~5周(每7天转接1次),即可诱导出具有许多球状体(原胚状体)的松散型胚性愈伤组织。此外,适当的2,4-D与BA浓度比例,可以使LC保持细胞的松散特性、不形成根、无褐变,生长快;含有30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖的培养基利于LC生长和LHEC的形成;维生素C能较好的抑制继代培养中的褐变;BA有利于形成LC,而KT有利于紧密型愈伤组织的形成,同时BA处理的愈伤组织生长较KT处理的快;当2,4-D浓度为0.5~1 mg·L~(-1)时,随着BA浓度的增加,LHEC的数量也随之增加,当BA为3 mg·L~(-1)时,LHEC数量达到最大值100%。本文还对影响愈伤组织胚性化的主要因素进行了讨论。提出的各项建议对均质胚性愈伤组织LHEC的培养有重要的指导意义。     

文山百合的离体培养及其试管籽球快速繁殖

1植物名称文山百合(Lilium wenshanense L.J.Peng et F.X.Li)。2材料类别种球鳞片。3培养条件(1)诱导及增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 0.5 mg·L~(-1)(单位下同) NAA 0.5 白糖30 g·L~(-1);(2)结球培养基:MS NAA 0.1 白糖60 g·L~(-1) 活性炭300 mg·L~(-1)。以上培养基均附加琼脂5.5 g·L~(-1),pH 5.8。培养室温度为24～26℃。诱导和增殖培养时光照10h·d~(-1),光照强度30～40μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);结球培养时全黑暗。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.